人禽流感病毒H5N1多价重组痘苗病毒(天坛株)疫苗在小鼠中的免疫原性研究

Objective To develop an effective and broad immune protective H5N1 vaccine.Methods We first developed two recombinant vaccinia ( Tiantan strain) virus ( rTTV ) based H5N1 vaccines, which consisted of bicistron expressing the hemagglutinin(HA) and matrix protein 2(M2), or bicistron expressing the neuraminidase(NA) and matrix protein 1 (M1). The expression of H5N1 protein in rTTVs was confirmed. We immunized the BALB/c mice twice with two kind of dose ( 104 PFU, 107 PFU)using different combination. Subsequently, we assessed the humoral and cellular immune response in vaccinated mice. Results Our data showed that rTTV-based H5N1 vaccine induced rapidly robust HA- and NAspecific antibody level and IFN-γ secreting form cell(SFC) with either single dose of 107 PFU or twice dose of 104 PFU or 107 PFU. We also detected significant neutralizing antibody and matrix-specific immune response. In addition, we found that immunization with two kind of rTTV-based H5N1 vaccines induced much high level of M2-specific antibody than that with single of rTTV-based H5N1 vaccine. Conclusion rTTVbased H5N1 vaccines in this study elicited board array of immunity and our study offers a promising alternative H5N1 vaccine candidates with favorable potential to prevent various H5N1 pandemic.     

人禽流感病毒H5N1多价重组痘苗病毒(天坛株)疫苗在小鼠中的免疫原性研究

Objective To develop an effective and broad immune protective H5N1 vaccine.Methods We first developed two recombinant vaccinia ( Tiantan strain) virus ( rTTV ) based H5N1 vaccines, which consisted of bicistron expressing the hemagglutinin(HA) and matrix protein 2(M2), or bicistron expressing the neuraminidase(NA) and matrix protein 1 (M1). The expression of H5N1 protein in rTTVs was confirmed. We immunized the BALB/c mice twice with two kind of dose ( 104 PFU, 107 PFU)using different combination. Subsequently, we assessed the humoral and cellular immune response in vaccinated mice. Results Our data showed that rTTV-based H5N1 vaccine induced rapidly robust HA- and NAspecific antibody level and IFN-γ secreting form cell(SFC) with either single dose of 107 PFU or twice dose of 104 PFU or 107 PFU. We also detected significant neutralizing antibody and matrix-specific immune response. In addition, we found that immunization with two kind of rTTV-based H5N1 vaccines induced much high level of M2-specific antibody than that with single of rTTV-based H5N1 vaccine. Conclusion rTTVbased H5N1 vaccines in this study elicited board array of immunity and our study offers a promising alternative H5N1 vaccine candidates with favorable potential to prevent various H5N1 pandemic.     

Protective immunity against H5N1 influenza virus by a single dose vaccination with virus-like particles

We generated influenza virus-like particles (VLPs) containing the wild type (WT) H5 hemagglutinin (HA) from A/Viet Nam/1203/04 virus or a mutant H5 HA with a deletion of the multibasic cleavage motif. VLPs containing mutant H5 HA were found to be as immunogenic as VLPs containing WT HA. A single intramuscular vaccination with either type of H5 VLPs provided complete protection against lethal challenge. In contrast, the recombinant H5 HA vaccine was less immunogenic and vaccination even with a 5 fold higher dose did not induce protective immunity. VLP vaccines were superior to the recombinant HA in inducing T helper type 1 immune responses, hemagglutination inhibition titers, and antibody secreting cells, which significantly contribute to inducing protective immunity after a single dose vaccination. This study provides insights into the potential mechanisms of improved immunogenicity by H5 VLP vaccines as an approach to improve the protective efficacy against potential pandemic viruses.     

