Robotic cystogastrostomy and debridement of walled-off pancreatic necrosis

Walled-off pancreatic necrosis is a known complication of acute pancreatitis and requires intervention if symptomatic or complicated. Laparoscopic cystogastrostomy as a minimally invasive surgical intervention has been well-described in surgical literature but data on a robotic approach is limited. Here we report a case of robotic cystogastrostomy and debridement of walled-off pancreatic necrosis in a patient with a history of severe biliary pancreatitis.     

Multivariate analysis of the factors affecting the prognosis of walled-off pancreatic necrosis after endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided drainage has become the treatment of choice for walled-off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN). However, no consensus exists on the most significant patient- and procedure-related factors that affect prognosis. The aim of the study is to investigate the correlation between patient- and procedure-related factors and post-procedure complications after EUS-guided drainage. A retrospective analysis of the clinical characteristics of patients with WOPN who underwent EUS-guided drainage at our endoscopy center between November 2011 and August 2017 was performed. Chi-square analysis and binary logistic regression statistical methods were used to analyze the correlation between influencing factors and prognosis. A total of 85 patients (male/female, 50/35) with WOPN were included in the study. The average age was 44.95 years. The cyst diameter was 10.58 ± 4.78 cm. Multivariate analysis showed that WOPN with higher solid content (> 30%) increased the probability of endoscopic necrosectomy (OR 6.798; 95% CI 1.423, 32.470; p = 0.016). The use of a metal stent increased the probability of endoscopic necrosectomy (OR 3.503; 95% CI 1.251, 9.810; p = 0.017) and the length of hospitalization (OR 3.315; 95% CI 1.192, 9.215; p = 0.022). Female patients had a higher probability of requiring endoscopic necrosectomy (OR 2.683; 95% CI 1.027, 7.007; p = 0.044) and prolonged hospitalization (OR 2.675; 95% CI 1.065, 6.721; p = 0.036). The solid content of WOPN, type of stent, and sex of patients were associated with increased probability of endoscopic necrosectomy.     

Endotherapy for pancreatic necrosis and abscess: endoscopic drainage and necrosectomy

Pancreatic necrosis and abscess are among the most severe complications of acute pancreatitis. Endoscopic drainage of pancreatic fluid collections has been increasingly performed in many tertiary care centers. The type of fluid collection that is being intervened upon determines the outcome. The development of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has expanded the safety and efficacy of this modality by allowing one to access and drain more challenging fluid collections. The technique and review of current literature regarding endoscopic therapy of pancreatic necrosis and abscess will be discussed.     

腹腔镜经胃胰腺坏死组织清除术

微创胰腺坏死组织清除在临床开展日益增多,包括腹腔镜、肾镜及消化内镜均可用作微创治疗的手段。腹腔镜经胃胰腺坏死组织清除术适用于紧贴胃后壁的以积液为主的包裹性胰腺坏死。手术中打开胃前壁,使用术中超声及穿刺定位后,切开胃后壁,吸净积液,使用Endo-GIA完成胃后壁—囊肿壁吻合。在腹腔镜监视下,经吻合口进入脓腔,清除坏死组织,将坏死组织置入消化道,使用Endo-GIA或缝合关闭胃前壁切口。     

经胃壁内镜胰腺假性囊肿感染清创术

目的探讨经胃壁内镜清创术（NOTES技术）治疗胰腺假性囊肿感染的可行性、安全性和有效性。方法患者男性,45岁,主因腹胀1个月于2010年7月16日入院,被诊断为胰腺假性囊肿,大小约15×20 cm。在内镜超声引导下,常规经胃壁在囊肿内放入2枚双猪尾型塑料支架。术后第7天囊肿感染,经多次调整支架位置、在脓肿内增加2根支架并植入鼻胰冲洗管、留置空肠三腔营养管等处理,感染未得到根本控制。遂于2010年8月30日至9月19日间行3次胰腺假性囊肿感染清创术,即在导丝引导下,用球囊扩张胃壁切口直径至1.5 cm,将内镜送入脓腔内,用0.9%氯化钠溶液冲洗脓腔,取石网篮取出块状坏死物,术后在脓腔内放置支架和鼻胰冲洗管。结果胰腺假性囊肿支架植入后发生感染,在常规胃镜治疗无效的情况下,经胃壁行3次脓肿清创术后,患者体温和血象逐渐恢复正常。先后拔除鼻胰冲洗管、空肠三腔营养管和全部支架,患者于2010年10月25日痊愈出院。结论经胃壁胰腺假性囊肿感染清创术是安全、有效和可行的,但还有待更多研究证实。     

