金雀异黄酮对结肠癌细胞HT-29增殖及凋亡的影响

目的观察植物雌激素金雀异黄酮(GS)对人结肠癌细胞HT-29增殖及凋亡的影响,并初步探讨其分子生物学作用机制。方法采用MTT比色法和流式细胞术检测GS对HT-29细胞增殖活力和细胞周期分布的影响;CellDeathELISA和流式细胞术从不同方面检测GS对HT-29细胞凋亡的影响;RT-PCR和Western-blot技术检测GS对核增殖抗原PCNA、bcl-2和baxmRNA和蛋白质表达的影响。结果与对照组相比,在15~120μmol/L浓度范围内,GS能够抑制HT-29细胞增殖活力;降低S细胞分布比例,将细胞周期滞留在G2/M期;显著性诱导HT-29细胞凋亡(>30μmol/L,P<0.05),并呈现出良好的剂量-效应关系。检测GS对PCNA、bcl-2和bax表达的影响显示,GS能够抑制PCNA和bcl-2mRNA和蛋白质表达,对bax的表达则表现出促进作用。结论GS通过诱导HT-29细胞凋亡而抑制其增殖活力,这些效应与PCNA、bcl-2和bax的表达变化有关。这些资料可为结肠癌的早期预防提供膳食干预新途径,并为临床新药的开发提供新方案。     

Sea Squirt (Halocynthia roretzi) Hydrolysates Induce Apoptosis in Human Colon Cancer HT-29 Cells through Activation of Reactive Oxygen Species

Recent evidence provides that seafood has a lot of health benefits due to its unique bioactive compounds. Sea squirt is widely cultured and consumed as a foodstuff in Korea; however, seldom reports with reference to bioactivities are available until now. In this study, edible part of sea squirt was hydrolyzed by pepsin and its hydrolysates was evaluated for anticancer effect on human colon cancer HT-29 cells. Sea squirt hydrolysates (SSQ) reduced HT-29 cell viability. Treatment with SSQ resulted in the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation followed by disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Flow cytometry analysis revealed that SSQ induced G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis evidenced by Hoechst 33342 staining. Levels of mRNA expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed that treatment with SSQ in HT-29 cells upregulated expression of p53, bax, and caspase-3 genes and downregulated expression of bcl-2 gene. Protein level of cytochrome c into cytosol and caspase-3 by Western blotting were also increased by treatment with SSQ in HT-29 cells. These results suggest that SSQ may be useful for functional food ingredients and/or nutraceuticals.     

Vanillin extracted from Proso and Barnyard millets induce apoptotic cell death in HT-29 human colon cancer cell line

Abstract

In the present study, we hypothesized that the active compound extracted from Proso and Barnyard millets inhibits cell proliferation and apoptosis induction in colon cancer cell line. The bioactive compounds from these millets were purified by supercritical fluid extraction and their structure was elucidated using spectroscopic methods. Extracted bioactive components from these millets were similar in chemical structure to the phenolic aldehyde-Vanillin [4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde]. Cell proliferative effect was assessed by MTT assay using HT-29 cell line. Compound 1 significantly inhibited the proliferation of HT-29 cells when treated with concentrations of 250?µg/ml and 1,000?µg/ml for 48?h, while compound 2 moderately inhibited the proliferation of the HT-29 cell line at the same concentration and time period. Cytotoxic activity of extracted compounds by the release of lactate dehydrogenase confirms that these compounds were not toxic to the cells at 250?µg/ml of compounds 1 and 2. In addition, flow cytometry results show a significant cell arrest in the G0/G1 phase and increase in the apoptotic cells in sub G0 phase, in a dose-dependent manner when compared with the control. The conclusion of this study suggests that the anticancer property of these millets is mediated through the presence of vanillin.     

Low Molecular Weight Apple Polysaccharides Induced Cell Cycle Arrest in Colorectal Tumor

Dietary components play an important role in cancer prevention. Many ingredients from apples have been proven to have antitumor potency. We thus made low molecular weight apple polysaccharides (LMWAP) and evaluated the effects of it on colorectal cancer (CRC). The effects of LMWAP on human colon carcinoma cells (HT-29) were evaluated using a microarray. Then, cell-cycle distribution was measured by flow cytometric analysis. A colitis-associated colorectal cancer mouse model was used to assess the effect of LMWAP on in vivo CRC prevention. Treatment of HT-29 cells with LMWAP resulted in 333 genes expression over cutoff values (≥2-fold). Further analysis demonstrated that pathways of cell cycle were mainly influenced. At the concentrations from 0.001 to 0.1 mg/mL, LMWAP induced a G₀/G₁ phase block in HT-29 cells in a dose-dependent way. In vivo studies revealed that administration of LMWAP could protect ICR mice against CRC effectively. The results of Western blot suggested LMWAP induced cell-cycle arrest in a p53 independent manner. These data indicate that LMWAP could inhibit the development of CRC through affecting cell cycle, and it has potential for clinical prevention for colon cancer.     