整合深圳人源H5N1禽流感病毒株血凝素蛋白的假型逆转录病毒的构建

目的 构建整合深圳人源H5N1禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,AIV)株血凝素(HA)的假型逆转录病毒.方法 利用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术扩增深圳人源H5N1禽流感病毒株HA基因,将扩增产物与pGEM-T载体连接,在经过酶切及测序鉴定后,通过Sal Ⅰ与BamHⅠ酶切位点将HA基因克隆至真核表达载体CMV/R,然后协同转移载体pHR-Luc、包装载体pCMV&8.2通过磷酸钙共沉淀法转染人胚肾细胞(293T),72 h后收集假病毒上清,超速离心后通过Western blot鉴定假病毒颗粒HA、P24蛋白的表达,同时测定HIV-HA假病毒对犬肾传代细胞(MDCK)、宫颈癌上皮细胞(HeLa)、中国仓鼠卵母细胞(CHO)和293T等4种不同细胞株的感染活性.结果 深圳人源HSN1禽流感病毒株A/Shenzhen/406H/06属于subelade2.3,其HA基因开放读码框编码567个氨基酸,在GenBank登录号为EF137706.经Sal Ⅰ与BamH Ⅰ双酶切鉴定HA基因成功克隆至真核表达载体CMV/R.将pHR-Luc、pCMV&8.2、CMV-HA共转染293T细胞后,所收集的假病毒经Western blot证实假病毒颗粒不仅含有HIV基质蛋白P24,还可以整合AIV HA蛋白,并且能够由前体蛋白HA0裂解为具有生物活性的HA1和HA2蛋白.HIV-HA假病毒可以感染MDCK、HeLa、CHO、293T等4种靶细胞,表明所构建的假病毒具有感染活力,且具有广泛的宿主范围.结论 本研究成功构建整合A/Shenzhert/406H/06 HA蛋白的假型逆转录病毒,并且HIV-HA假病毒具有良好的感染活性,从而为下一步筛选中和抗体及抗原表位分析奠定基础.     

人禽流感病毒H5N1多价重组痘苗病毒(天坛株)疫苗在小鼠中的免疫原性研究

目的 研发高效广谱的人高致病性禽流感病毒H5N1实验疫苗.方法 首先构建了含H5N1(安徽株)结构基因[血凝素(HA)、神经氨酸酶(NA)、基质蛋白M1与M2]的两个双顺反子(HAop/M2,NAop/M1)重组痘苗病毒(rTTV天坛株)疫苗,采用不同剂量(104 PFU或107PFU)或组合(疫苗单独或联合)方式于0、4周二次免疫BALB/c小鼠,初步比较分析抗原特异的体液(HA血凝抑制抗体、NA特异性抗体、中和抗体)与细胞免疫应答(IFN-γ ELISPOT)特点.结果 重组痘苗病毒疫苗可有效表达H5N1靶抗原;高剂量组的重组痘苗病毒疫苗可快速激发较强的针对各个抗原的抗体与针对血凝素与神经氨酸酶蛋白的细胞免疫应答,含血凝素蛋白的重组痘苗病毒疫苗亦可诱导明显的中和抗体;但各组重组痘苗病毒疫苗所激发的针对基质蛋白(M1,M2)的细胞免疫应答均较弱;两个双顺反子(HAop/M2,NAop/M1)重组痘苗病毒疫苗联合应用所激发的针对基质蛋白2(M2)的体液免疫应答明显强于单双顺反子(HAop/M2)疫苗单独应用.结论 本研究中制备的各组重组痘苗病毒疫苗可诱导多个抗原特异的体液与细胞免疫应答,该研究为新型H5N1疫苗的研发及免疫方案的优化奠定了基础.     

Dogs are highly susceptible to H5N1 avian influenza virus

Replication of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in dogs may facilitate their adaptation in humans; however, the data to date on H5N1 influenza virus infection in dogs are conflicting. To elucidate the susceptibility of dogs to this pathogen, we infected two groups of 6 beagles with 10⁶ 50% egg-infectious dose of H5N1 AIV A/bar-headed goose/Qinghai/3/05 (BHG/QH/3/05) intranasally (i.n.) and intratracheally (i.t.), respectively. The dogs showed disease symptoms, including anorexia, fever, conjunctivitis, labored breathing and cough, and one i.t. inoculated animal died on day 4 post-infection. Virus shedding was detected from all 6 animals inoculated i.n. and one inoculated i.t. Virus replication was detected in all animals that were euthanized on day 3 or day 5 post-infection and in the animal that died on day 4 post-infection. Our results demonstrate that dogs are highly susceptible to H5N1 AIV and may serve as an intermediate host to transfer this virus to humans.     

Impact of glycosylation on the immunogenicity of a DNA-based influenza H5 HA vaccine

Avian H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from humans in Hong Kong in 1997 were divided into two antigenic groups based on the presence or absence of a potential glycosylation site at amino acid residues 154-156 in the HA1 region of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein. To assess the impact of glycosylation on the immunogenicity of an HA-expressing DNA vaccine, a series of plasmid vaccine constructs that differed in the presence of potential glycosylation sites at amino acid residues 154-156, 165-167, and 286-288 were used to immunize BALB/c mice. Postvaccination serum IgG, hemagglutination inhibition, and neutralizing antibody titers as well as the morbidity and mortality following a lethal H5N1 viral challenge did not vary significantly among any of the experimental groups. We conclude that the glycosylation pattern of the influenza virus HA1 domain has little impact on the murine antibody response raised to a DNA vaccine encoding the H5 HA, thereby minimizing the concern that the pattern of glycosylation sites encoded by the vaccine match those of closely related H5 viruses.     

