Nutritional Therapy for Patients with Esophageal Cancer

Malnutrition develops in 79% patients with esophageal cancer. Thus, these patients represent a group of cancer patients, which is the most nutritionally compromised. Dysphagia and more than 10% loss of body weight are already present at the time of diagnosis. Treatments for esophageal cancer contribute significantly to the development of malnutrition. This paper describes the nutritional treatment of patients and nutritional strategies in patients with dysphagia and other nutritional problems that accompany the treatment of patients with esophageal cancer. Here are shown the types and methods of nutritional support, which are suitable for this group of patients. Nutritional support of patients with esophageal cancer is performed as a parallel therapeutic route.     

Prognosis Prediction for Postoperative Esophageal Cancer Patients Using Onodera's Prognostic Nutritional Index

Purpose: Preoperative nutritional status may impact surgical outcome and prognosis. We evaluated the predictive value of Onodera's prognostic nutritional index (O's-PNI) of surgical outcome following esophagectomy in esophageal cancer patients. Patients and methods: In total, 144 patients undergoing esophagectomy for esophageal cancer from April 2010 to May 2015 were evaluated, retrospectively. Eighty-four patients were enrolled in this study. O's-PNIs were calculated before surgery, discharge, and 1, 2, and 6 mo after discharge. The relationship between O's-PNI and occurrence of complications as classified by the Clavien–Dindo (C–D) classification, length of hospital stay, and survival time was investigated. Results: The mean O's-PNI for patients with complications of more than Grade 2 by the C–D classification was 37.4, which was significantly lower than that for Grades 0 or 1 (40.5, P = 0.0094). A negative correlation was obtained between O's-PNI and hospital stay length (P = 0.0006), whereas a positive correlation was obtained for O's-PNI at 6 mo postsurgery and overall survival (P = 0.0171, P = 0.0201). Conclusion: O's-PNI may represent a useful indicator of the occurrence of complications and length of hospital stay, and may influence overall survival at 6 mo postsurgery. Nutritional management during the perioperative period could therefore contribute to satisfactory outcomes following esophagectomy in esophageal cancer patients.     

Changes in Intestinal Permeability and Nutritional Status After Cytotoxic Therapy in Patients with Cancer

Damage to intestinal mucosa may impair nutritional status and increase the demand for nutrients involved in intestinal cell proliferation (retinol and folate). It is still unclear if cytotoxic therapy affects serum concentrations of these nutrients in patients with cancer and if this would be associated with disturbances of intestinal mucosa. Intestinal permeability, serum folate, and retinol and nutritional status of 22 patients with hematologic malignancies and 17 healthy volunteers [control group (CG)] were assessed before (T0) and after cytotoxic therapy (T1). Ingestion of lactulose and mannitol was used to assess intestinal permeability. Anthropometric, body composition, phase angle (PA), and biochemical analysis (albumin, retinol, and folate) were also performed. Lactulose/mannitol ratio (0.026 ± 0.014 vs. 0.052 ± 0.037) and lactulose excretion (0.27 ± 0.18% vs. 0.53 ± 0.6%) increased at T1. PA decreased (7.2 ± 1.9° vs. 6.2 ± 0.9°). Serum folate and albumin (20.7 ± 9.5 nmol/L, 37.7 ± 5.5 g/L) were lower than CG (39.2 ± 16.4 nmol/L, 42.9 ± 5.2 g/L) but did not change at T1 (17.5 ± 7.0 nmol/L, 35.9 ± 4.5 g/L). Serum retinol did not differ from CG and did not change at T1 (1.83 ± 0.30 μmol/L vs. 1.69 ± 0.3 μmol/L; CG: 1.86 ± 0.20 μmol/L). Abnormal intestinal permeability, low serum folate levels, and its possible relationship with intestinal alterations, and reduced PA, may be associated with poor nutritional status in cancer patients.     