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage of infected pancreatic necrosis

Background

The role of percutaneous drainage in the management of infected pancreatic necrosis remains controversial, and ultrasound-guided technique is rarely used for this indication. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of sonographically guided percutaneous catheter drainage for infected pancreatic necrosis.

Methods

The patient group consisted of 16 men and 2 women. The mean age of the patients was 47 years. The median computed tomography severity index of acute pancreatitis was 10 points. Percutaneous catheter drainage was performed under sonographic guidance using preferably retroperitoneal approach, and transperitoneal access in selected cases. The medical records and imaging scans were reviewed retrospectively for each patient.

Results

Percutaneous catheter drainage resulted in a complete resolution of infected pancreatic necrosis in 6 of 18 patients (33 %). Twelve of 18 patients who were initially managed with PCD required eventually necrosectomy (67 %). The most common reason for crossover to surgical intervention was persistent sepsis (n = 7). Open necrosectomy was performed in 4 of these patients, and 3 patients underwent successful minimally invasive retroperitoneal necrosectomy. Five patients required conversion to open surgery because of procedure-related complications. In 3 cases, there was leakage of the necrotic material into the peritoneal cavity. Two other patients experienced hemorrhagic complications. Overall mortality rate was 17 %. The size of the largest necrotic collection in patients who were successfully treated with percutaneous drainage decreased by a median of 76 % shortly after the procedure, whereas it decreased only by a median of 16 % in cases of failure of percutaneous drainage.

Conclusions

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous catheter drainage used in infected pancreatic necrosis is a technique with acceptably low morbidity and mortality that may be the definitive treatment or a bridge management to necrosectomy. A negligible decrease in size of the necrotic collection predicts failure of percutaneous drainage.     

Laparoscopic assisted percutaneous drainage of infected pancreatic necrosis

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous drainage of infected pancreatic fluid collections is often unsuccessful. Alternatively, open necrosectomy techniques are very morbid. We hypothesized that in selected cases, laparoscopic techniques could be used to facilitate percutaneous drainage of the residual particulate necrosectum and avoid a laparotomy. We report our experience with laparoscopic assisted retroperitoneal debridement as an adjunct to percutaneous drainage for patients with infected pancreatic necrosis. METHODS: Case studies were reviewed retrospectively. We analyzed the course of six patients undergoing laparoscopic assisted debridement of infected pancreatic necrosis after failure of percutaneous drainage. With the drains and computed tomography (CT) scan used as a guide, laparoscopic debridement of the necrosectum was performed. RESULTS: Between November 1995 and December 1999, six patients were treated with this method. In four patients, laparoscopic assisted percutaneous drainage was successful. Two patients required open laparotomy. Complications included a self-limited enterocutaneous fistula and a small flank hernia. No deaths occurred. CONCLUSIONS: This early, limited experience has demonstrated the feasibility of laparoscopic assisted percutaneous drainage for infected pancreatic necrosis. With this technique, two-thirds of our patients avoided the morbidity of a laparotomy.     