Evaluation of a genetically modified reassortant H5N1 influenza A virus vaccine candidate generated by plasmid-based reverse genetics

Avian influenza A H5N1 viruses similar to those that infected humans in Hong Kong in 1997 continue to circulate in waterfowl and have reemerged in poultry in the region, raising concerns that these viruses could reappear in humans. The currently licensed trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines contain hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase genes from epidemic strains in a background of internal genes derived from the vaccine donor strain, A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8). Such reassortant candidate vaccine viruses are currently not licensed for the prevention of human infections by H5N1 influenza viruses. A transfectant H5N1/PR8 virus was generated by plasmid-based reverse genetics. The removal of the multibasic amino acid motif in the HA gene associated with high pathogenicity in chickens, and the new genotype of the H5N1/PR8 transfectant virus, attenuated the virus for chickens and mice without altering the antigenicity of the HA. A Formalin-inactivated vaccine prepared from this virus was immunogenic and protected mice from subsequent wild-type H5N1 virus challenge. This is the first successful attempt to develop an H5N1 vaccine seed virus resembling those used in currently licensed influenza A vaccines with properties that make it a promising candidate for further evaluation in humans.     

甲型H1N1流感病毒亚单位疫苗对小鼠的免疫原性观察

目的:观察国产甲型H1N1流感病毒亚单位疫苗对小鼠的免疫原性.方法:将不同血凝素含量(20、30、40 μg/ml)各3批甲型H1N1流感病毒亚单位疫苗分别免疫小鼠,腹腔注射0.5 ml/只,每批疫苗又分为1针组、2针组,每组10只,2针间隔1周,同时设对照组.首针免疫后21天,分别采血,分离血清,检测血凝抑制抗体效价和中和抗体效价,观察疫苗的免疫原性.结果:血凝素含量为20 μg/ml的甲型H1N1流感病毒亚单位疫苗1针组、2针组血凝抑制抗体效价均小于1:40,中和抗体效价均小于1∶200;血凝素含量为30、40 μg/ml的甲型H1N1流感病毒亚单位疫苗1针组、2针组的血凝抑制抗体效价均大于1∶40,中和抗体效价均大于1∶200;血凝素含量为30、40 μg/ml的甲型H1N1流感病毒亚单位疫苗1针组和2针组的血凝抑制抗体和中和抗体效价比较,差异均无统计学意义.结论:血凝素含量为30 μg/ml的甲型H1N1流感病毒亚单位疫苗接种1针即可达到理想的免疫效果.     

2009-2011年广东省甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素基因的进化特征

目的 了解2009-2011年广东甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素基因的HA1进化特征。方法 选取广东甲型H1N1流感病毒83株,提取病毒RNA,经RT-PCR反应扩增HA1并测序,测定的序列用生物信息软件分析,与GenBank中相关序列比较,并对推导的编码氨基酸序列进行进化分析。结果 2009-2011年广东甲型H1N1流感病毒HA1基因的进化速率是5.2× 10-3,高于人季节性H1N1病毒;变异氨基酸多数位于HA蛋白表面,其中部分位于抗原决定簇;在两例死亡病例分离株HA1的第222位氨基酸发生D222G/D222N变异。结论 遗传进化分析表明,甲型H1N1流感病毒发生了一定程度的变异,造成2011年初在广东的再次流行。HA1的第222位氨基酸变异可能与疾病的严重程度有关。     

H5N1流感疫苗株在Vero细胞中的研究[英文]

目的产生在Vero(非洲绿猴肾)细胞中能高适应生长的重配H5N1流感病毒疫苗株,并对其生物学特性进行初步测定。方法修饰A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1)(PR8)的NS基因为Vero细胞适应型,并合成NS基因片段,构建质粒pHW2000-NS;通过RT-PCR方法,扩增疫苗株A/Anhui/01/2005(H5N1)的HA、NA基因片段,构建质粒pHW2000-HA、pHW2000-NA;以PR8的其它5个内部基因作为骨架,按照1+2+5模式8质粒共转染Vero细胞拯救流感病毒,并对拯救病毒的生物学特性进行检测。结果由Vero拯救出具有高适应生长特性的H5N1亚型人禽流感病毒疫苗株,并检测了重配疫苗株的生物学特性。结论成功从Vero细胞拯救了具有Vero细胞高适应性生长特性的H5N1亚型人禽流感病毒疫苗株,为应用Vero细胞大规模生产流感疫苗奠定了基础。     

