远隔缺血后处理对脑缺血模型大鼠再灌注损伤炎性反应相关信号的影响

背景：虽然目前已有一些研究表明远隔缺血后处理可以发挥神经保护作用,但是具体的机制尚不明了。 目的：探讨远隔缺血后处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。 方法：应用线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,并进行远隔缺血后处理,同时设假手术组和缺血再灌注组作对照。于缺血再灌注24 h后进行神经功能评分,检测梗死体积及脑含水量;RT-PCR检测缺血周围区脑组织内白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α和单核细胞趋化蛋白1 mRNA表达情况;Western blot检测Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达情况。 结果与结论：与缺血再灌注组相比,远隔缺血后处理组神经功能评分有所降低,但差异无显著性意义,梗死范围和脑组织含水量显著降低(P < 0.05)。远隔缺血后处理组与缺血再灌注组相比,大鼠缺血周围区脑组织白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α、单核细胞趋化蛋白1 mRNA和Bax蛋白表达降低(P < 0.05),Bcl-2蛋白表达升高(P < 0.05)。结果证实,远隔缺血后处理可以减轻大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注产生的损伤,其机制可能与减轻炎性反应有关。  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程     

Local and remote ischemic preconditioning protect against intestinal ischemic/reperfusion injury after supraceliac aortic clamping

OBJECTIVES:

This study tests the hypothesis that local or remote ischemic preconditioning may protect the intestinal mucosa against ischemia and reperfusion injuries resulting from temporary supraceliac aortic clamping.

METHODS:

Twenty-eight Wistar rats were divided into four groups: the sham surgery group, the supraceliac aortic occlusion group, the local ischemic preconditioning prior to supraceliac aortic occlusion group, and the remote ischemic preconditioning prior to supraceliac aortic occlusion group. Tissue samples from the small bowel were used for quantitative morphometric analysis of mucosal injury, and blood samples were collected for laboratory analyses.

RESULTS:

Supraceliac aortic occlusion decreased intestinal mucosal length by reducing villous height and elevated serum lactic dehydrogenase and lactate levels. Both local and remote ischemic preconditioning mitigated these histopathological and laboratory changes.

CONCLUSIONS:

Both local and remote ischemic preconditioning protect intestinal mucosa against ischemia and reperfusion injury following supraceliac aortic clamping.     

TLR4 activity is required in the resolution of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis after acute and chronic lung injury

Pulmonary fibrosis is an inflammation-driven lung disease with a poor prognosis and no cure. Here we report that basal toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activity is critical for the resolution of acute and chronic inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis in mouse models of lung injury. We found that genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of TLR4 exacerbates bleomycin-induced pulmonary inflammation, fibrosis, dysfunction, and animal death through promoting formation of an immunosuppressive tissue microenvironment and attenuating autophagy-associated degradation of collagen and cell death in the fibrotic lung tissues. In contrast, pharmacologic activation of TLR4 resulted in a quick resolution of acute inflammation, reversed the established pulmonary fibrosis, improved lung function, and rescued mice from death. Similarly, blocking TLR4 impaired the resolution of silica-induced chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Importantly, altering autophagic activity could reverse the TLR4-regulated lung inflammation, fibrosis, dysfunction, and animal death. Rapamycin, an autophagy activator, reversed the effects of TLR4 antagonism. In contrast, inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine reversed the proresolving and antifibrotic roles of TLR4 agonists and increased animal death. These results not only highlight a pivotal role for TLR4-mediated basal immunity, particularly autophagic activity, in the proresolution of inflammation and fibrosis after chemical-induced lung injury but also provide proof for the concept for activating TLR4 signaling, particularly TLR4-mediated autophagy, as a novel therapeutic strategy against chronic fibroproliferative diseases that are unresponsive to current therapy.     