Nutritional Status Of Cancer Patients

Good nutritional status is related to improved survival and freedom from relapse among children with malignancies.     

胰腺癌患者术前营养状况分析

目的：了解胰腺癌患术前的营养状况。方法：对21例胰腺癌患术前进行人体测量、实验室检查、膳食调查和营养评价。结果：营养评价结果显示，有相当比例患存在不同程度营养不良，摄入的总热量和各营养素亦存在着明显不足和不合理现象。结论：术前应及时了解患的营养状况；根据膳食调查结果合理调整患饮食。     

头颈部肿瘤患者放射治疗期间营养状况动态分析

[目的]探讨头颈部肿瘤患者放射治疗期间营养状态动态变化,分析影响的因素。[方法]每周跟踪调查患者的营养状况并观察急性毒性反应。采用体重、转铁蛋白、血清前白蛋白等指标评价营养状态,采用非条件logistic回归法对影响患者营养不良的因素进行多因素分析。[结果]患者放疗期间,体重持续下降,每隔2周平均下降0.7 kg、1.29 kg、1.19 kg和0.6 kg,以放疗的第2~4周下降最显著,各营养指标也呈下降趋势。分析提示,口咽部急性毒性反应和患鼻咽癌是影响营养不良的主要因素。[结论]头颈部肿瘤患者放疗期间普遍存在不同程度营养不良,应正确识别和预防影响营养不良的主要因素,寻找最佳营养支持的时机,最大限度减少营养不良的发生。     

肺癌重症患者的营养状况评估及营养支持特点

目的探讨肺癌重症患者的营养状况评估及营养支持特点。方法选取本院于2016年11月——2017年12月期间纳入的肺癌重症患者共计80例,利用专用型营养风险筛查表,对患者入院时所存在的营养状况进行评估,从中剖析营养支持临床结局、入住ICU时间及机械通气的影响。结果入住时,在40例存在营养风险与营养不良患者中,接受早期营养支持40例;在没有营养风险的40例患者中,接受营养支持5例。NRS评分> 3分的肺癌重症患者,早期行营养支持者的入住ICU时间、机械通气时间及病死率较未接受营养支持者,均明显偏低(P <0. 05)。结论一些肺癌重症患者在入院时,便已经存在营养风险及营养不良,需根据患者病情及需要,制定有效的营养支持计划。若入院时的NRS评分> 3分,那么开展早期营养支持,能显著改善肺癌重症患者的临床结局。     

食管癌患者放化疗期间合并恶性食管瘘的营养干预

目的：探讨营养支持干预对放化疗期间恶性食管瘘患者预后的影响。方法：回顾分析2010年1月-2012年12月本科收治的40例食管癌合并恶性食管瘘患者,总结营养干预方法、瘘管愈合情况及放化疗副反应发生情况。结果：40例患者中,32例瘘管闭合,6例未闭合予出院定期复查,2例死亡;放化疗治疗期间,副作用大多数为1~2级,8例出现3级及以上的呕吐,11例出现3级及以上的中性粒细胞减少,13例出现3级及以上的咳嗽。结论：营养风险筛查和肠内营养支持能有效提高食管癌合并恶性食管瘘的患者对放化疗的耐受性,完成相关治疗,并促进瘘口的愈合,值得在临床推广。     

整体护理在老年食管癌食道支架置入术的围手术期应用

目的探讨老年食管癌食道支架置入术的围手术期的整体护理措施及效果。方法在DSA下,对15例老年晚期食管癌病人进行支架置入,并运用整体护理原则在围手术期对其进行护理。结果 15例食道支架均置入成功,如期出院。结论运用整体护理可以使老年食管癌食管支架置入术患者更好地配合治疗,帮助其安全度过围手术期。     