Immunoprotection against influenza H5N1 virus by oral administration of enteric-coated recombinant Lactococcus lactis mini-capsules

Edible vaccines that can be made widely available and easily administered could bring great benefit to the worldwide battle against pandemic viral infections. They can be used not only for the vaccination of humans and domesticated animals, but also for wild herds and live stock which are otherwise difficult to vaccinate. In this study, we report the development of an edible mini-capsule form of live, non-persisting, recombinant Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) vaccine against the highly virulent influenza H5N1 strain. Recombinant L. lactis-based H5N1 HA antigen expression constructs were made and shown to be able to induce higher levels of HA-specific serum IgG and fecal IgA antibody production after oral administration. The vectors were then formulated into a mini-capsule dosage form and fed to mouse. Four doses of oral administration rendered complete protection of the mouse against lethal challenges of H5N1 virus.     

Efficacy of inactivated vaccines against H5N1 avian influenza infection in ducks

The current Asian H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus has spread over much of Asia and into Europe and Africa. As well as affecting village and commercial chicken operations in many South East Asian countries, it differs from past H5 avian influenza viruses in that it causes morbidity and mortalities in other domesticated birds, such as ducks and turkeys and in wild water birds. Effective vaccines that can prevent infection, as well as disease, and be used in a variety of avian species are needed for field use. In this report, a bivalent H5N9+H7N1 oil emulsion vaccine is compared, in ducks, to a monovalent H5N3 oil emulsion vaccine that has been derived by reverse genetics with an H5 from A/chicken/Vietnam/C58/04. While both vaccines protected against morbidity, the monovalent vaccine provided effective protection, with no evidence of shedding of the challenge virus and no serological response to the H5N1 challenge virus.     

Protective efficacy in chickens, geese and ducks of an H5N1-inactivated vaccine developed by reverse genetics

We generated a high-growth H5N1/PR8 virus by plasmid-based reverse genetics. The virulence associated multiple basic amino acids of the HA gene were removed, and the resulting virus is attenuated for chickens and chicken eggs. A formalin-inactivated oil-emulsion vaccine was prepared from this virus. When SPF chickens were inoculated with 0.3 ml of the vaccine, the hemagglutinin-inhibition (HI) antibody became detectable at 1 week post-vaccination (p.v.) and reached a peak of 10log2 at 6 weeks p.v. then slowly declined to 4log2 at 43 weeks p.v. Challenge studies performed at 2, 3 and 43 weeks p.v. indicated that all of the chickens were completely protected from disease signs and death. Ducks and geese were completely protected from highly pathogenic H5N1 virus challenge 3 weeks p.v. The duration of protective immunity in ducks and geese was investigated by detecting the HI antibody of the field vaccinated birds, and the results indicated that 3 doses of the vaccine inoculation in geese could induce a 34 weeks protection, while 2 doses induced more than 52 weeks protection in ducks. We first reported that an oil-emulsion inactivated vaccine derived from a high-growth H5N1 vaccine induced approximately 10 months of protective immunity in chickens and demonstrated that the oil-emulsion inactivated avian influenza vaccine is immunogenic for geese and ducks. These results provide useful information for the application of vaccines to the control of H5N1 avian influenza in poultry, including chickens and domestic waterfowl.     

重组流感病毒H1N1活菌疫苗的构建及其免疫效果的初步研究

目的获得两种流感病毒重组沙门氏菌X4550(asd-pVAX1-HA)和X4550(asd-pVAX1-NA)活菌疫苗,并对其免疫效果进行初步的研究。方法将本室已构建好的重组质粒pVAX1-HA及pVAX1-NA双酶切后得到HA、NA基因,将其克隆入asd-pVAX1构建重组的表达质粒。将重组质粒转染COS-7细胞,用免疫细胞化学方法鉴定重组质粒体外的表达。进一步将重组质粒转化减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌X4550,以2×109CFU/只的剂量三次口服免疫Balb/c小鼠。结果asd-pVAX1-HA和asd-pVAX1-NA均能在COS-7细胞中表达;免疫小鼠不仅可以检测到HA、NA特异性的血清IgG及IgA抗体;刺激黏膜免疫反应,产生sIgA抗体,而且能抵抗40LD50同型病毒滴鼻的攻击。结论H1N1流感病毒DNA疫苗的减毒沙门氏菌运送系统在体内能够成功释放所携带的质粒,并且能够刺激机体产生保护性免疫应答。     

