慢性镉中毒小鼠肾脏的超微结构观察

透射电镜下观察10只慢性镉中毒小鼠肾脏的超微结构变化，结果表明肾小体和近曲小管上皮细胞的超微结构均受损伤，肾小体，毛细血管内皮细胞肿胀，增厚，血管系膜增生，血管球基膜增厚或分裂成层，基膜和内皮细胞之间或基膜的分裂之间有电子致密物沉积，近曲小管上皮细胞，胞核变形，固缩，线粒体肿胀，嵴断裂，脱落，细胞游离面微绒毛肿胀，变形，排列紊乱，细胞基底面质膜内褶减少或消失，这些超微结构的改变与某些类型肾小球肾炎的病理特征相似。     

扬子鳄(Aligatorsinensis)舌腺的超微结构

为了解扬子鳄舌腺的超微结构，取舌中部背面组织，用常规方法固定、切片，在透射电镜下观察。扬子鳄舌腺为典型的分支管状腺，其分泌小管上皮细胞可见两种类型：１．浆液性腺细胞：胞质内含大量分泌颗粒分泌小管主要由这种细胞构成；２．暗细胞：这种细胞在分泌小管上皮中数量较少，电子致密度较高。亦含有分泌颗粒，细胞基部有质膜内褶迷路。本文还对舌腺的生理功能进行了讨论。     

扬子鳄（Alligatorsinensis）舌腺的超微结构

为了解扬子鳄和大腺的超微结构，取舌中部背面组织，用常规方法固定、切片，在透射电镜下观察。扬子鳄舌腺为典型的分支管状腺，其分泌小管上皮细胞可见两种类型：１．浆液性腺细胞：胞质内含大量分泌颗粒分泌小管主要由这种细胞构成；２．暗细胞：这种细胞在分泌小管上皮中数量较少，电子致密度较高。亦含有分泌颗粒，细胞基部有质膜内褶迷路，本文还对舌腺的生理功能进行了讨论。     

扬子鳄胚胎后肾发生的组织学及细胞化学观察

目的：通过对扬子鳄胚胎后肾组织发生过程的观察,探讨其后肾发生及分化的规律和特点。材料与方法：用组织学及细胞化学染色法,在光镜下对９个不同发育时期的胚胎进行了观察。结果：孵育第１８天,从泄殖腔附近发出的输尿管芽向生后肾组织侵入生长,生后肾组织产生许多生后肾小泡。第２４天出现集合管及肾小管、肾小囊的雏形。第３０天肾小管显著伸长并发生折叠,出现近曲小管、远曲小管和肾小管中间段的形态分化。第４０￣６２天,肾小体逐渐发育成熟,肾小管各段逐步出现机能分化。在后肾发育过程中,ＰＡＳ阳笥物质首先出现于集合管上皮细胞,其次是远曲小管,最后是肾小管中间段和近曲小管。第２４￣３０天中,集合管、肾小管及肾小囊上皮细胞中ＲＮＡ含量均丰富,呈弥散型分布,第４０天以后肾组织中ＲＮＡ含量迅速减少。结论：扬子鳄后肾不同区域肾单位的发生与分化存在     

糖尿病大鼠视网膜色素上皮细胞超微结构

目的 :探讨糖尿病大鼠视网膜色素上皮细胞超微结构病变 ,为糖尿病视功能障碍提供有关的行态学依据。方法 :选择清洁级SD大鼠随机分成正常对照组、糖尿病 1月、3月和 6月。腹腔内注射链脲佐菌素 (STZ)诱导大鼠糖尿病 ,每组 1 2只 ,取视网膜制备超薄切片 ,透射电镜观察。处死前每月测体重、血糖 1次。结果 :糖网病大鼠视网膜色素上皮细胞的微绒毛和基底部的质膜内褶随血糖的增高病情加重而逐渐稀疏、低矮直至脱落、低平。胞质内细胞器以线粒体的脱嵴、水肿和内质网的扩张为主要损害 ,而相邻色素上皮细胞之间的连接复合体始终存在。结论 :糖网病大鼠视网膜色素上皮细胞的损害主要表现于微绒毛、质膜内褶及细胞器的损害 ,并无脉络膜与视网膜之间屏障功能的损害。本研究为糖网病的临床研究提供形态学依据     