Nutritional Status Parameters as Risk Factors for Mortality in Cancer Patients

The aim of this study was to verify the relationship between weight loss, handgrip strength (HGS) and phase angle (PA) before the beginning of chemotherapy with overall survival in cancer patients. Patients diagnosed with gastrointestinal and breast cancer who were over 18 years old and were scheduled to undergo adjuvant treatment at Hospital Borges da Costa/Brazil were evaluated. The exclusion criteria were neoadjuvant treatment, patients with kidney and liver disease and using diuretics. Weight, HGS and PA tests were performed by trained dietitians. The Kaplan-Meier survival method and the log-rank test, cox regression and ROC curve were used and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Two-hundred and twenty-eight patients were evaluated.The median survival time was higher among the patients who showed weight loss of less than 10% of usual body weight (p < 0.05). Regarding HGS, patients with decreased HGS had a 22.0 month survival versus 34.2 months for those with normal values (p < 0.05). 146 patients had normal PA values, and these patients had increased survival time compared to those with inappropriate values (p < 0.05). In the Cox regression, weight loss and PA were predictors of mortality, HGS wasn't significantly associated with mortality. ROC analysis revealed that weight loss was the nutritional status parameter with the most predictive power.     

The Role of Nutritional Status in Elderly Patients with Heart Failure

Evidence indicates that malnutrition very frequently co-occurs with chronic heart failure (HF) and leads to a range of negative consequences. Studies show associations between malnutrition and wound healing disorders, an increased rate of postoperative complications, and mortality. In addition, considering the increasing age of patients with HF, a specific approach to their treatment is required. Guidelines proposed by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) for treating acute and chronic HF refer to the need to monitor and prevent malnutrition in HF patients. However, the guidelines feature no strict nutritional recommendations for HF patients, who are at high nutritional risk as a group, nor do they offer any such recommendations for the poor nutritional status subgroup, for which high morbidity and mortality rates have been observed. In the context of multidisciplinary healthcare, recommended by the ESC and proven by research to offer multifaceted benefits, nutritional status should be systematically assessed in HF patients. Malnutrition has become a challenge within healthcare systems and day-to-day clinical practice, especially in developed countries, where it affects the course of disease and patients’ prognosis.     

恶性肿瘤病人营养不良评价方法的比较

营养不良是恶性肿瘤患者的常见合并症 ,营养不良影响恶性肿瘤患者的治疗效果和生活质量。诊断营养不良的方法很多。现探讨《中国成年人体质测定标准指南》的实用价值 ;比较营养不良指标 ,体质指数 (ＢＭＩ)、实际体重与理想体重比 (%ＩＢＷ1)和血清白蛋白浓度 (ＡＬｂ)对恶性肿瘤病人营养不良的诊断意义。材料与方法选择 1997年 6月～ 2 0 0 0年 2月在我院就诊或住院的经病理确诊的恶性肿瘤患者 4 77例 ,均符合《中国成年人体质测定标准指南》中限定年龄 ,男性18～ 6 0岁 ,女性 18～ 55岁。无腹水或水肿。均测定体质指数 (ＢＭＩ)、实际体重…     

Long-Term Quality of Life and Nutritional Status of Patients with Head and Neck Cancer

Disease and therapy of head and neck cancer impair quality of life (QOL). QOL varies profoundly during therapy and follow-up.

Aim: We sought to monitor QOL and nutritional status of patients before, during and after therapy (AT).

Patients and methods: This study evaluates QOL by using the EORTC-questionnaires QLQ-C30 and H&N35, body weight and plasma albumin up to two years AT.

Results: Chemoradiotherapy is the period of the most profound QOL-impairment. Postoperative QOL almost reaches preoperative levels just before adjuvant therapy and does not differ significantly from pretherapeutic QOL. Long-term QOL is not significantly deteriorated. Patients have an average weight loss of 17%. Nutritional supplements are used continuously. Xerostomia and sticky saliva are chronic symptoms that persist AT.