Prophylactic effects of chitin microparticles on highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus

Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) is an emerging pathogen with the potential to cause great harm to humans, and there is concern about the potential for a new influenza pandemic. This virus is resistant to the antiviral effects of interferons and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. However, the mechanism of interferon-independent protective innate immunity is not well understood. The prophylactic effects of chitin microparticles as a stimulator of innate mucosal immunity against a recently obtained strain of H5N1 influenza virus infection were examined in mice. Clinical parameters and the survival rate of mice treated by intranasal application of chitin microparticles were significantly improved compared to non-treated mice after a lethal influenza virus challenge. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the number of natural killer cells that expressed tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and that had migrated into the cervical lymph node was markedly increased (26-fold) after intranasal treatment with chitin microparticles. In addition, the level of IL-6 and interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) in the nasal mucosa after H5N1 influenza virus challenge was decreased by prophylactic treatment with chitin microparticles. These results suggest that prophylactic intranasal administration of chitin microparticles enhanced the local accumulation of natural killer cells and suppressed hyper-induction of cytokines, resulting in an innate immune response to prevent pathogenesis of H5N1 influenza virus.     

新型甲型H1N1流感病毒HA基因DNA疫苗诱导小鼠产生中和抗体

目的 探讨新型甲型流感病毒(2009H1N1)血凝素(HA)DNA疫苗诱导小鼠产生中和抗体特性.方法 构建2009H1N1或1918甲型流感病毒(1918H1N1)HA蛋白表达质粒2009HA和1918HA,采用25μg或200μg剂量2009HA质粒免疫小鼠,以2009HA或1918HA蛋白为包被抗原,测定小鼠血清中2009HA抗体总量或交叉反应抗体含量,分别用2009H1N1和1918H1N1两种假病毒(pp)测定抗体中和活性.结果 25 μg或200μg的2009HA质粒加强免疫小鼠后,4～16周内两组小鼠血清中2009HA总抗体水平以及对2009H1N1pp的中和抗体滴度相似(P>0.05),都含有与1918HA蛋白交叉反应抗体,对1918H1N1pp的交叉中和抗体滴度相似(P>0.05).结论 小剂量2009HA质粒DNA疫苗能够诱导小鼠产生持久的高水平中和抗体,对于预防新现流感病毒具有潜在应用价值.     

Intranasal administration of adjuvant‐combined vaccine protects monkeys from challenge with the highly pathogenic influenza A H5N1 virus

The effectiveness in cynomolgus macaques of intranasal administration of an influenza A H5N1 pre‐pandemic vaccine combined with synthetic double‐stranded RNA (polyI/polyC12U) as an adjuvant was examined. The monkeys were immunized with the adjuvant‐combined vaccine on weeks 0, 3, and 5, and challenged with the homologous virus 2 weeks after the third immunization. After the second immunization, the immunization induced vaccine‐specific salivary IgA and serum IgG antibodies, as detected by ELISA. The serum IgG antibodies present 2 weeks after the third immunization not only had high neutralizing activity against the homologous virus, they also neutralized significantly heterologous influenza A H5N1 viruses. The vaccinated animals were protected completely from the challenge infection with the homologous virus. These results suggest that intranasal immunization with the Double stranded RNA‐combined influenza A H5N1 vaccine induce mucosal IgA and serum IgG antibodies which could protect humans from homologous influenza A H5N1 viruses which have a pandemic potential. J. Med. Virol. 82:1754–1761, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Classical swine H1N1 influenza viruses confer cross protection from swine-origin 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infection in mice and ferrets

The hemagglutinin of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus is a derivative of and is antigenically related to classical swine but not to seasonal human H1N1 viruses. We compared the A/California/7/2009 (CA/7/09) virus recommended by the WHO as the reference virus for vaccine development, with two classical swine influenza viruses A/swine/Iowa/31 (sw/IA/31) and A/New Jersey/8/1976 (NJ/76) to establish the extent of immunologic cross-reactivity and cross-protection in animal models. Primary infection with 2009 pandemic or NJ/76 viruses elicited antibodies against the CA/7/09 virus and provided complete protection from challenge with this virus in ferrets; the response in mice was variable and conferred partial protection. Although ferrets infected with sw/IA/31 virus developed low titers of cross-neutralizing antibody, they were protected from pulmonary replication of the CA/7/09 virus. The data suggest that prior exposure to antigenically related H1N1 viruses of swine-origin provide some protective immunity against the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus.