1例围手术期氟比洛芬酯联合帕瑞昔布镇痛的病例分析

目的：探讨围手术期镇痛管理,评价围手术期镇痛药物使用的合理性,促进临床合理用药。 方法：针对1例肛周脓肿患者的临床资料,对围手术期的疼痛管理进行分析,讨论镇痛药使用的合理性。 结果：围手术期疼痛管理包括选用合适的评估方法对疼痛进行判定和评估、根据疼痛程度选择镇痛药、选择合适的镇痛时机和方法。患者属于轻度疼痛,使用氟比洛芬酯联合帕瑞昔布镇痛治疗存在药物选择不合理和药物相互作用不合理。 结论：规范围手术期镇痛管理,加大管理力度,促进镇痛药物使用的合理性。氟比洛芬酯联合帕瑞昔布镇痛治疗不合理。     

围手术期镇痛不合理用药临床药师干预1例分析

目的 探讨围手术期镇痛管理,评价围手术期镇痛药物使用的合理性,促进临床合理用药。方法 针对1例肛周脓肿患者的临床资料,对围手术期的疼痛管理进行分析,讨论镇痛药使用的合理性。结果 围手术期疼痛管理包括选用合适的评估方法对疼痛进行判定和评估、根据疼痛程度选择镇痛药、选择合适的镇痛时机和方法。患者属于轻度疼痛,使用氟比洛芬酯联合帕瑞昔布镇痛治疗存在药物选择不合理和药物相互作用不合理。经临床药师干预后,改为氟比洛芬酯镇痛。结论 规范围手术期镇痛管理,加大管理力度,促进镇痛药物使用的合理性。     

一例儿童骨肉瘤患者截肢术后镇痛治疗的药学监护

目的 探讨临床药师在儿童患者术后镇痛治疗过程的药学监护作用.方法 临床药师对一例儿童骨肉瘤患者截肢术后进行药学监护,为临床制定多模式镇痛治疗方案提供建议.结果 临床药师协助骨科医生合理使用围术期镇痛药物和儿童截肢术后幻肢痛的用药,同时,及时发现患儿不良情绪,对患儿进行心理安抚,患儿疼痛评分显著下降,顺利出院.结论 临床药师参与术后镇痛方案的制定,提供药学监护,优化镇痛治疗方案,体现药师价值.     

小儿骶管阻滞用于术后镇痛的经验总结

近几年来儿童术后镇痛的问题逐渐引起人们的关注，术后严重疼痛对5岁以下儿童，将直接影响患儿今后情感、活动能力的发育和成长。但是，由于儿童对疼痛表达困难，难以对小儿疼痛的程度及镇痛效果进行准确的评估，再加上对镇痛药物的副反应如阿片类药物的呼吸抑制作用、局部麻醉药的毒性反应等的惧怕，儿童术后镇痛技术的发展进程差于成人。现我们对18例小儿骶管麻醉应用于术后镇痛总结如下。     

多模式镇痛在胃肠道术后患者中的应用

随着外科技术飞速发展,接受胃肠道大手术的患者死亡率较前明显降低,但术后疼痛是阻碍患者加速康复的重要原因;胃肠道术后疼痛多为中重度,其来源于主要在于切口疼痛、内脏疼痛、炎性疼痛,疼痛在传递过程中复杂且易受其他因素影响,充分镇痛是十分必要且困难的;而单一镇痛方法和药物不能达到最佳的镇痛效果,且其不良反应、并发症多;而多模式镇痛(MMA)是近年来国内外所推荐的镇痛模式,相比于传统的单一镇痛药物的使用,多模式镇痛模式能起到最佳的镇痛效果、阿片类药物不良反应明显减少,本文综述了胃肠道术后患者在多模式镇痛理念下镇痛方案的常见组合及相关镇痛药物和镇痛方式的优缺点。     

镰状细胞病患儿疼痛危象药物治疗进展

血管阻塞性危象（VOC）又称镰状细胞疼痛危象,是镰状细胞病（SCD）的标志性并发症,临床表现复杂,通常伴有急性疼痛。不能有效控制、反复发作的疼痛是患儿入院的主要原因,因此,安全有效地进行疼痛预防及控制至关重要,药物治疗是最主要方式之一。本文整理归纳国内外SCD患儿VOC治疗的有限资料,从儿童VOC疼痛成因、疼痛评估及药物治疗三个方面进行综述,其中,药物治疗部分包括非阿片类药物、阿片类药物、辅助镇痛药物治疗以及预防疼痛危象药物治疗。SCD患儿疼痛危象的治疗与预防中应注重多模式镇痛的应用,基于患儿个体特征慎重选择镇痛方案,减少阿片类药物使用剂量,避免不良反应的发生,从而提升镇痛效果,改善患儿生活质量。     