Endoscopic versus laparoscopic drainage of pseudocyst and walled-off necrosis following acute pancreatitis: a randomized trial

Pancreatic fluid collections (PFC) may develop following acute pancreatitis (AP). Endoscopic and laparoscopic internal drainage are accepted modalities for drainage of PFCs but have not been compared in a randomized trial. Our objective was to compare endoscopic and laparoscopic internal drainage of pseudocyst/walled-off necrosis following AP. Patients with symptomatic pseudocysts or walled-off necrosis suitable for laparoscopic and endoscopic transmural internal drainage were randomized to either modality in a randomized controlled trial. Endoscopic drainage comprised of per-oral transluminal cystogastrostomy. Additionally, endoscopic lavage and necrosectomy were done following a step-up approach for infected collections. Surgical laparoscopic cystogastrostomy was done for drainage, lavage, and necrosectomy. Primary outcome was resolution of PFCs by the intended modality and secondary outcome was complications. Sixty patients were randomized, 30 each to laparoscopic and endoscopic drainage. Both groups were comparable for baseline characteristics. The initial success rate was 83.3% in the laparoscopic and 76.6% in the endoscopic group (p = 0.7) after the index intervention. The overall success rate of 93.3% (28/30) and 90% (27/30) in the laparoscopic and endoscopic groups respectively was also similar (p = 1.0). Two patients in the laparoscopic group required endoscopic cystogastrostomy for persistent collections. Similarly, two patients in the endoscopic group required laparoscopic drainage. Postoperative complications were comparable between the groups except for higher post-procedure infection in the endoscopic group (19 vs. 9; p = 0.01) requiring endoscopic re-intervention. Endoscopic and laparoscopic techniques have similar efficacy for internal drainage of suitable pancreatic fluid collections with < 30% debris. The choice of procedure should depend on available expertise and patient preference.     

Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic drainage for pancreatic abscesses

Background  Few series describe endoscopic drainage of pancreatic abscesses. Abscesses are complications of pancreatitis, presenting with sepsis, peritonitis, or both. This report describes the feasibility and efficacy of natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery for pancreatic abscesses. Methods  This study reviewed 35 consecutively treated patients for the period 1994–2007. The approaches alone or in combination were transmural (transgastric or transduodenal) and transpapillary. The criteria for abscesses were two or more of the following: fever, abdominal pain, elevated white blood count (WBC), and positive fluid cultures. Results  The 35 patients (19 men and 16 women) had a mean age of 49 years. The abscesses had idiopathic (37%), gallstone (32%), alcohol (20%), and divisum (11%) etiologies. The presenting signs were abdominal pain (80%), positive cultures (69%), fever (57%), elevated WBC (51%), and nausea/vomiting (39%). The approaches for abscess drainage were as follows: transgastric (n = 15, 43%), transduodenal (n = 4, 11%), transgastric combined with transpapillary (n = 8, 23%), transduodenal combined with transpapillary (n = 1, 3%), and transpapillary alone (n = 7, 20%). A total of 28 patients (80%) achieved successful endoscopic pancreatic abscess drainage, whereas 7 (20%) required surgery. Of these seven patients, two (6%) required emergent laparotomy to control bleeding, and the remaining five (14%) were explored after failure to demonstrate clinical improvement from endoscopic drainage. Three patients required internal drainage, and two patients required distal pancreatectomy. The mean follow-up period was 15 months, and the complication rate was 6%. No one died from the procedure. Conclusion  Endoscopic surgery for pancreatic abscess is feasible and effective. It is an alternative to surgery that currently can be considered a primary treatment option for selected pancreatic abscesses.     

Transluminal retroperitoneal endoscopic necrosectomy with the use of hydrogen peroxide and without external irrigation: a novel approach for the treatment of walled-off pancreatic necrosis

Background

Transluminal retroperitoneal endoscopic necrosectomy (TREN) is an attractive NOTES technique alternative to surgery for treatment of walled-off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN). The main limitations to this technique are the need for repeated sessions, prolonged external irrigation, and EUS availability. In our study, we introduced new modifications, including the use of hydrogen peroxide, and abandoning the use of EUS and external irrigation.

