苦豆草药材质量标准的研究

目的:建立苦豆草药材的质量标准。方法:采用TLC法对苦豆草药材进行定性鉴别;用HPLC法测定氧化苦参碱和槐定碱的含量。结果:薄层色谱图显示,氧化苦参碱和槐定碱与其他生物碱分离效果良好,可以用于苦豆草药材的鉴别;高效液相色谱中,氧化苦参碱和槐定碱分别在25.104～125.52μg和22.824～114.12μg范围内线性关系良好,平均加样回收率(n=9)分别为96.2%和95.9%。结论:所建立的方法可准确地进行定性、定量分析,可用于苦豆草药材的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定藏药砂生槐子中4种生物碱含量

目的:运用高效液相色谱法分析砂生槐子中氧化苦参碱、槐果碱、槐定碱和苦参碱的含量。方法:改良砂生槐子中生物碱提取工艺,采用Diamonsil C18(2)(4.6 mm×250 mm,3μm)色谱柱,以0.02 mol·L-1磷酸缓冲盐(p H 8)-甲醇(55∶45),流速1.0 m L·min-1,检测波长220 nm,柱温35℃。结果:氧化苦参碱、槐果碱、槐定碱和苦参碱质量浓度在0.46~59.00、0.40~51.60、0.55~70.00、0.59~75.00μg·m L-1的范围内线性良好,相关系数分别为0.999 9、0.999 9、0.999 9、0.999 8;加样回收率分别为99.98%、100.3%、99.69%、100.2%。氧化苦参碱、槐果碱、槐定碱和苦参碱4种生物碱的含量分别为59.37、0.99、0.26、15.35μg·g-1。结论:该方法经方法学验证可用于砂生槐子中生物碱的含量测定。     

HPLC-DAD法测定商品苦参根茎和根中5个生物碱的含量

目的:测定商品苦参根茎和根中苦参碱、氧化苦参碱、槐果碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱的含量,主要了解苦参根茎中苦参碱和氧化苦参碱总量是否达到中国药典2010年版规定的不低于1.0%。方法:采用Welch Materials XtimateTM C18(4.6 mm×150mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相A为10 mmol.L-1醋酸铵水溶液(0.1%氨水调至pH 9.2),流动相B为乙腈,梯度洗脱,流速1 mL.min-1,检测波长220 nm。结果:苦参碱进样量在0.1575～2.205μg(r=0.9999),氧化苦参碱在0.8985～12.58μg(r=0.9999),槐果碱在0.1360～1.904μg(r=0.9999),氧化槐果碱在0.4398～6.153μg(r=0.9998),槐定碱在0.2092～2.926μg(r=0.9998)范围内呈良好的线性关系;加样平均回收率(n=3)分别为101.0%～102.5%(RSD≤2.1%),100.8%～101.6%(RSD≤2.8%),102.3%～103.6%(RSD≤1.2%),102.2%～103.4%(RSD≤1.1%),102.4%～103.3%(RSD...     

反相离子对色谱法同时测定复方苦参注射液中4个生物碱含量

目的:建立反相离子对色谱同时测定复方苦参注射液中苦参碱、槐果碱、氧化槐果碱和氧化苦参碱含量的方法。方法:色谱条件:Diamonsil C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5.0μm)色谱柱;流动相为0.04%磷酸-10 mmol·L-1戊烷磺酸钠水溶液(A)和乙腈(B),线性梯度洗脱,流速为1.2 mL·min-1;柱温为30℃;紫外检测波长:210 nm。结果:苦参碱、槐果碱、氧化槐果碱和氧化苦参碱质量浓度分别在18.92～946.0,4.052～202.6,9.293～464.6,34.73～1736 mg·L-1范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均为0.9999;RSD重复性试验中4个生物碱含量均小于2.1%;平均加样回收率分别为98.2%,96.4%,96.9%,97.1%。结论:该方法简便、准确,重复性好,可用于复方苦参注射液的质量控制。     

离子对RP-HPLC同时测定复方苦参注射液中氧化苦参碱、槐果碱和苦参碱的含量

目的:建立同时测定复方苦参注射液中氧化苦参碱、槐果碱和苦参碱含量的方法。方法:采用离子对RP-HPLC法,色谱柱为Diamonsi C18(2)(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-甲醇-水(35∶10∶55,水相中含5.5%磷酸和1.5%SDS),流速1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长220 nm,柱温为室温。结果:氧化苦参碱、槐果碱和苦参碱分别在9.92～99.2μg.mL-1(r=0.9991,n=5)、4.08～32.64μg.mL-1(r=0.9993,n=5)和20.16～161.28μg.mL-1(r=0.9996,n=5)范围内呈良好线性关系;平均回收率(n=6)分别为98.9%(RSD=1.2%),99.5%(RSD=1.4%)和100.2%(RSD=1.0%)。结论:本文建立的测定方法可应用于复方苦参注射液质量评价。     