氯诺昔康复合小剂量芬太尼用于术后静脉镇痛

芬太尼静脉术后镇痛已广泛应用于临床，但常因可导致恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、注射部位疼痛、甚至嗜睡、呼吸抑制等而限制其临床应用。氯诺昔康是非甾体抗炎镇痛药，它对各种疼痛的镇痛作用显著。本文比较观察了各种不同的静脉镇痛配方用于术后静脉镇痛治疗中的镇痛效果和不良反应。     

抗抑郁药用于疼痛治疗的研究进展

慢性痛或神经痛是一种临床综合征,常伴有抑郁障碍,严重影响患者生活质量.对于神经痛,常规镇痛药物、甚至麻醉性镇痛药经常无效,而抗抑郁药、抗精神病药和抗癫痫药物等则有效.本文综述了抗抑郁药用于镇痛的作用机制和不同类型的抗抑郁药在疼痛治疗中的应用,旨在为疼痛的临床治疗提供参考.     

保施泰——复方抗炎镇痛药

疼痛作为炎症症状之一,在临床各科都是最常见的主诉。然而,由于疾病本身的特点,疼痛的表现也不尽相同,因此对治疗的要求也有很大差异。广州南新制药有限公司从印度引进科学复方制药技术,生产的抗炎镇痛新药保施泰已在今年8月上市。保施泰属于一种复方抗炎镇痛药,由两种传统的     

临床药师在癌性镇痛药物治疗中的实践与体会

我院临床药师充分发挥在癌性镇痛药物治疗中的作用,通过质量查房、处方点评、参与科教宣传等工作提高对癌性疼痛规范治疗的医疗水平,促进了医院癌性疼痛的规范治疗。临床药师应紧紧围绕癌性疼痛镇痛规范化治疗各个方面开展工作,加大对WHO的镇痛三阶梯用药和慢性疼痛治疗的新观念、新方法宣传,促进基层医院规范化镇痛治疗。     

超声引导下神经阻滞在妇产科经腹手术中的应用进展

女性对疼痛敏感程度较高，加之经腹手术创伤较大，多数患者在一些妇产科手术术后会经历中度至重度的疼痛，因此对镇痛的要求较高。神经阻滞可阻断源自损伤处的伤害性刺激，被广泛应用于各类手术的辅助麻醉及围术期的镇痛，以减轻患者术后疼痛，减少阿片类药物用量。近年来，随着超声技术的不断发展，神经阻滞的可靠性及安全性得到了极大提升。因此，本文综述了妇产科手术中较为常见的超声引导下神经阻滞方式，并简述它们的阻滞方法、应用进展等，提供相关参考和依据。     

神经阻滞联合微波治疗带状疱疹后遗神经痛的临床研究

目的观察神经阻滞联合微波治疗带状疱疹后遗痛的疗效。方法选择80例带状疱疹后遗痛患者，随机分为两组，A组采用维生素B12维生素B1联合消炎痛治疗；B组采用神经阻滞联合微波治疗。分别于治疗后1d，3d，7d，14d用视觉模拟评分法（VAS）对两组患者疼痛和睡眠程度进行评分。结果两组患者经治疗后，VAS评分有显著性差异（P〈0．001），B组患者的止痛效果和睡眠质量明显优于A组。结论神经阻滞联合微波治疗带状疱疹后遗神经痛，疗效显著而安全。     

NB-UVB联合罗哌卡因脊神经根阻滞治疗带状疱疹后遗神经痛疗效观察

目的：观察窄谱中波紫外线（NB-UVB）联合罗哌卡因脊神经根阻滞对带状疱疹后遗神经痛（PHN）的治疗效果。方法：选择带状疱疹后遗神经痛的患者60例,按随机原则分为治疗组（30例）和对照组（30例）,两组均给予罗哌卡因脊神经根阻滞,治疗组加用NB-UVB对受累的部位进行局部照射治疗。采用视觉模拟评分法（VAS法）,分别在治疗1个月后及出院后6个月进行VAS评分,评估两种方法的疗效和安全性。结果：治疗1个月后,治疗组有效率达96.67%,对照组有效率为80.00%,两组比较差异有统计学意义（χ2=4.043,P〈0.05）。出院后6个月时,治疗组疼痛消失者20例（66.67%）,疼痛减轻者2例（6.67%）,疼痛无缓解者1例（3.33%）;对照组疼痛消失者10例（33.33%）,疼痛减轻者5例（16.67%）,疼痛无缓解者8例（26.67%）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：局麻药物罗哌卡因应用于脊神经根阻滞,对于PNH患者有明显缓解疼痛效果,NB-UVB联合罗哌卡因脊神经根阻滞治疗PNH,明显降低了PNH患者VAS评分,疗效明显优于单一治疗神经根阻滞。     