Conclusions: QOL is an important parameter for the evaluation of therapy success. Head and neck cancer and its therapy cause permanent xerostomia, sticky saliva and need of nutritional supplements. Adequate patient information, psychooncological counseling, analgesia and nutritional support may alleviate QOL impairment.     

Using a Nutritional Screening Tool to Evaluate the Nutritional Status of Patients With Colorectal Cancer

We assessed which nutrition evaluation method [subjective global assessment (SGA); malnutrition universal screening tool (MUST); nutritional risk index (NRI)] provided the most efficacious combination of high validity, low cost, and ease of use to examine and improve the status of malnutrition for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. The SGA, MUST, and NRI scales were used to analyze the preoperative status of malnutrition for 45 CRC patients in a medical center in Taiwan. Differences in the reliability of the 3 methods were compared using the kappa (κ) coefficient of agreement. Lengths of hospital stays were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test to examine the effect of malnutrition in CRC patients. The SGA κ coefficient was higher with the MUST than with the NRI. Preoperative and postoperative weight losses were significantly different on the NRI, and the longer the length of the hospital stay, the greater was the weight loss. Although the SGA had a higher validity and lower cost than the NRI, we recommend using the MUST method for a routine nutrition evaluation because it is easier to use and is less expensive than the SGA and the NRI.     

维持血透病人的营养状况分析

目的 :了解血透患者的营养状态并找出引起其营养不良的相关因素。方法 :采用SGA法对 10 6例血透患者进行营养学评价 ,用人体学测量及生化检查作为营养学指标进行各相关因素分析。结果 :10 6例血透患者中 6 0 1%存在不同程度的营养不良 ,普遍存在能量、蛋白质摄入不足、饮食结构不合理 ,与健康人比较各营养学指标均偏低(P <0 .0 5 ) ,摄入充分组、透析充分组及酸中毒较轻组各营养学指标均较对照组有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)。用促红细胞生成素组成部分营养指标要好于未用者 (P <0 .0 5 )。透析膜的生物相容性、年龄、维持透析时间、残余肾功能的情况均对营养状态有影响。结论 :透析患者的营养状态应引起足够重视 ,增加摄入 ,充分透析 ,促红素等药物的应用 ,酸中毒的纠正 ,生物相容性透析膜的使用及残余肾功能的保护是改善透析患者营养状态的途径     

Relationship between Preoperative Nutritional Status and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer

The nutritional status in cancer patients is related to cancer survival and surgical outcome. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between preoperative prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and post-operative clinical outcomes in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients. A total of 1282 head and neck cancer patients receiving surgical resection in Changhua Christian Hospital between 1 January 2010 and 30 August 2021 were recruited in the final analysis after undergoing propensity score matching analysis. The logistic regression model was used to assess the association of the PNI group with overall and various complications. The patients in the high PNI group had a significant lower incidence of overall complications, medical complications, and pulmonary complications; but not significant surgical complications. The high PNI group had lower mortality risk. The results in this study revealed that PNI score was a significant independent predictor of postoperative complications in HNC patients undergoing surgical resection. We recommend preoperative testing and evaluation of HNC patients to identify low PNI and high-risk groups for postoperative surveillance.     

炎症性肠道疾病患者的围手术期营养治疗

炎症性肠道疾病（IBD）是非特异性肠道炎症，临床上多见的为局部性回肠炎及溃疡性结肠炎，其发病率有逐年上升趋势。该病的治疗多采取保守方法。如局部使用类固醇及口服或直肠使用氨基水杨酸（用于急性期治疗），若需要长期治疗。可采用免疫抑制疗效。近年来，学们认为对围手术期的IBD患，人工营养和腹部手术是必需且合理的处理方法。     

Usefulness of the Mini Nutritional Assessment in Predicting the Nutritional Status of Patients With Liver Cancer in Taiwan