Effects of Caffeic and 5-Caffeoylquinic Acids on Cell Viability and Cellular Uptake in Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cells

Colorectal cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Issues related to the role of diet in cancer prevention and treatment are featured each year, and, in this context, consumption of hydroxycinanmic acids is associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases including cancer. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the cellular uptake of caffeic and 5-caffeoylquinic acids and their effects on cell viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis in human colon adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29). HT-29 cells were incubated with different concentrations of caffeic and 5-caffeoylquinic acids (1.25 µM to 80.0 µM) from 0.5 to 96 h. Cellular uptake was analyzed by HPLC and LCMS. Cell viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis was measured, respectively, using MTT method and flow cytometry. Caffeic and 5-caffeoylquinic acids are absorbed, isomerized, and metabolized by HT-29 cells. Both compounds were able to reduce HT-29 cell viability, promoting specific changes in the cell cycle and increased the apoptosis rate. Caffeic acid and 5-caffeoylquinic acid showed inhibitory effects on cell growth, suggesting a modulation of the cell cycle with an increase in apoptosis in human colon adenocarcinoma cells.     

舒林酸抑制结肠癌细胞株增殖及其转移机制的研究

目的 研究非选择性COX抑制荆舒林酸对结肠癌细胞株HT-29生长的影响及其参与引起细胞死亡的可能机制.方法 采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测舒林酸对结肠癌细胞增殖的抑制,激光共聚焦显微镜(LSM)及荧光显微镜观察细胞凋亡,流式细胞仪(FCM)分析其对细胞凋亡及细胞周期的影响.结果 MTT显示舒林酸能呈剂量和浓度依赖性抑制HT-29的增殖.TUNEL染色荧光显微镜下观察凋亡细胞呈棕褐色,AnnexinV/PI染色后LSM观察凋亡细胞胞膜绿染,胞核红染或呈桔黄色,FCM显示此药促进细胞的凋亡,使处于G0/G1期的细胞比例显著降低.结论 舒林酸可抑制结肠癌细胞株HT-29生长,促进其凋亡,其机制可能与其阻止细胞周期的进展有关.     

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Coffee Brew Evaluated after Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion

Coffee contains human health-related molecules, namely polyphenols that possess a wide range of pharmacological functions, and their intake is associated with reduced colon cancer risk. This study aimed to assess the changes in the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of coffee after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The evaluation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the HT-29 human colon cancer cell line and three in vitro spectrophotometric assays were performed to determine the antioxidant activity of the samples. Characterization of coffee composition was also assessed through a Q-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis. The results highlighted that the levels of polyphenols in the digested coffee brews were higher than those of the non-digested ones. All assayed samples decreased the levels of intracellular ROS when compared to untreated cells, while digested coffee samples exhibited higher antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content than not-digested coffee samples. Digested coffee samples showed a higher reduction in interleukin-6 levels than the not-digested samples in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated HT-29 cells treated for 48 h and fewer cytotoxic effects in the MTT assay. Overall, our findings suggest that coffee may exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and the digestion process may be able to release compounds with higher bioactivity.     

C_2-神经酰胺所致HT-29细胞凋亡中线粒体的变化

目的探讨外源性C2-神经酰胺所致HT-29细胞凋亡中线粒体的变化。方法C2-神经酰胺作用人结肠癌HT-29细胞,采用透射电镜观察细胞线粒体超微结构的变化;采用Mitochondrial Apoptosis Detection Kit和流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡时线粒体损伤及其膜电位的变化。结果C2-神经酰胺作用HT-29细胞24h,线粒体发生空泡化、变性、嵴肿胀或消失等形态学改变;此时荧光显微镜下可观察到线粒体聚集,发出红色荧光,而正常细胞线粒体发出绿色荧光。C2-神经酰胺作用细胞6h,线粒体膜电位即开始降低,呈时间-剂量-效应关系;结论线粒体参与C2-神经酰胺诱导HT-29细胞凋亡作用。     