哺乳动物水通道蛋白家族成员-AQP8

AQP8是 1997年以来被鉴定的哺乳动物水通道蛋白家族成员之一 ,主要分布于肝细胞、胰腺腺泡细胞、消化道上皮细胞、唾液腺腺泡细胞、睾丸精子细胞、胎盘、支气管上皮细胞和支气管腺的肌上皮细胞以及肾近曲小管、集合管上皮细胞的细胞内囊泡和顶质膜。能够特异性通透水分子 ,受cAMP等因素调节 ,可在细胞内囊泡与细胞顶质膜之间穿梭。可能参与胰液、胆汁及唾液的分泌、排泄物的脱水、精子成熟和受精以及肾脏水的重吸收等生理过程。     

出生后10—90天大鼠附睾管上皮主细胞超微结构的观察

本文应用透射电镜观察了生后第10至90天大鼠附睾管上皮主细胞的超微结构。结果表明:第10天上皮细胞处于未分化状态,胞浆内充满了大量游离核糖体,其它细胞器均少见;第19天上皮细胞已开始分化,游离缘出现少量短粗微绒毛和微吞饮内褶,Golgi复合体渐发达且数量增加;第50天上皮细胞已具成年大鼠主细胞的超微结构,微绒毛发达,微吞饮内褶和多泡体丰富,Golgi复合体发达。本文对生后大鼠附睾管主细胞出现上述超微结构变化的意义进行了讨论。     

大鼠肾缺血与再灌时近曲小管上皮细胞内钙含量变化

本实验采用细胞化学方法结合EDX微区分析及生化测试方法，从细胞水平研究了大鼠肾近曲小管上皮细胞内钙含量在缺血-再灌流损伤过程中的改变情况，并探讨了其机理。结果表明：缺血1h，可致细胞内钙含量增高，质膜Ca2 -ATPase活性下降；膜通透性无明显变化。再灌流期，细胞内钙含量持续增高；质膜Ca2 －ATPase活性在再灌流早期（2～4h）基本恢复至正常，在再灌流晚期（12～24h）下降；再灌流期膜通透性逐渐增大。肾小管上皮细胞内钙含量增加在缺血期、再灌流早期及晚期某机制并不相同。     

褪黑激素对大鼠肾老化影响的形态学研究

目的：研究褪黑激素对大鼠肾组织结构的影响,材料和方法：连续３０天给初老大鼠补充褪黑激素,用光、电镜观察及计算机图像分析。结果：实验组大鼠肾组织结构清晰,肾小体变小,集合管变粗;近曲小管和集合管上皮细胞超微结构老化现象改善。结论;褪黑激素对抗肾组织结构的退行性变及老化,延缓肾功能衰退有一定的作用。     

苏皖地区儿童随意尿THP的正常值调查

Tamm-Horsfall蛋白(Tamm-Horsfallprotein,THP)是一种大分子糖蛋白,主要来源于肾脏,THP合成于髓袢升支粗段及远曲小管上皮细胞内的高尔基体,分布在髓袢升支粗段及远曲小管上皮细胞表面。体内正常量的THP(无论是尿液还是血液)有赖于正常肾组织的存在。肾病患者的血、尿THP含量减     

The ultrastructural development of distal nephron segments in the human fetal kidney

Summary The ultrastructural development of the human distal nephron was studied in fetuses 14–18 weeks of gestational age. The three-dimensional course of the nephrons was traced in serial semi-thin sections. Single semi-thin sections containing defined distal nephron segments were then reembedded, thin-sectioned and analyzed by electron microscopy. In stage I (renal vesicle) and stage II (S-shaped body) epithelial cells were essentially similar in ultrastructure. In stage III there were only minor variations in cell ultrastructure between distal nephron segments, but distinct differences were observed between proximal and distal tubule cells, the former being the most differentiated. The segments which are present in nephrons of adult kidneys could be identified in stage IV and some ultrastructural differences recognized between the cells. However, the amplification of the baso-lateral membrane, which is prominent in iontransporting mature distal segments, was almost absent and the baso-lateral membrane area per unit tubule length was similar in all distal segments. Intercalated cells were present towards the end of the distal convoluted and in the connecting tubule in stage IV but the ampulla of the collecting tubule was composed of cells with a uniform ultrastructure. Cell ultrastructure varied again to some extent in the collecting tubule.The present observations demonstrate that distal nephron segments in the human kidney are structurally undifferentiated in the early fetal development and suggest that they only to a limited extent are capable of modifying the composition of the tubular fluid.     