联合阻滞治疗头面部急性带状疱疹痛的疗效观察

目的观察神经阻滞联合皮内阻滞治疗头面部急性带状疱疹痛的疗效。方法将32例确诊为头面部急性带状疱疹痛的患者随机分为联合组(神经阻滞联合皮内阻滞+药物治疗)和对照组(单纯药物治疗),每组16例,观察两组患者疼痛缓解程度(VAS评分)、睡眠评分、情绪评分、带状疱疹后神经痛(PHN)发生率。结果治疗后两组VAS评分均明显低于治疗前,联合组治疗后VAS评分明显低于对照组。联合组治疗后睡眠、情绪评分均明显高于对照组。结论联合阻滞较单纯药物治疗效果更佳,PHN发生率明显降低。     

Ropivacaine: a review of its use in regional anaesthesia and acute pain management

Ropivacaine (Naropin) is the pure S(-)-enantiomer of propivacaine, and is a long-acting amide local anaesthetic agent, eliciting nerve block via reversible inhibition of sodium ion influx in nerve fibres.Ropivacaine is a well tolerated regional anaesthetic effective for surgical anaesthesia as well as the relief of postoperative and labour pain. The efficacy of ropivacaine is similar to that of bupivacaine and levobupivacaine for peripheral nerve blocks and, although it may be slightly less potent than bupivacaine when administered epidurally or intrathecally, equi-effective doses have been established. Clinically adequate doses of ropivacaine appear to be associated with a lower incidence or grade of motor block than bupivacaine. Thus ropivacaine, with its efficacy, lower propensity for motor block and reduced potential for CNS toxicity and cardiotoxicity, appears to be an important option for regional anaesthesia and for the management of postoperative and labour pain.     

Molecular approaches for neuropathic pain treatment

Neuropathic pain is initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction in the nervous system. It is estimated that 75-150 million people in the United States have a chronic pain disorder. Neuropathic pain has a great impact on the quality of life. It is debilitating and often has an associated degree of depression that contributes to decreasing human wellbeing. Moreover, the management of chronic pain is costly to the health care system. The United States Congress has declared the present decade (2001-2010) as the "Decade of Pain Control and Research", making pain a national healthcare priority. In Europe, statistics provided by the International Association on the Study of Pain (IASP) and the European Federation of the IASP Chapters (EFIC) indicate that one in five people suffer from moderate to severe chronic pain, and that one in three are unable or less able to maintain an independent lifestyle due to their pain. Between one-half and two-thirds of people with chronic pain are less able or unable to exercise, enjoy normal sleep, perform household chores, attend social activities, drive a car, walk or have sexual relations. The effect of pain means that one in four reports that relationships with family and friends are strained or broken, according to the IASP/EFIC data. Neuropathic pain treatment is extremely difficult. Neuropathic pain is a very complex disease, involving several molecular pathways. Excitatory or inhibitory pathways controlling neuropathic pain development show altered gene expression, caused by peripheral nerve injury. Current available drugs are usually not acting on the several mechanisms underlying the generation and propagation of pain. Nowadays, pain research is directing on new molecular methods, such as gene therapy, stem cell therapy and viral vectors for delivery of biologic antinociceptive molecules. These methods could provide a new therapeutic approach to neuropathic pain relief.     

Antiepileptics and the treatment of neuropathic pain: evidence from animal models

Neuropathic pain is characterised by both positive (hyperalgesia and allodynia) and negative (sensory deficits) symptoms and remains intractable to many commonly used analgesics. Antiepileptics are increasingly utilised in the treatment of neuropathic pain. This class of drugs works via three major mechanisms of action in order to dampen neuronal hyperexcitability within the central nervous system: potentiation of GABA transmission, reduction of glutamate-mediated excitatory transmission, and block of voltage-activated ion channels. The latter mechanism of action in particular, is exemplified by the success of the newer generation of antiepileptics such as lamotrigine and gabapentin in the clinical treatment of neuropathic pain symptoms. In the current review article, we will examine in detail, the antinociceptive effects of a diverse range of antiepileptics as tested in animal models of nerve injury. Where appropriate, we will compare these findings with their analgesic efficacy in the clinical treatment of neuropathic pain.     