Liver cancer patients are confronted with the additional risk of malnutrition because the disease is often associated with hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and metabolic disturbances. Nutritional intervention can improve treatment outcome, but early detection is important. This study aimed to determine whether the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) could effectively rate the nutritional status of patients with liver cancer in Taiwan. A total of 300 patients were evaluated for nutritional status with two modified versions of the MNA in short and long forms. MNA-Taiwan Version 1 adopted population-specific anthropometric cutpoints, whereas Version 2 replaced mid-arm and calf circumferences in place of body mass index. Predicted statuses were compared to results predicted by the Council on Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire (CNAQ) and analyzed for correlations with biochemical or cancer status parameters. Results showed that both versions of the MNA were effective in predicting nutritional status, and predictions by the short forms agreed well with those by the long forms. The nutritional scores correlated well with hemoglobin, serum albumin, C-reactive protein, r-glutamyl transpeptidase, TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) staging, and severity of cirrhosis. These results suggest that the MNA can be an effective tool for assessing the nutritional status of patients with liver cancer.     

The Relationship Between Nutritional Status and the Glasgow Prognostic Score in Patients with Cancer of the Esophagus and Stomach

A relationship between weight loss and inflammation has been described in patients with cancer. In the present study, the relationship between subjective global assessment (SGA) and the severity of inflammation, as defined by Glasgow prognostic score (GPS), as well as the relationship of both of these measures with the presence of complications and survival time, was assessed. In addition, we compared the diagnosis given by SGA with parameters of nutritional assessment, such as body mass index, triceps skinfold, midarm circumference (MAC), midarm muscle circumference (MAMC), phase angle (PA), adductor pollicis muscle thickness (APMT), and handgrip strength (HGS). According to the SGA, the nutritional status was associated with the GPS (P < 0.05), and both the SGA and GPS were associated with the presence of complications. However, the GPS [area under the curve (AUC): 0.77, P < 0.05, confidence interval (CI) = 0.580, 0.956] seems to be more accurate in identifying complications than the SGA (AUC: 0.679, P < 0.05, CI = 0.426, 0.931). Only GPS was associated with survival time. Comparing the different nutritional assessment methods with the SGA suggested that the MAC, MAMC, APMT, PA, and HGS parameters may be helpful in differentiating between nourished and malnourished patients, if new cutoffs are adopted.     

Relationship between Nutritional Status and Clinical Outcome in Patients Treated for Lung Cancer

Background. Between 34.5% and 69% of the patients with lung cancer are at risk of malnutrition. Quality of life (QoL) and physical status assessment provides valuable prognostic data on lung cancer patients. Malnutrition is a prognostic parameter for clinical outcome. Therefore, the identification of significant factors affecting the clinical outcome and QoL is important. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between nutritional status and outcome, i.e., overall survival, time to tumor progression, and QoL, in lung cancer patients. Materials and methods. We performed a systematic search of the Pubmed/MEDLINE databases per the Cochrane guidelines to conduct a meta-analysis consistent with the PRISMA statement, using the following keywords: “lung cancer,” “malnutrition,” “nutrition,” “quality of life,” “well-being,” “health-related quality of life,” and “outcome.” Out of the 96 papers identified, 12 were included in our meta-analysis. Results. Our meta-analysis shows that patients with a good nutritional status have a better QoL than malnourished patients in the following functioning domains: physical (g = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.19 to 1.46, p < 0.001), role (g = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.31 to 1.59, p < 0.001), emotional (g = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.97 to 1.24, p < 0.001), cognitive (g = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.76 to 1.06, p < 0.001), and social (g = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.27 to 1.56, p < 0.001). The risk of death was significantly higher in malnourished than in well-nourished patients (HR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.25 to 1.86, p < 0.001). Nutritional status was significantly associated with survival, indicating that patients with a poorer nutritional status are at more risk of relapse. Conclusions. Nutritional status is a significant clinical and prognostic parameter in the assessment of lung cancer treatment. Malnutrition is associated with poorer outcome in terms of overall survival, time to tumor progression, and QoL in patients treated for lung cancer.