Ischaemia–reperfusion modulates inflammation and fibrosis of skeletal muscle after contusion injury

Regeneration of skeletal muscle following injury is dependent on numerous factors including age, the inflammatory response, revascularization, gene expression of myogenic and growth factors and the activation and proliferation of endogenous progenitor cells. It is our hypothesis that oxidative stress preceding a contusion injury to muscle modulates the inflammatory response to inhibit muscle regeneration and enhance fibrotic scar formation. Male F344/BN rats were assigned to one of four groups. Group 1: uinjured control; Group 2: ischaemic occlusion of femoral vessels for 2 h followed by reperfusion (I‐R); Group 3: contusion injury of the tibialis anterior (TA); Group 4: I‐R, then contusion injury. The acute inflammatory response (8 h, 3 days) was determined by expression of the chemokine CINC‐1, TGF‐β1, IFN‐γ and markers of neutrophil (myeloperoxidase) and macrophage (CD68) activity and recruitment. Acute oxidative stress caused by I‐R and/or contusion, was determined by measuring GP91^phox and lipid peroxidation. Muscle recovery (21 days) was assessed by examining the fibrosis after I‐R and contusion injuries to the TA with Sirius Red staining and quantification of collagen I expression. Consistent with our hypothesis, I‐R preceding contusion increased all markers of the acute inflammatory response and oxidative stress after injury and elevated the expression of collagen. We conclude that ischaemia‐induced oxidative stress exacerbated the inflammatory response and enhanced fibrotic scar tissue formation after injury. This response may be attributable to increased levels of TGF‐β1 and diminished expression of IFN‐γ in the ischaemic contused muscle.     

Smad3 signaling is required for epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lens epithelium after injury

Lens epithelial cells undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) after injury as in cataract extraction, leading to fibrosis of the lens capsule. Fibrosis of the anterior capsule can be modeled in the mouse by capsular injury in the lens, which results in EMT of the lens epithelium and subsequent deposition of extracellular matrix without contamination of other cell types from outside the lens. We have previously shown that signaling via Smad3, a key signal-transducing element downstream of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and activin receptors, is activated in lens epithelial cells by 12 hours after injury and that this Smad3 activation is blocked by administration of a TGF-beta 2-neutralizing antibody in mice. We now show that EMT of primary lens epithelial cells in vitro depends on TGF-beta expression and that injury-induced EMT in vivo depends, more specifically, on signaling via Smad3. Loss of Smad3 in mice blocks both morphological changes of lens epithelium to a mesenchymal phenotype and expression of the EMT markers snail, alpha-smooth muscle actin, lumican, and type I collagen in response to injury in vivo or to exposure to exogenous TGF-beta in organ culture. The results suggest that blocking the Smad3 pathway might be beneficial in inhibiting capsular fibrosis after injury and/or surgery.     

Mannan-binding lectin recognizes structures on ischaemic reperfused mouse kidneys and is implicated in tissue injury

Organ damage as a consequence of ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) is a major clinical problem in an acute renal failure and transplantation. Ligands on surfaces of endothelial cells that are exposed due to the ischaemia may be recognized by pattern recognition molecules such as mannan-binding lectin (MBL), inducing complement activation. We examined the contribution of the MBL complement pathway in a bilateral renal I/R model (45 min of ischaemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion), using transgenic mice deficient in MBL-A and MBL-C [MBL double knockout (MBL DKO)] and in wildtype (WT) mice. Kidney damages, which were evaluated by levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine, showed that MBL DKO mice were significantly protected compared with WT mice. MBL DKO mice, reconstituted with recombinant human MBL, showed a dose-dependent severity of kidney injury increasing to a comparable level to WT mice. Acute tubular necrosis was evident in WT mice but not in MBL DKO mice after I/R, confirming renal damages in WT mice. MBL ligands in kidneys were observed to be present after I/R but not in sham-operated mice. C3a (desArg) levels in MBL DKO mice were decreased after I/R compared with that in WT mice, indicating less complement activation that was correlated with less C3 deposition in the kidneys of MBL DKO mice. Our data implicate a role of MBL in I/R-induced kidney injury.     

非创伤缺血预处理对大鼠缺血再灌注心肌的作用

目的:确定非创伤性缺血预处理对大鼠缺血/再灌注(I/R)心肌损伤是否具有对抗作用,以扩展缺血预处理的实际应用.方法:采用非创伤性下肢缺血预处理及经典缺血预处理的动物模型,比较两种处理方法对I/R心肌损伤的效应.实验动物分4组:正常对照组(NC,n=8),开胸旷置50 min;缺血/再灌注组(I/R,n=12),结扎冠脉30 min,再灌注20、180 min;经典缺血预处理组(C-IPC,n=12),按经典Murry法复制;非创伤性下肢缺血预处理组(N-WIPC,n=12),捆绑双下肢5 min,松开5 min,反复4次后,阻断冠脉30 min,再灌20、180 min.以左室功能,心肌梗塞范围,血清肌酸激酶(CK)及心肌组织丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性为观察指标.结果:与I/R组相比,N-WIPC组与C-IPC组均显著缩小I/R后的心肌梗塞范围(P＜0.01);明显恢复I/R后的左室功能(P＜0.05,0.01);减轻自由基对心肌的损害:血清CK,心肌MDA含量显著降低(P＜0.01).N-WIPC组还使心肌SOD活性增高(P＜0.05).结论:非创伤性下肢缺血预处理与经典缺血预处理可诱发同等强度的心肌预处理效应.     

Extracellular histones in tissue injury and inflammation

Neutrophil NETosis is an important element of host defense as it catapults chromatin out of the cell to trap bacteria, which then are killed, e.g., by the chromatin’s histone component. Also, during sterile inflammation TNF-alpha and other mediators trigger NETosis, which elicits cytotoxic effects on host cells. The same mechanism should apply to other forms of regulated necrosis including pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and cyclophilin D-mediated regulated necrosis. Beyond these toxic effects, extracellular histones also trigger thrombus formation and innate immunity by activating Toll-like receptors and the NLRP3 inflammasome. Thereby, extracellular histones contribute to the microvascular complications of sepsis, major trauma, small vessel vasculitis as well as acute liver, kidney, brain, and lung injury. Finally, histones prevent the degradation of extracellular DNA, which promotes autoimmunization, anti-nuclear antibody formation, and autoimmunity in susceptible individuals. Here, we review the current evidence on the pathogenic role of extracellular histones in disease and discuss how to target extracellular histones to improve disease outcomes.     

Role of aspirin in modulating myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury

The role of low-dose aspirin (3 mg/kg, i.v.) in attenuating ischemic reperfusion injury was studied in a canine model. Regional ischemia for 40 min was produced by temporary occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery and thereafter reperfusion instituted for 3 h. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP), positive (+) LV dP/dt _max and negative (–) LV dP/dt _max were monitored alongwith myocardial adenosine triphosphate (ATP), creatine phosphate (CP), glycogen and lactate. Following reperfusion, there was a significant fall in (i) MAP, (ii) (+) LV dP/dt _max and (iii) (–) LV dP/dt _max. LVEDP was corrected after about 2h of reperfusion. Replenishment of only myocardial CP occurred, without any change in ATP and glycogen, although lactate accumulation was corrected.Aspirin administered 15 min before reperfusion (posttreatment) caused normalisation of LVEDP within 15 min and prevented any deterioration in (–) LV dP/dt _max, although it had no effect on MAP and (+) LV dP/dt _max. After 3h of reperfusion (post-treatment), myocardial ATP, CP, glycogen and lactate contents became normal. The number of premature ventricular complexes was significantly reduced after aspirin treatment. The present study indicates that low-dose aspirin post-treatment can ameliorate at least some of the deleterious consequences of reperfusion injury of the myocardium.     

缺血后处理拮抗鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤的机制研究

目的： 研究后处理对离体大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤的影响并分析其可能的作用机制。方法: 建立离体大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤模型。18只SD大鼠随机分为3组,每组6只。对照组（Con）缺血2 h后以Krebs-Henseleit buffer(KHB)液再灌注1 h;预处理（IPreC）组于缺血2 h前给予重复1次的5 min灌注和5 min缺血的处理,余同Con组;后处理（IPostC）组于缺血2 h后给予重复1次的5 min灌注和5 min缺血的后处理,即以KHB液行再灌注1 h。持续监测及记录肺动脉压（PAP）,缺血前及再灌注末分别留取3 mL灌流液,缺血前、再灌注始及再灌注末分别切取约20 mg肺组织制作10%的组织匀浆,灌流液及肺组织匀浆用于测定白细胞介素-8（IL-8）、IL-10、丙二醛（MDA）及谷胱甘肽（GSH）的含量,再灌注结束测定肺湿／干重比（W/D）。结果: IPostC组和IPreC组的IL-8、MDA及W/D较Con组明显降低（P<0.05）,IPostC组和IPreC组的IL-10较Con组明显升高（P<0.05）。结论: 缺血后处理能明显拮抗离体大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤。     

Lung inflammation is induced by renal ischemia and reperfusion injury as part of the systemic inflammatory syndrome

Introduction

Ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI) are mainly caused by leukocyte activation, endothelial dysfunction and production of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, IRI can lead to a systemic response affecting distant organs, such as the lungs.

Aim

The objective was to study the pulmonary inflammatory systemic response after renal IRI.

Methods

Male C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to 45 min of bilateral renal ischemia, followed by 4, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h of reperfusion. Blood was collected to measure serum creatinine and cytokine concentrations. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected to determine the number of cells and PGE₂ concentration. Expressions of iNOS and COX-2 in lung were determined by Western blot. Gene analyses were quantified by real time PCR.

Results

Serum creatinine increased in the IRI group compared to sham mainly at 24 h after IRI (2.57 ± 0.16 vs. 0.43 ± 0.07, p < 0.01). The total number of cells in BAL fluid was higher in the IRI group in comparison with sham, 12 h (100 × 10⁴ ± 15.63 vs. 18.1×10⁴ ± 10.5, p < 0.05) 24 h (124 × 10⁴ ± 8.94 vs. 23.2×10⁴ ± 3.5, p < 0.05) and 48 h (79 × 10⁴ ± 15.72 vs. 22.2 × 10⁴ ± 4.2, p < 0.05), mainly by mononuclear cells and neutrophils. Pulmonary COX-2 and iNOS were up-regulated in the IRI group. TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, KC and IL-6 mRNA expression were up-regulated in kidney and lungs 24 h after renal IRI. ICAM-1 mRNA was up-regulated in lungs 24 h after renal IRI. Serum TNF-α, IL-1β and MCP-1 and BALF PGE₂ concentrations were increased 24 h after renal IRI.

Conclusion

Renal IRI induces an increase of cellular infiltration, up-regulation of COX-2, iNOS and ICAM-1, enhanced chemokine expression and a Th1 cytokine profile in lung demonstrating that the inflammatory response is indeed systemic, possibly leading to an amplification of renal injury.     

不同缺血后处理方案对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 试建立恰当的大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤（IRI）的缺血后处理模型。方法 选8 ～ 12周健康60只SD雄性大鼠,体质量220 ～ 260 g。随机分为6组：对照组（S组）、缺血再灌注组（IR组）及IR缺血后处理A、B、C、D组,每组10只。S组：分离出双侧肾蒂,仅行右肾蒂结扎和左肾蒂游离;IR组：结扎右侧肾蒂,夹闭左侧肾蒂60 min后恢复灌注;缺血后处理A、B、C、D组在肾脏缺血60 min后分别进行6次（开放10 s ＋ 阻断10 s）、5次（开放20 s ＋ 阻断20 s）、3次（开放10 s ＋ 阻断10 s）、3次（开放2 min ＋ 阻断2 min）的循环,然后充分开放灌注。再灌注24 h后监测肾功能,对肾组织结构损伤程度评分。结果 与IR组相比,A、B、C、D组后处理的血尿素氮（BUN）、血肌酐（SCr）及肾小管损伤程度评分均降低（P 〈 0.05）,肾组织损伤明显减轻。处理组中,A、B两组的BUN、SCr及肾小管损伤程度评分相当（P 〉 0.05）,且缺血后处理效果优于C、D两组（P 〈 0.05）。结论： 采用缺血后处理A组方法和B组方法均可以成功制作出缺血后处理模型。     

Cathepsin D is released after severe tissue trauma in vivo and is capable of generating C5a in vitro

In response to severe tissue trauma several danger sensing and signalling cascades are activated, including the complement and the apoptosis systems. In polytrauma patients, both the early activation of the complement cascade with an excessive generation of the potent anaphylatoxin C5a and the induction of apoptosis have been shown to modulate the post-traumatic immune response. However, little is known about a direct interaction between the complement and apoptosis systems after severe tissue trauma. Therefore the focus of the present study was to elucidate the interplay between the central complement component C5 and the pro-apoptotic aspartic protease cathepsin D. In vivo, the cathepsin D plasma concentration of multiple injured patients was markedly increased when compared to healthy volunteers. In vitro incubation of C5 with cathepsin D resulted in a concentration- and time-dependent generation of C5a, which was inhibited by the aspartate protease inhibitor pepstatin A. Immunoblotting and sequencing analysis indicated that the C5 cleavage product represents the native form of human C5a, also exhibiting chemotactic activity for human neutrophils. In conclusion, these data show for the first time that cathepsin D is increased in plasma early after severe tissue injury. Furthermore, the results provide in vitro evidence of cleavage of C5 by an aspartic protease with subsequent generation of functional C5a, which represents a new path of complement activation.     

大鼠急性脊髓损伤后神经细胞凋亡及Fas和Cathepsin D的表达

目的探讨大鼠急性脊髓损伤后神经细胞凋亡及Fas、Cathepsin D的表达。方法 78只成年健康Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠,使用改良Allen氏法制作急性脊髓损伤模型,采用HE染色、原位末端脱氧核糖核酸转移酶介导DUTP标记法(TUNEL)对损伤脊髓组织进行标记;免疫组化方法测定Fas、Cathepsin D的表达变化。结果正常组、假手术组TUNEL、Fas、Cathepsin D阳性细胞较少见,损伤组TUNEL阳性细胞8 h明显增多,3 d达到高峰,7 d明显降低。Fas阳性表达的细胞也在8 h开始增高,3 d达到高峰,7 d下降。Cathepsin D阳性细胞数则在脊髓损伤后3 d明显增多,5 d达高峰,至观察时间点结束,未有明显衰减。结论 Fas、Cathepsin D均参与了脊髓继发性损伤的调节。     

Triggers of inflammation after renal ischemia/reperfusion

Renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is a common cause of acute renal failure (ARF). Ischemic ARF is associated with tubulointerstitial inflammation, and studies using animal models have demonstrated that the inflammatory response to I/R exacerbates the resultant renal injury. Ischemic ARF involves complement activation, the generation of cytokines and chemokines within the kidney, and infiltration of the kidney by leukocytes. Recent work has revealed some of the events and signals that trigger the inflammatory response to aseptic, hypoxic injury of the kidney. In many ways, the inflammatory reaction to this injury resembles that seen during ascending urinary infection, and it may represent a general response of the tubular epithelial cells (TECs) to stress or injury. A greater understanding of the signals that trigger the inflammatory response may permit the development of effective therapies to ameliorate ischemic ARF.     

MiR-17-92 cluster is a novel regulatory gene of cardiac ischemic/reperfusion injury

The miR-17-92 cluster is an important microRNA cluster in the animals. It was mainly investigated as an oncogene in tumors but never studied in cardiovascular disease. On one aspect, miR-17-92 cluster is documented to play anti-apoptotic roles in tumor cells, including hypoxia-induced apoptosis. The families of miR-17, miR-19, and miR-92 promote resistance to apoptosis by directly inhibiting pro-apoptotic protein, and by the two major cell survival signaling pathways—PI3K/AKT, and MAPK/ERK. On the other aspect, the component members of miR-17-92 cluster are high expressed in the hearts of canine and mice, suggesting that there are effect targets of the cluster in the myocardium. So that, we hypothesized that the miR-17-92 cluster may protect the heart by diminishing the apoptosis and alleviating ischemia/reperfusion injury. This may be a new regulating target for patients with myocardial infarction and undergoing cardiac surgery.     

Increased mortality and inflammation in tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-14 transgenic mice after ischemia and reperfusion injury

TSG-14/PTX3 is a gene inducible by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and lipopolysaccharide in fibroblasts, macrophages, and endothelial cells. It encodes a 42-kd secreted glycoprotein that belongs to the pentraxin family of acute-phase proteins. Recently, we demonstrated that TSG-14 transgenic mice (TSG-14tg) overexpressing the murine TSG-14 gene under control of its own promoter are more resistant to lipopolysaccharide-induced shock and to polymicrobial sepsis caused by cecal ligation and puncture. Here we show that after ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury, TSG-14tg mice have an impaired survival rate, which appeared secondary to a markedly increased inflammatory response, as assessed by the local (duodenum and ileum) and remote (lung) enhancement in vascular permeability, hemorrhage, and neutrophil accumulation. Moreover, tissue concentrations of TNF-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, KC, and MCP-1 were higher in TSG-14tg as compared to wild-type mice after I/R injury. Of note, elevated TNF-alpha concentrations in serum were only observed in TSG-14tg mice and blockage of TNF-alpha action prevented lethality of TSG-14tg mice. These results demonstrate that transgenic expression of TSG-14 induces an enhanced local and systemic injury and TNF-alpha-dependent lethality after I/R. Taken together, our data point to a critical role of TSG-14 in controlling acute inflammatory response in part via the modulation of TNF-alpha expression.     

缺血再灌注损伤对心肌表达外源性基因能力的影响

目的：探讨缺血再灌注损伤和抗缺血再灌注损伤对心肌表达外源性基因能力的影响,为应用基因防治心肌病变提供新的理论依据。方法：Wistar大鼠随机分为3组：假手术对照组、缺血再灌注组和L-精氨酸+缺血再灌注组。缺血再灌注组中暂时结扎前降支1 h,L-精氨酸+缺血再灌注组则静脉应用精氨酸的同时,结扎前降支1 h。将浸泡过β-半乳糖苷酶基因重组体pN2-LacZ或尿激酶原前体基因重组体pN2-Pro-UK的2种医用尼龙缝线,缝合于各组大鼠左室前壁心肌中。分别于缝合术后 2、7、14和60 d检测心肌中β-半乳糖苷酶和纤溶酶活性。结果：缺血再灌注组术后 2d和 7d外源性基因表达量明显低于对照组,但术后14 d和60 d表达量却高于对照组。L-精氨酸+缺血再灌注组术后2 d和7 d外源性基因表达量与对照组无明显差别,但术后14 d和60 d表达量却高于对照组。结论：缺血再灌注损伤降低了心肌早期表达外源性基因的能力,但却增强心肌后期表达外源性基因的能力。抗缺血再灌注损伤能维持心肌缺血后早期表达外源性基因的能力.     

Acute inflammatory reaction after myocardial ischemic injury and reperfusion. Development and use of a neutrophil-specific antibody.

Reperfusion of the infarcted canine myocardium after 1 hour of ischemia is associated with an acute inflammatory infiltrate at the border of the infarct. In this paper, we demonstrate that early margination and emigration of neutrophils originate in thin-walled (approximately 5 micrometers) venous cisterns that average 200 micrometers in length and vary from 10 to 70 micrometers in width and show strong constitutive expression of both ICAM-1 and P-selectin; this class of vessels (venous cisterns) appears to be a unique feature in heart. A monoclonal antibody (SG8H6) with specificity for canine neutrophils was developed that allowed much more sensitive immunohistochemical detection of neutrophils in tissue and allowed us to follow tissue infiltration with time. Samples from 1 hour of reperfusion revealed dense margination and substantial emigration of neutrophils associated with the venous cisterns and collecting venules. By 2 hours, there was intense local emigration to the extravascular space between cardiac myocytes. By 3 hours, the infiltrate extended deeper into the infarct, and there was a continuous border zone of neutrophil infiltration that overlapped a region where intact cardiac myocytes strongly expressed ICAM-1 mRNA and extended into the necrotic tissue. At later times, neutrophil migration into infarcted tissue continued to progress. Neutrophil transmigration into reperfused myocardium is more extensive than previously described, and its extravascular distribution during early reperfusion is primarily in the viable border zone of the myocardium where myocyte ICAM-1 mRNA is found. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that extravascular neutrophils may participate in reperfusion injury.     

羟基红花黄素A对脑缺血再灌注后缺血半暗带自噬活性的调节作用

目的:探讨脑缺血再灌注后羟基红花黄素A(hydroxysafflor yellow A,HYSA)对缺血半暗带自噬活性的调控机制。方法:构建雄性SD大鼠脑缺血90 min再灌注模型,分为假手术组、脑缺血再灌注(cerebral ischmia/reperfusion,I/R)组、I/R+HSYA组和假手术+HSYA组,分别在再灌注后6 h、1 d、3 d和7 d对大鼠进行改良神经功能缺损评分(modified neurological severity score,m NSS),同时检测缺血半暗带的自噬活性、凋亡及干扰素β(IFN-β)表达。结果:与假手术组比较,I/R组缺血半暗带在6 h~7 d内可见LC3-Ⅱ蛋白表达增高及SQSTM1/P62蛋白降解,提示自噬激活;与I/R组比较,I/R+HSYA组的自噬活性在1 d和3 d时明显升高(P0.05),7 d时则明显降低(P0.05)。同时,I/R组的IFN-β表达较假手术组在6 h时升高(P0.05),1 d和3 d时降低(P0.05),7 d时恢复正常;而I/R+HSYA组的IFN-β表达在1 d和3 d时明显高于假手术组和I/R组(P0.05),并且3 d时的细胞凋亡少于I/R组,m NSS评分自4 d起明显低于I/R组(P0.05)。结论:HSYA可动态调节缺血半暗带的自噬活性和IFN-β表达,从而改善脑缺血再灌注损伤。