山香降逆胶囊质量标准研究

目的建立山香降逆胶囊的质量标准。方法用薄层色谱法定性鉴别方中山楂、木香、延胡索和白术药材,用高效液相色谱法测定方中陈皮的橙皮苷含量。结果薄层色谱斑点清晰,阴性对照无干扰;橙皮苷平均回收率为97.61%,RSD为1.47%（n=6）,质量浓度线性关系范围为169.44～677.76μg/mL。结论所用定性定量方法可有效控制山香降逆胶囊的质量。     

枳术胶囊剂的制备与质量控制

目的制备枳术胶囊剂并建立其质量标准。方法采用水煎煮法提取药液;以薄层色谱法进行制剂的定性鉴别,高效液相色谱法测定制剂中橙皮苷含量。结果在薄层色谱法中可检出枳实、白术、荷叶的特征斑点,阴性对照品溶液无干扰;橙皮苷质量浓度在2.5～50.0μg/mL范围内与峰面积比值线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率为100.18%,RSD=0.49%(n=6)。结论枳术胶囊剂的制备工艺合理,所建立的质量标准可行。     

芪苈强心胶囊质量标准研究

目的研究芪苈强心胶囊的质量控制方法。方法采用薄层色谱法鉴别方中丹参、香加皮、桂皮醛、橙皮苷,采用高效液相色谱法鉴别人参并测定黄芪甲苷的含量。结果薄层色谱斑点清晰,专属性好;黄芪甲苷进样量在799.2～7 192.8 ng范围内与峰面积积分值线性关系良好,平均加样回收率为98.8%,RSD为2.07%(n=9)。结论该方法简便易行、重现性好、精密度高,适用于芪苈强心胶囊的质量控制。     

安康口服液的制备及质量控制

目的:制备安康口服液并建立其含量测定方法。方法:用薄层色谱法对方中主药佛手、郁金进行定性鉴别,采用高效液相色谱法测定橙皮苷含量。结果:薄层色谱斑点清晰、集中,橙皮苷检测线性范围为0.04168μg～0.4168μg,平均回收率为98.11%,RSD=0.25%。结论:该制剂制备工艺简单,性质稳定,质量控制方法可行。     

参术健脾丸的质量控制方法

目的:建立参术健脾丸的质量控制方法.方法:采用薄层色谱法鉴别山楂、白术、党参;采用高效液相色谱法测定参术健脾丸中橙皮苷的含量.结果:薄层色谱中斑点清晰,易于观察,橙皮苷在20.9～419.2 μg·ml-1浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=1.000 0).橙皮苷的平均回收率为98.9%,RSD为0.8%(n=6).结论:该方法操作简便、快捷,结果准确,可用于参术健脾丸的质量控制.     

黄虎胶囊质量标准研究

目的建立黄虎胶囊的质量标准。方法采用薄层色谱法,对黄虎胶囊中虎杖、黄连、山豆根、龙胆草进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法对黄虎胶囊中大黄素进行含量测定。结果薄层色谱斑点清晰、分离良好,阴性对照品溶液无干扰;大黄素质量浓度在21.84～109.20μg/mL范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系,r为0.999 9,平均回收率为99.32%,RSD为1.87%(n=6)。结论薄层色谱法和高效液相色谱法可同时用于黄虎胶囊的质量控制。     

陈夏痰咳口服液质量标准的研究

目的:研究陈夏痰咳口服液的质量标准。方法:采用薄层鉴别法对制剂中的牛磺胆酸钠、橙皮苷、蛇胆汁、甘草进行定性鉴别;用高效液相色谱法测定橙皮苷的含量。结果:薄层色谱可明显检出牛磺胆酸钠、橙皮苷、蛇胆汁、甘草;高效液相色谱法测得橙皮苷含量为0.406⁰.420 mg/mL,线性范围为0.193 80.420 mg/mL,线性范围为0.193 8¹.938 0μg(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率为97.42%,相对平均偏差(RSD)=1.27%。结论:本方法简单、准确、专属性好,可用于陈夏痰咳口服液的质量控制。     

痔康胶囊的质量标准研究

目的建立痔康胶囊质量标准。方法采用薄层色谱法对方中豨莶草、金银花大黄进行了定性鉴别,并用高效液相色谱法对制剂中芦丁进行了含量测定。结果薄层色谱鉴别斑点清晰,高效液相色谱法定量准确,阴性对照无干扰。结论本法简便可行、重复性好,可有效控制该制剂的质量。     

利肾胶囊的质量标准研究

目的建立利肾胶囊的质量控制方法。方法采用薄层色谱法对方中木贼,鱼腥草进行定性鉴别,采用高效液相色谱法测定利肾胶囊中主要成分山奈素的含量。结果薄层色谱特征斑点清晰,专属性强,阴性对照无干扰;高效液相色谱法测定山奈素含量0.04～0.40μg在范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率为98.73%,RSD=1.69%。结论该方法简便可靠、专属性强、重复性好,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

橘红枇杷片的质量标准研究

目的 研究建立橘红枇杷片的质量控制方法。方法 应用薄层色谱法定性鉴别橘红枇杷片中的橙皮苷和紫苏子，应用高效液相色谱法测定柚皮苷和橙皮苷的含量。结果 薄层色谱法可以鉴别出橙皮苷、紫苏子；用高效液相色谱法测定柚皮苷和橙皮苷，方法专属性好，柚皮苷在0．103—0．824ug范围、橙皮苷在0．251-0．972ug范围具良好的线性关系，精密度、稳定性、重复性、加样回收率试验结果均符合要求。结论 本方法简便、准确、重现性好，可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.