Methods

This is a retrospective study of outcome of consecutive patients who underwent TREN for WOPN between April 2011 and August 2012. The technique included (1) non-EUS–guided transluminal drainage, and (2) direct endoscopic debridement using hydrogen peroxide and different accessories. No external irrigation was used.

Results

Ten patients were included. Initial clinical and technical success was achieved in all patients. Complete radiological success and long-term clinical efficacy was achieved in nine patients (1 patient had an inaccessible left paracolic gutter collection and died 62 days after endotherapy). Mean number of sessions was 1.4 (range 1–2). Complications included bleeding, which was self-limited in three patients and endoscopically controlled in one. All patients avoided surgery, and no recurrence was reported during median follow-up of 289 (range 133–429) days.

Conclusions

TREN is a safe and effective treatment for WOPN and could be performed safely without EUS guidance in selected cases. Hydrogen peroxide played a major role in reduction of number of sessions and timing. External irrigation of WOPN is not necessary, if adequate debridement could be achieved.     

Management of infected pancreatic necrosis by open drainage.

Twenty-eight consecutive patients with infected pancreatic necrosis were managed by extensive unroofing of the superior retroperitoneum, blunt pancreatic sequestrectomy, laparotomy pad packing of the lesser sac over a layer of Adaptic gauze, and scheduled re-explorations at intervals of 2-3 days (open drainage). Wounds were permitted to heal by secondary intention. All patients were maintained on intravenous hyperalimentation. Three of the 28 patients died (11%); none died of sepsis. Procedure-specific complications included: pancreatic fistula (10 patients), incisional hernia (8 patients), persistent functional gastric outlet obstruction (2 patients), retroperitoneal venous hemorrhage (2 patients), and intestinal fistula (1 patient). Limited initial experience with dynamic pancreatography and serial monitoring of acute phase reactants as indicators of pancreatic necrosis is promising. Compared with historic controls, open drainage of infected pancreatic necrosis represents a significant advance over more conventional surgical approaches. Controlled studies and more widespread experience are necessary for further evaluation of this procedure.     

腔镜下囊肿胃吻合术治疗感染性与无菌性胰腺包裹性坏死的临床体会

目的:对比分析腹腔镜治疗感染性与无菌性胰腺包裹性坏死(WON)的治疗效果及生存质量。方法:回顾分析2015年2月至2019年3月为38例感染性WON(感染组,n=17)与有临床症状的无菌性WON(症状组,n=21)患者行腹腔镜囊肿胃吻合术联合坏死组织清除术的临床资料。分析手术效果,随访并评估患者生存质量。结果:手术时间平均(155.00±29.96)min,术中失血量平均(50.26±25.36)mL,13例(34%)患者同时行胆囊切除术。术后总体死亡率5.26%。两组手术时间、术中失血量差异无统计学意义,但感染组住院时间长于症状组(P<0.01),住院费用高于症状组(P=0.01),更多的患者需要重症护理(P=0.02),随访中感染组有更多的患者出现胰腺内外分泌功能障碍(P<0.05)。结论:感染性WON的预后较无菌性WON差,但通过微创手术可获得良好的治疗结果。     

A technique for laparoscopic-assisted percutaneous drainage of infected pancreatic necrosis and pancreatic abscess

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous drainage has been shown to be an acceptable method for treating both pancreatic abscesses and infected pancreatic necrosis. However, percutaneous techniques have certain shortcomings, including the time and labor required and failure of the catheters to adequately drain the particulate debris. Growing experience around the world indicates that there is a role for retroperitoneal laparoscopy as a means of facilitating the percutaneous drainage of infected pancreatic fluid collections and avoiding a laparotomy. Our technique is discussed in this paper. METHODS: Once infection is documented in a pancreatic fluid collection by fine-needle aspiration, one or more percutaneous drains are placed into the fluid collection(s). A computed tomography (CT) scan is repeated. If further drainage is indicated, retroperitoneoscopic debridement is performed. Using a combination of the percutaneous drain(s) and the post-drain CT scan, ports are placed and retroperitoneoscopic debridement of the necrosectum is performed under direct visualization. Prior to completion of the operation, a postoperative lavage system is created. RESULTS: Six patients with infected pancreatic necrosis have been treated with this technique. Prior to commencement of our laparoscopic protocol, all six patients would have required open necrosectomy. Four of the six patients were managed with retroperitoneoscopic debridement and catheter drainage alone. Complications included a colocutaneous fistula and a small flank hernia. There were no bleeding complications and no deaths. CONCLUSION: Although open necrosectomy remains the standard of care for the treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis and pancreatic abscess, there is growing evidence that laparoscopic retroperitoneal debridement is feasible.     

Percutaneous drainage and necrosectomy in the management of pancreatic necrosis

BACKGROUND: The degree of necrosis and presence of infection are the crucial determinants of the outcome in patients with pancreatic necrosis. In patients with sterile necrosis, the necrotic material can persist and subsequently results in sepsis. Some of these patients will ultimately require an operation to remove the necrotic material. Percutaneous necrosectomy has been introduced to remove this residual debris in a minimally invasive way. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all patients with pancreatic necrosis who had percutaneous drainage (PCD) performed. Percutaneous pancreatic necrosectomy (PCPN) was done for those patients whose necrotic cavity failed to resolve. RESULTS: Percutaneous drainage was performed in eight patients, four with evidence of infection by the positive culture in the aspirate. In three of them, the necrotic cavity completely resolved after drainage. Percutaneous necrosectomy was performed in another three patients through the tract placed by the radiologist and another one through a sinus tract after an operation. The necrotic cavity in three of them completely resolved after percutaneous necrosectomy. CONCLUSION: Those patients who had 'organized necrosis' after the acute episode of pancreatitis could receive benefit from percutaneous necrosectomy. The persistent symptoms could be alleviated after the removal of the residual necrotic material. It could also be useful after an open surgery to remove any residual devitalized tissue.     

经腹膜后入路胰腺坏死组织清除引流术治疗胰腺坏死感染

目的:探讨胰腺坏死并感染采用经腹膜后入路胰腺坏死组织清除引流术治疗的临床效果与安全性。方法:选择2013—2015年采取经腹膜后入路胰腺坏死组织清除引流术治疗的44例胰腺坏死并感染患者为观察组、既往采用经腹部切口入路清除坏死组织后持续闭合冲洗治疗56例胰腺坏死并感染患者为对照组,对比两组患者的手术效果。结果:两组术前一般资料及各项实验室指标差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。治疗后,观察组的血淀粉酶、尿淀粉酶、血糖、降钙素原、肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素8值均明显低于对照组患者(均P0.05);观察组患者的手术时间、住院时间均明显短于对照组(均P0.05),两组患者的再次手术率、死亡或放弃治疗率无统计学差异(均P0.05);观察组有效率高于对照组(75.0%vs.58.9%)、手术并发症发生率低于对照组(15.9%vs.33.9%),但均无统计学差异(均P0.05)。结论:胰腺坏死并感染采用经腹膜后入路胰腺坏死组织清除引流术效果可靠,且较开腹手术恢复快、创伤小。     

内镜下胰管支架置入术后支架内移位的处理

目的 探讨内镜下胰管支架置入术后支架内移位的处理方法及安全性.方法 回顾性分析2011年5月至2014年5月我院245例内镜下胰管支架置人术后发生支架内移位的7例患者的临床资料.结果 内镜下胰管支架置入术后支架内移位发生率2.9％.其中支架移位至十二指肠乳头壶腹2例、移位至胰头部4例、移位至胰体部1例.7例内移位支架均成功取出,使用取石球囊取出5例,2例未取出的胰管支架使用取石网篮取出.术后出现高淀粉酶血症3例,药物治疗2～3d恢复正常.结论 胰管支架内移位是内镜下胰管支架置入术后罕见并发症,应用取石球囊及网篮取出内移位胰管支架是安全有效的.