新生儿感染怀疾病白细胞介素2受体和IgG4水平的测定

应用三抗体和双抗体心ＥＬＩＳＡ法，测住院新生儿感染性疾病和对照组各２０例的血清可溶笥白细胞介素２受体和血清、唾液ＩｇＧ水平。结果患儿组ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ和３０７±３０６Ｕ／Ｌ，对照组为１９８±３２ＫＵ／Ｌ；患儿组血清ＩｇＧ４为３９．±６．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，对照组为１８．２±２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

休克患儿磷脂酶A_2及细胞因子作用研究

目的探讨血清磷脂酶Ａ２（ＰＬＡ２）及细胞因子在休克发生发展中的作用及意义。方法采用ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测１６例休克患儿及２０例健康儿童血清ＰＬＡ２、肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ－ａ）及白细胞介素（ＩＬ～６）含量,并作临床脏器功能监测、血乳酸、血糖、动脉血气分析及血小板计数。结果休克患儿血清ＰＬＡ２（０．８９±０．６３ｍｐ／Ｌ）、ＴＮＦ－ａ（０、６３±０．２５ｍｇ／Ｌ）及ＩＬ－６（６．８４±１９７ｍｇ／Ｌ）浓度均较正常对照组（０．１７±０．０２ｍｇ／Ｌ、０．０８±０．０１ｍｇ／Ｌ、２．３２±０．６２ｍｇ／Ｌ）明显升高（Ｐ＜０．００１）;多器官功能衰竭组（ＭＳＯＦ）上述３项指标（ＰＬＡ２１．１７±０．７０ｍｇ／Ｌ、ＴＮＦ－ａ０．９１±０．２７ｍｐ／Ｌ、ＩＬ－６７．７０±１．４０ｍｇ／Ｌ）均显著高于单器官功能衰竭组（ＳＯＦ）（ＰＬＡ２０．４８±０．０７ｍｇ／Ｌ、ＴＮＦ－ａ０．４７±０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ、ＩＬ－６５．５５±０．７０ｍｇ／Ｌ）,死亡组明显高于治愈组。结论ＰＬＡ２水平与病情轻重有关,可作为早期预测ＭＳＯＦ发生的参数、评估治疗效果及预后。选择性投用ＰＬＡ２抑制剂可能成为治疗休克的有效方法。     

婴幼儿哮喘与T辅助细胞亚群功能失衡研究

目的探讨Ｔ辅助细胞（Ｔｈ）亚群功能失衡在婴幼儿哮喘发病中的作用及其影响因素。方法酶联免疫吸附试验方法，对２０例哮喘患儿和１５例健康对照者外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）分别经植物血凝素（ＰＨＡ）和脂多糖（ＬＰＳ）刺激后，培养上清液中各细胞因子含量进行测定。结果经ＰＨＡ刺激后哮喘组Ｔｈ产生ＩＦＮγ、ＩＬ２水平明显低于正常对照组（ｔ′＝４．１５，４．０７；Ｐ均＜０．０１），而ＩＬ４、ＩＬ６、ＩＬ１０水平则显著升高（ｔ′＝４．７３，５．９１，３１８，Ｐ均＜０．０１）。经ＬＰＳ刺激后，哮喘组单核巨噬细胞产生ＩＬ１０水平明显高于正常对照组（ｔ′＝５．６０，Ｐ＜０．０１）而ＩＬ１２水平则降低（ｔ′＝３．３４，Ｐ＜０．０１）。相关分析发现ＩＦＮγ与血清ＩｇＥ水平呈高度负相关（ｒ＝－０．６６４，Ｐ＜０．０１），ＩＬ４、ＩＬ１０与ＩｇＥ呈高度正相关（ｒ＝０．７７６，０７４０；Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论哮喘患儿生成Ｔｈ１类细胞因子不足，Ｔｈ２类因子增多；单核巨噬细胞产生ＩＬ１０增多，ＩＬ１２减少，导致Ｔｈ１／Ｔｈ２功能失衡     