神经肽Y、P物质在扬子鳄泄殖腔壁内的分布

目的 :观察含神经肽Y(NPY)、P物质 (SP)神经在扬子鳄泄殖腔壁内的分布情况。方法 :免疫组织化学ABC法及免疫荧光法。结果 :扬子鳄泄殖腔壁内SP免疫反应 (SP IR)阳性神经纤维多见于肌层 ,也见于外膜、呈细线状或点线状 ,肌层内的SP IR神经纤维与平滑肌纤维平行走行或构成网络状 ;NPY免疫反应 (NPY IR)神经纤维呈细线状 ,密度较稀 ,主要见于肌层 ,也近似与平滑肌纤维平行走行 ,免疫荧光法还证实 ,肌层内有散在分布的、多呈椭圆形的NPY IR阳性神经元胞体 ,并见有突起与周围的神经纤维形成联系。结论 :扬子鳄的泄殖腔壁也存在有SP、NPY能神经分布     

扬子鳄胚胎中肾发生及退化

目的：在11个不同发育时期扬子鳄胚胎中观察中肾的发生及退化过程。方法：采用电镜、细胞化学及免疫组织化学方法。结果：孵育第6期在中肾管前端附近出现一些中肾小泡。第8期形成“S”形中肾小管。第13—17期鳄胚体前部部分中肾小管盲端内陷，形成原始的肾小囊和肾血管球，中肾小管显著伸长并迂回曲折。第20一22期，体前后部中肾组织均已形成完整的肾单位。中肾小管颈段由纤毛柱状上皮细胞组成，近球小管上皮细胞含丰富的PAS阳性物质并呈表皮生长因子(EGF)、转化生长因子(TGFβ1)和生长抑素(SS)免疫阳性反应。第24—28期，体前部至后部的中肾组织依次退化。结论：(1)扬子鳄中肾除重吸收作用外还具有内分泌功能；(2)中肾退化时，细胞凋亡依次表现为核固缩，出现大量凋亡小体，线粒体数目剧增并膨胀，线粒体等细胞器自溶及核消失；(3)中肾退化可能与小管细胞中TGFβ1及SS大量表达有关。     

硒酸锌金属自显影技术检测游离锌离子在小鼠肾脏的分布

目的研究游离锌离子在小鼠肾脏的定位分布。方法应用硒酸锌金属自显影技术(ZnSeAMG)检测小鼠肾脏内的游离锌离子分布。结果游离锌离子在肾脏内分布广泛,皮质中有大量AMG反应阳性颗粒,髓质中的AMG阳性颗粒较少。其中,近曲小管、远曲小管、近直小管和远直小管上皮细胞近腔侧均分布有大量的棕黑色AMG阳性颗粒,肾小体、细段和集合管上皮细胞中AMG阳性颗粒较少。结论小鼠肾脏内含有丰富的游离锌离子,锌离子可能参与肾脏的功能。     

锌转运体-1在小鼠肾脏的表达

目的研究锌转运体-1(zinc transporter1,ZnT-1)在小鼠肾脏的定位分布。方法应用免疫组织化学技术和免疫印迹技术检测小鼠肾脏中ZnT-1的分布。结果 ZnT-1在肾脏内有丰富表达,其主要分布于远曲小管上皮细胞的近腔侧和基底侧的细胞膜上,而在肾小体、肾小管的其它部分以及髓质中的分布较少。结论小鼠肾脏内含有丰富的ZnT-1,ZnT-1可能参与了锌离子在肾脏的排泄和重吸收过程。     