Low molecular weight apple polysaccharides induced cell cycle arrest in colorectal tumor

Dietary components play an important role in cancer prevention. Many ingredients from apples have been proven to have antitumor potency. We thus made low molecular weight apple polysaccharides (LMWAP) and evaluated the effects of it on colorectal cancer (CRC). The effects of LMWAP on human colon carcinoma cells (HT-29) were evaluated using a microarray. Then, cell-cycle distribution was measured by flow cytometric analysis. A colitis-associated colorectal cancer mouse model was used to assess the effect of LMWAP on in vivo CRC prevention. Treatment of HT-29 cells with LMWAP resulted in 333 genes expression over cutoff values (≥2-fold). Further analysis demonstrated that pathways of cell cycle were mainly influenced. At the concentrations from 0.001 to 0.1 mg/mL, LMWAP induced a G(0)/G(1) phase block in HT-29 cells in a dose-dependent way. In vivo studies revealed that administration of LMWAP could protect ICR mice against CRC effectively. The results of Western blot suggested LMWAP induced cell-cycle arrest in a p53 independent manner. These data indicate that LMWAP could inhibit the development of CRC through affecting cell cycle, and it has potential for clinical prevention for colon cancer.     

Anthocyanin-rich extract from Aronia meloncarpa E induces a cell cycle block in colon cancer but not normal colonic cells

Anthocyanin-rich extracts, potent antioxidants and commercially available food coloring agents, have been reported to inhibit growth of various cancer cell lines. We investigated the effect of semipurified anthocyanin-rich extract from fruits of Aronia meloncarpa, on normal colon and colon cancer cell lines. A 24-h exposure to 50 mg monomeric anthocyanin/ml of Aronia extract resulted in 60% growth inhibition of human HT-29 colon cancer cells. The treated cells showed a blockage at G1/G0 and G2/M phases of the cell cycle. The cell cycle arrest coincided with an increased expression of the p21WAF1 and p27KIP1 genes and decreased expression of cyclin A and B genes. Prolonged exposure to the extract resulted in no further change in the cell number, indicating a cytostatic inhibition of cell growth. NCM460 normal colon cells demonstrated <10% growth inhibition at the highest concentration of 50 mg/ml extract. A 35% decrease in the cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression was observed within 24 h of exposure of HT-29 cells but did not translate into decreased protein levels or protein activity. These results support the need for further research to identify the specific component(s) in this extract that suppress cancer cell growth and the genes affected by these natural compounds.     

肌醇六磷酸对人结肠细胞系HT-29细胞周期的影响

目的:研究肌醇六磷酸(IP6)对HT-29细胞周期的影响并探讨其作用机制。方法:应用四甲基偶氮唑蓝实验(MTT法)观察IP6对HT-29细胞增殖的影响;流式细胞仪检测不同浓度IP6作用72h对HT-29细胞周期的影响;应用免疫细胞化学法检测IP6对HT-29细胞内突变型p53、细胞周期抑制蛋白p21表达的影响。结果:IP6对结肠癌细胞株的生长具有抑制作用,且具有浓度依赖和时间依赖关系。经IP6作用处理的HT-29细胞的细胞周期发生G1期阻滞。与对照组比,各IP6浓度组均能抑制突变型p53蛋白的表达(P<0.05),上调p21蛋白的表达(P<0.05)。结论:IP6对HT-29细胞的生长具有明显的抑制作用。其机制可能是IP6降低p53蛋白的异常表达,刺激p21蛋白的表达,使细胞周期发生G1期阻滞,从而起到抑制细胞增殖的作用。     

γ-生育三烯酚对人结肠癌HT-29细胞中DNA损伤作用的研究

目的探讨γ-生育三烯酚对结肠癌细胞中DNA的损伤作用。方法γ-生育三烯酚与结肠癌HT-29细胞共培养，采用单细胞电泳法检测γ-生育三烯酚对HT-29细胞中DNA的损伤程度。结果γ-生育三烯酚对人结肠癌细胞株HT-29细胞中DNA分子有较大程度的损伤，且与处理的浓度存在一定的相关性。结论卜生育三烯酚对结肠癌细胞具有很强的细胞毒作用，在γ-生育三烯酚作用下HT-29细胞的DNA断裂损伤增加，可能就是γ-生育三烯酚抗肿瘤效应的重要作用机制之一。     