静脉注射丙种球蛋白治疗早产儿感染的研究

为了探讨静脉注射丙种球蛋白（ＩＶＩＧ）预防及治疗早产儿感染的价值，用单向免疫琼脂扩散法检测５１例出生１～３天（胎龄２８～３６周）的早产儿血清ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＡ、ＩｇＭ。结果显示ＩｇＧ均值随胎龄增加而升高（ｒ＝０．９９，Ｐ＜０．０１），２８～３６周者＜８．０ｇ／Ｌ（２８周仅４．５ｇ／Ｌ），＞３６周者＞８．０ｇ／Ｌ；而ＩｇＡ、ＩｇＭ差异无显著意义（２８～３６周者ＩｇＡ均值为６１５ｍｇ／Ｌ，＞３６周者为６２１ｍｇ／Ｌ；２８～３６周者ＩｇＭ均值为４２３ｍｇ／Ｌ，＞３６周者为４１８ｍｇ／Ｌ），，故胎龄越小越有应用静脉丙种球蛋白（ＩＶＩＧ）的指征。３０例重症感染的早产儿参考相似的孕周、体重及日龄，随机分为ＩＶＩＧ组及对照组各１５例，均选用同类抗生素，且不用其它免疫制剂及血浆治疗，ＩＶＩＧ组按每天０．５～１ｇ／ｋｇ稀释成５０ｍｌ在２～３小时内静脉滴注，连用２天，ＩＶＩＧ组治疗１周后均值从８．２ｇ／Ｌ升到１３．５ｇ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０．０１）；而对照组治疗后ＩｇＧ均值仅６．７ｇ／Ｌ。提示早产儿感染用ＩＶＩＧ疗效十分满意。     

新生儿非感染性疾病免疫功能的研究

为探讨新生儿非感染性疾病免疫状态,本文测定了４５例新生儿非感染性疾病患儿多项免疫指标。结果显示：新生上患儿血ＩＬ－２水平、ＮＫ细胞活性明显低于对照组及其它患儿（Ｐ〈０．０１）,ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ水平及Ｔｓ抑制率则明显增高（Ｐ〈０．０１）,所有患儿血清Ｉｇ水平均无明显变化（Ｐ〉０．０５）。ＩＬ－２水平与ＮＫ细胞活性及Ｔｓ抑制率与ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ水平间均呈正相关（Ｐ〈０．０１）,ＩＬ－２水平与ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ水平、     

肺炎支原体肺炎患儿细胞免疫的研究

采用ＡＰＡＡＰ法和ＥＬＩＳＡ法对３５例肺炎支原体肺炎（ＭＰＰ）患儿急性期和恢复期外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群（ＣＤ３、ＣＤ４、ＣＤ８）及血清可溶性白细胞介素－２受体（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）进行测定。ＭＰＰ患儿急性期和恢复期ＣＤ４、ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８比值均明显低于对照组（Ｐ均＜０．０１）；ＣＤ８明显高于对照组（Ｐ均＜０．０５）；ＣＤ３与对照组无显著性差异。在ＭＰＰ的急性期和恢复期，ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平明显高于对照组（Ｐ均＜０．０１）。急性期ＣＤ８、ＣＤ４与ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平呈高度正、负相关。提示Ｔ淋巴细胞功能的紊乱及ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平的改变与ＭＰＰ的发生密切相关。     

支气管哮喘患儿T淋巴细胞及细胞因子的变化

为观察儿童支气管哮喘时Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群分布以及Ｔ细胞活化相关因子及受体的表达状况，应用放射免疫分析等技术，对３４例发作期、２５例缓解期支气管哮喘患儿和１５例正常对照的外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群、血浆及淋巴细胞膜表面白细胞介素－２受体（ＩＬ－２Ｒ）和相关细胞因子等水平进行系统检测。结果：（１）发作期患儿外周血Ｔ细胞亚群ＣＤ３，ＣＤ４及ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８值与缓解期患儿及正常对照比较差异无显著意义，但发作期ＣＤ８高于正常对照（Ｐ＜０．０１）和缓解组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；（２）发作期患儿血浆可溶性ＩＬ－２Ｒ、（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）、ＩｇＥ水平明显高于缓解期患儿和正常对照（Ｐ＜０．０１）；（３）免疫电镜观察显示，发作期患儿淋巴细胞膜表面ＩＬ－２Ｒ表达高于正常对照（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示：（１）哮喘患儿外周Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群的分布发生了变化，哮喘发作期Ｔ淋巴细胞处于激活状态；（２）血浆ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ、ＩｇＥ水平与哮喘病情变化密切相关，可作为临床哮喘病情监测的指标。     

大部脾栓塞术对重型地中海贫血患儿免疫功能影响的研究

目的评估大部脾栓塞术后重型地中海贫血患儿免疫功能的变化。方法对６２例患儿行脾大部栓塞术。结果ＩｇＧ在术后１周（１３±４ｇ／Ｌ）和术前（１６±６ｇ／Ｌ）差异有显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０５），术后３周恢复术前水平（１６±５ｇ／Ｌ）。ＩｇＡ、ＩｇＭ术前及术后各周均无明显差异。Ｔ细胞亚群中总Ｔ细胞数术前（４９±１２）和术后（６０±１２）差异有非常显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。Ｔ辅助淋巴细胞（ＴＨ）术前（３８±９）与术后（４５±７）比较差异有非常显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＴＨ／ＴＳ比值术后（１．６±０．３）与术前（１．２９±０．４）比较差异有非常显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０１），而Ｔ抑制淋巴细胞（Ｔｓ）术后（２９±７）与术前（３１±６）比较差异无显著意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）。纤维连接蛋白术后（２４８±７８）与术前（１１８±４１）比较差异有显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论ＰＳＥ后免疫功能在术后３周迅速恢复     

哮喘患儿细胞内IL-4 IFN-γ和血清IgE 测定及临床意义

目的 研究哮喘患儿细胞内ＩＬ－４，ＩＦＮ－γ表达率，ＩＬ－４ ／ＩＦＮ－γ比值及血清ＩｇＥ水平的变化。方法 用流式细胞术分别对哮喘发作期和缓解期患儿进行ＩＬ－４，ＩＦＮ－γ检测，同时用酶联免疫法测定血清中ＩｇＥ含量。结果 细胞内ＩＬ－４表达率，ＩＬ－４／ＩＦＮ－γ比值在发作期明显高于缓解期。两组比较分别为ｔ＝２．１２，５．１６。Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１。而发作期ＩＮＦ－γ表达率则低于缓解期，两组比较ｔ＝５．１６，Ｐ＜０．０１。经直线相关分析显示发作期哮喘患儿ＩＬ－４，ＩＬ－４／ＩＦＮ－γ比值与ＩｇＥ呈正相关（ｒ＝０．９０６４，０．８９５０，均Ｐ＜０．０１）。而ＩＦＮ－γ与ＩｇＥ呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．７８５，ｔ＝６．０７７，Ｐ＜０．０１＝。结论 ＩＬ－４升高，ＩＦＮ－γ降低，ＩＬ－４／ＩＦＮ－γ比值失衡是哮喘发病的重要因素，ＩｇＥ水平与哮喘的发作密切相关。     

过敏性紫癜白细胞介素2水平及其受体表达

采用￣３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入法检测急性期过敏性紫癜患儿白细胞介素２（ＩＬ－２）水平，同时用抗Ｔａｃ单克隆抗体以ＡＰＡＡＰ方法检测外周血淋巴细胞中白细胞介素２受体阳性细胞（ＩＬ－２Ｒ￣＊）及用ＥＬＩＳＡ方法检测血清中可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ）水平。结果显示急性期过敏性紫癜患儿ＩＬ－２水平和ＩＬ－２Ｒ￣＋细胞均比正常对照组显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），血清中ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ水平与正常对照组相比显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示，在过敏性紫癜的发病机制中ＩＬ－２和ＩＬ－２Ｒ具有重要意义。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.