HPLC法同时测定复方苦参注射液中7个成分含量及指纹图谱研究

目的:建立HPLC法同时测定复方苦参注射液中7个成分(甲基氧化偶氮甲醇樱草糖苷、苦参碱、槐果碱、槐定碱、氧化槐果碱、氧化苦参碱、番石榴酸)的含量及指纹图谱研究,为其质量控制提供依据。方法:采用Waters Xselect CSH^TM C₁₈色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm),以甲醇-0.2%磷酸二氢钾为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速0.6 mL·min^-1,柱温30℃,检测波长211 nm。结果:在建立的液相色谱条件下,测定的甲基氧化偶氮甲醇樱草糖苷、苦参碱、槐果碱、槐定碱、氧化槐果碱、氧化苦参碱、番石榴酸7个成分的平均加样回收率分别为95.7%、101.3%、100.8%、101.7%、102.6%、102.5%、99.5%,RSD分别为2.0%、0.72%、0.90%、0.74%、1.4%、0.96%、1.8%;10批次样品中7个成分的含量分别为0.53～0.73、2.66～4.22、0.75～1.11、0.70～0.89、2.20～2.84、7.62～9.95、1.63～2.20 mg·mL^-1     

蒙药肝乐康胶囊的质量标准研究

目的:建立蒙药肝乐康胶囊的质量标准。方法:采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对方中肋柱花、栀子、苦参进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定苦参中苦参碱和氧化苦参碱的含量:色谱柱为lnertsil NH2Columns C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-3%磷酸水-无水乙醇(80∶10∶10,V/V),流速为0.1 ml/min,柱温为30℃,检测波长为220 nm。结果:肋柱花、栀子、苦参的斑点清晰、分离度好;苦参碱的进样量在0.2¹.2μg、氧化苦参碱在0.31.2μg、氧化苦参碱在0.3¹.8μg范围内与各自峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系;二者精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<1.72%;平均加样回收率苦参碱为102.00%(RSD=0.93%,n=6),氧化苦参碱为98.02%(RSD=0.78%,n=6)。结论:所建标准可用于蒙药肝乐康胶囊的质量控制。     

4种豆科植物种子中氧化苦参碱的含量分析和其他3种生物碱的定性分析比较

目的采用HPLC法对豆科植物苦豆子、苦参种子、白刺花种子和砂生槐种子中主要有效成分氧化苦参碱的含量进行分析,并对其中的氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和苦参碱进行定性分析,为上述药用植物种子资源的有效利用提供依据。方法采用Li-chrospher和Phecda C8柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为0.05mol.L-1磷酸二氢钠溶液(含磷酸2mL.L-1)-甲醇-高氯酸钠(850∶150∶10);检测波长215nm;体积流量1.0mL.min-1。结果氧化苦参碱在0.2～1.2μg范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;苦豆子和白刺花种子中氧化苦参碱平均含量为1.5%左右;苦参种子中氧化苦参碱的平均含量为2.5%;砂生槐种子中氧化苦参碱的含量最高,平均为4.69%。结论白刺花种子和砂生槐种子是较好的生产氧化苦参碱的潜在资源。     

HPLC法测定苦参总碱中苦参碱与氧化苦参碱的含量

目的:采用高效液相色谱法测定苦参总碱中苦参碱和氧化苦参碱的含量。方法:采用 Elite Hypersil NH_2柱(5μm,250mm×4.6 mm),乙腈-无水乙醇-3%磷酸溶液(81:10:9)为流动相,流速:1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长220 nm,柱温:25℃,进样量:10 μL。结果:苦参碱、氧化苦参碱的线性范围分别为5.32～53.2μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9997),65.7～525.6μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9995)。苦参碱平均加样回收率为99.5%,RSD=1.0%(n=6);氧化苦参碱的平均加样回收率为99.7%,RSD=0.6%(n=6)。结论:本方法操作简便、快速、可靠,可用于控制苦参总碱质量。     

HPLC-DAD法测定自采苦参根茎和根中5个生物碱的含量

目的:测定自采苦参根茎和根中苦参碱、氧化苦参碱、槐果碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱的含量,以便了解采自同一株植物的苦参根茎和根中苦参碱和氧化苦参碱的总量。方法:采用Welch Materials XtimateTMC18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相A为10 mmol.L-1醋酸铵水溶液(0.1%氨水调至pH 9.2),流动相B为乙腈,梯度洗脱,流速1 mL.min-1,检测波长220nm。结果:自采苦参根茎中苦参碱和氧化苦参碱的总量为四川资阳2.17%、北京怀柔2.53%、山西原平3.21%,根中二者总量为四川资阳2.86%、北京怀柔2.26%、山西原平3.34%。结论:采自不同产地或同一株植物的苦参根茎和根中,苦参碱和氧化苦参碱的总量各有高低。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.