Increased carnitine-dependent fatty acid uptake into mitochondria of human colon cancer cells induces apoptosis

Carnitine-dependent fatty acid import into mitochondria and beta-oxidation seem to be impaired in tumor cells. In the present study we show that a supply of palmitoylcarnitine together with L-carnitine potently induces apoptosis in HT-29 human colon cancer cells as a consequence of accelerated fatty acid oxidation. Caspase-3-like activities, measured by the cleavage rate of a fluorogenic tetrapeptide substrate and nuclear fragmentation determined after DNA labeling in fixed cells by fluorescence microscopy, served as indicators of apoptosis. Neither L-carnitine nor palmitoylcarnitine alone were able to increase caspase-3-like activities and DNA fragmentation, but when provided together, apoptosis occurred. That exogenous carnitine was indeed able to enhance fatty acid uptake into mitochondria was demonstrated by an increased influx of a fluorescent palmitic acid analog. Enhanced fatty acid availability in mitochondria led to an increased generation of O*2-, as detected by a O*2- -sensitive fluorogenic dye, indicating oxidation of delivered substrates. Benzoquinone, an O*2- scavenger, blocked O*2- generation and prevented apoptosis as initiated by the combination of palmitoylcarnitine and carnitine. The lack of effect of the ceramide synthesis inhibitor fumonisin on palmitoylcarnitine/carnitine-induced apoptosis further supports the notion that apoptotic cell death is specifically due to fatty acid oxidation. In contrast to HT-29 cells, nontransformed human colonocytes did not respond to exogenous palmitoylcarnitine/carnitine and no apoptosis was observed. In conclusion, our studies provide evidence that a limited mitochondrial fatty acid import in human colon cancer cells prevents high rates of mitochondrial O*2- production and protects colon cancer cells from apoptosis that can be overcome by an exogenous carnitine supply.     

Effect of methanolic extract from silkworm droppings on proliferation and caspase activity in HT-29 human colon cancer cells

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Surgical intervention followed by chemotherapy remains the primary approach to treatment since colon cancers remain refractory to most chemotherapeutic agents. Based on that, we established a program to screen natural products for cytotoxic activity, employing the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay system utilizing HT-29 human colon cancer cells. During the course of our screening, we found that the methanolic extract of silkworm droppings (SDME) has cytotoxic effects on HT-29 cells. In the present study, we investigated the possible mechanisms by which SDME exerts its antiproliferative activity in HT-29 cells. As expected, SDME inhibited growth of HT-29 cells in a dose-dependent manner as assessed by the MTT reduction assay, the lactate dehydrogenase release assay, and the colony formation assay. We also investigated whether the apoptotic effects induced by SDME involve the caspase pathway using the caspase colorimetric assay. Interestingly, caspase-9 and -3, but not caspase-8, were activated in response to SDME treatment. Taken together, these results clearly indicate that the induction of apoptosis by SDME involves a mitochondrial-mediated pathway and strongly suggest that SDME may potentially be a chemotherapeutic agent for human colon cancer.     

The growth-inhibitory effects of tomatoes digested in vitro in colon adenocarcinoma cells occur through down regulation of cyclin D1, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL

In the present study, we utilised an in vitro digestion procedure to deliver molecules contained in tomatoes to cultured cells and to analyse potential mechanisms underlying the antitumoural effects of tomatoes reported in the literature. Ripe tomatoes underwent in vitro simulated digestion and the aqueous fraction obtained was delivered to HT-29 and HCT-116 colon adenocarcinoma cells. The amount of lycopene released during digestion and transferred to the aqueous fraction during digestion was 10-fold lower than that present in tomato homogenate before digestion. The carotenoid was accumulated by colon adenocarcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner after the addition of tomato digestate (20-100 ml/l) for 24 h. Tomato digestate inhibited the growth of HT-29 and HCT-116 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Growth inhibition resulted from an arrest of cell cycle progression at the G0/G1 phase and by apoptosis induction. A down regulation of cyclin D1, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression was also observed, without apparent changes in p53, p21, p27 and Bax. In conclusion, the present data demonstrate that the in vitro digestion procedure represents a useful approach to supply tomato to colon cultured cells. Moreover, we have shown that tomato digestate is able to inhibit the growth of colon cancer cells by modulating the expression of regulators of the cell cycle and apoptosis.     