The structure of the kidney from the freshwater teleost Carassius auratus

Summary The structure of the kidney of the crucian carp (Carassius auratus; a freshwater teleost, Cypriniformes) was studied by means of reconstruction from serial paraffin and semithin sections. In C. auratus, the Wolffian duct traverses the entire kidney. At various levels collecting ducts of different length and thickness join the Wolffian duct at right angles. Each collecting duct accepts a large number of connecting tubules, which are established by the joining of many nephrons. A regular pattern concerning the distribution of nephrons and the fusion of renal tubules is not apparent. Four segments have been distinguished in renal tubules; 1) proximal tubule, 2) distal tubule, 3) connecting tubule and 4) collecting duct. A neck and an intermediate segment are absent. The proximal tubule is established by proximal tubule cells which bear a brush border and have a conspicuous apical cytoplasmic rim containing few cell organelles, ciliated cells, mucous cells and dark cells. In the first part of the proximal tubule the brush border and the apical cytoplasmic rim of proximal tubule cells are well developed. Ciliated cells are interposed between proximal tubule cells, decreasing in number toward the end of this part. In the second part ciliated cells are absent and dark cells are numerous. In the third part the brush border and the apical cytoplasmic rim of proximal tubule cells are scarcely developed. Ciliated cells reapear and increase in number toward the distal tubule. The distal and connecting tubule are similar in epithelial structure. Connecting tubules are joined distal tubules and thus they belong to two or more nephrons. The main cells of distal and connecting tubules contain abundant mitochondria, but have no brush border. The connecting tubule becomes a collecting duct before joining the Wolffian duct. The main cells of collecting ducts are characterized by division of their cytoplasm into a dark apical half and a light basal half.     

Tissue culture in nephrology: Potential and limits for the study of renal disease

Summary Kidney cells, when isolated and cultivated in vitro, retain differentiated renal properties. Glomerular epithelial and mesangial cells from animal and human kidneys express their normal ultrastructure and the ability for basement membrane biosynthesis. Mesangial cells in culture have been utilized particularly for the study of hormonal tissue receptors, of prostaglandin production, and of their contractile response to various hormonal stimuli.Cells of tubule origin have been a valuable tool for the study of transport mechanisms which, as a consequence of the heterogeneity of nephron functions, can not be assessed in vivo. Ion transport and its structural basis, as well as transport regulation by hormones has been studied in established epithelial cell lines. Induction of ion transport and enzyme activities, and the control of cell proliferation and differentiation has also been succesfully evaluated in cultured epithelia derived from the kidney.Future work will attempt to prepare cell lines from defined nephron segments to study chemical and physical phenomena of renal disease.     

Transcellular water transport and stability of expression in aquaporin 1-transfected LLC-PK1 cells in the development of a portable bioartificial renal tubule device

We investigated a portable bioartificial renal tubule device (BRTD) consisting of renal tubule cells and hollow fibers, to improve the quality of life of patients. It is necessary for a BRTD system to be compact. A compact portable BRTB requires transfection of an appropriate water channel or electrical pump genes in tubular epithelial cells, which should be based on physiological similarities to human kidney function. LLC-PK(1) cells, into which rat kidney aquaporin 1 (AQP1) cDNA was stably transfected, were evaluated for water transport ability. The expression and localization of water AQP1 were examined by Western blotting, RT-PCR, and immunofluorescence. To measure transcellular water permeation, a simple method was applied, using phenol red as a cell-impermeant marker of concentration. In contrast to wild-type LLC-PK(1) cells, rat AQP1-transfected cells had high transcellular osmotic water permeability. The expression of rat AQP1 mRNA (ratio of AQP1 to beta-actin mRNA) and protein bands (a 28-kDa band and a broad, 35- to 45-kDa band) was confirmed to be stably maintained until a population doubling level of 24. In AQP1-transfected LLCPK(1) cells, the protein was localized mainly to the basolateral side, but also the apical side, of the plasma membrane. Wild-type LLC-PK(1) cells were not stained at the plasma membrane. It is possible that enough AQP1-transfected tubule epithelial cells were supplied for a bioartificial renal tubule device.