Phase-II metabolism limits the antiproliferative activity of urolithins in human colon cancer cells

Purpose

Urolithins, gut microbiota metabolites derived from ellagic acid and ellagitannins, reach micromolar concentrations in the colon lumen where can have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. The antiproliferative activity of urolithins (Uro-A, Uro-B, Uro-C and Uro-D) and their most relevant in vivo glucuronides were evaluated in three human colon cancer cell lines (Caco-2, SW480 and HT-29).

Methods

Cell proliferation was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide and Trypan blue exclusion assays. Cell cycle was evaluated by flow cytometry and urolithins metabolism by HPLC–MS/MS.

Results

Urolithins inhibited cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in a time- and dose-dependent manner and arrested the cells at S and G2/M phases, depending on the urolithin. Uro-A exerted the highest antiproliferative activity, followed by Uro-C, Uro-D and Uro-B. Unlike Caco-2 and SW480 cells, HT-29 cells partially overcame the effects after 48 h, which was related to the complete glucuronidation of urolithins. Uro-A or Uro-B glucuronides did not affect cell cycle and showed lower antiproliferative activity than their aglycone counterparts. Uro-A or Uro-B plus inhibitors of drug efflux ABC transporters partially prevented the glucuronidation of urolithins in HT-29 cells which became more sensitive.

Conclusions

Uro-A, Uro-B, Uro-C and Uro-D exerted different antiproliferative effects depending on the colon cancer cell line. We also report here, for the first time, the role of ABC transporters and Phase-II metabolism in HT-29 cells as a mechanism of cancer resistance against urolithins due to their conversion to glucuronide conjugates that exerted lower antiproliferative activity.     

Trans-10,cis-12, not cis-9,trans-11, conjugated linoleic acid inhibits G1-S progression in HT-29 human colon cancer cells

Commercial preparations of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) contain both positional and geometric isomers of octadecadienoic acid, with cis-9,trans-11 CLA (c9t11) and trans-10,cis-12 CLA (t10c12) as the principal isomers. We showed previously that CLA reduced the incidence of colon tumors in rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. In addition, our previous in vitro studies showed that t10c12 inhibited the growth of HT-29 and Caco-2 human colon cancer cells, whereas c9t11 had no effect on cell growth. In the present study, to examine the effects of the CLA isomers on cell cycle and cell cycle regulatory proteins, we treated HT-29 cells with various concentrations (0-4 micromol/L) of the individual CLA isomers. A DNA flow cytometric analysis revealed that t10c12 induced a G1 arrest, whereas c9t11 had no effect on the cell cycle. Western blot analysis of total cell lysates revealed no alteration in the protein expression of cyclin A, cyclin D, cyclin E, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2, or CDK4 due to t10c12 treatment. However, t10c12 substantially increased the protein expression and mRNA accumulation of the CDK inhibitor p21(CIP1/WAF1). The t10c12 isomer increased the association of p21(CIP1/WAF1) with CDK2 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, but decreased the levels of phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (Rb), with an increase in the levels of hypophosphorylated Rb protein. An in vitro kinase assay using histone H1 as a substrate showed that the activities of CDK2 were significantly decreased by t10c12. These results indicate that t10c12 exerts its growth inhibitory effects in colon cancer cells through the induction of G1 cell cycle arrest. The induction of p21(CIP1/WAF1) may be one of the mechanisms by which t10c12 inhibits cell cycle progression in HT-29 cells.     

Radiosensitization by inhibiting complex I activity in human hepatoma HepG2 cells to X-ray radiation

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I inhibition on the radiosensitivity of HepG2 cells. The complex I inhibitor rotenone was used to inhibit complex I activity on HepG2 cells before X-ray irradiation. The cytotoxicity of rotenone was analyzed by MTT assay at various doses. Rotenone induced dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential and increase of intracellular ROS production were observed. Intracellular ATP production level was determined using luciferin-luciferase assay kit. We further analyzed cell survival and cell cycle distribution of a combined treatment which HepG2 cells underwent 0.5 μM rotenone pretreatment firstly and irradiated with different doses of X-ray radiation afterwards. Our results suggest rotenone pretreatment prior to X-ray irradiation could induce a sensitizing effect on HepG2 cells by enhancing X-ray radiation induced proliferation inhibition and cell apoptosis.