Levobupivacaine: a review of its pharmacology and use as a local anaesthetic

Based on findings that the cardiotoxicity infrequently observed with racemic bupivacaine shows enantioselectivity, i.e. it is more pronounced with the R(+)-enantiomer, the S(-)-enantiomer (levobupivacaine) has been developed for clinical use as a long acting local anaesthetic. The majority of in vitro, in vivo and human pharmacodynamic studies of nerve block indicate that levobupivacaine has similar potency to bupivacaine. However, levobupivacaine had a lower risk of cardiovascular and CNS toxicity than bupivacaine in animal studies. In human volunteers, levobupivacaine had less of a negative inotropic effect and, at intravenous doses >75 mg, produced less prolongation of the QTc interval than bupivacaine. Fewer changes indicative of CNS depression on EEG were evident with levobupivacaine. Levobupivacaine is long acting with a dose-dependent duration of anaesthesia. The onset of action is < or = 15 minutes with various anaesthetic techniques. In studies of surgical anaesthesia in adults, levobupivacaine provided sensory block for up to 9 hours after epidural administration of < or = 202.5 mg, 6.5 hours after intrathecal 15 mg, and 17 hours after brachial plexus block with 2 mg/kg. Randomised, double-blind clinical studies established that the anaesthetic and/or analgesic effects of levobupivacaine were largely similar to those of bupivacaine at the same dose. Sensory block tended to be longer with levobupivacaine than bupivacaine, amounting to a difference of 23 to 45 minutes with epidural administration and approximately 2 hours with peripheral nerve block. With epidural administration, levobupivacaine produced less prolonged motor block than sensory block. This differential was not seen with peripheral nerve block. Conditions satisfactory for surgery and good pain management were achieved by use of local infiltration or peribulbar administration of levobupivacaine. Levobupivacaine was generally as effective as bupivacaine for pain management during labour, and was effective for the management of postoperative pain, especially when combined with clonidine, morphine or fentanyl. The tolerability profiles of levobupivacaine and bupivacaine were very similar in clinical trials. No clinically significant ECG abnormalities or serious CNS events occurred with the doses used. The most common adverse event associated with levobupivacaine treatment was hypotension (31%). Conclusions: Levobupivacaine is a long acting local anaesthetic with a clinical profile closely resembling that of bupivacaine. However, current preclinical safety and toxicity data show an advantage for levobupivacaine over bupivacaine. Clinical data comparing levobupivacaine with ropivacaine are needed before the role of the drug can be fully established. Excluding pharmacoeconomic considerations, levobupivacaine is an appropriate choice for use in place of bupivacaine.     

Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Block with Botulinum Toxin Type A for Intractable Neuropathic Pain

Neuropathic pain includes postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN), and trigeminal neuralgia, and so on. Although various drugs have been tried to treat neuropathic pain, the effectiveness of the drugs sometimes may be limited for chronic intractable neuropathic pain, especially when they cannot be used at an adequate dose, due to undesirable severe side effects and the underlying disease itself. Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) has been known for its analgesic effect in various pain conditions. Nevertheless, there are no data of nerve block in PHN and PDN. Here, we report two patients successfully treated with ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve block using BoNT-A for intractable PHN and PDN. One patient had PHN on the left upper extremity and the other patient had PDN on a lower extremity. Due to side effects of drugs, escalation of the drug dose could not be made. We injected 50 Botox units (BOTOX^®, Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA, USA) into brachial plexus and lumbar plexus, respectively, under ultrasound. Their pain was significantly decreased for about 4–5 months. Ultrasound-guided nerve block with BoNT-A may be an effective analgesic modality in a chronic intractable neuropathic pain especially when conventional treatment failed to achieve adequate pain relief.     

Optimising postoperative pain management in the ambulatory patient

Over 60% of surgery is now performed in an ambulatory setting. Despite improved analgesics and sophisticated drug delivery systems, surveys indicate that over 80% of patients experience moderate to severe pain postoperatively. Inadequate postoperative pain relief can prolong recovery, precipitate or increase the duration of hospital stay, increase healthcare costs, and reduce patient satisfaction. Effective postoperative pain management involves a multimodal approach and the use of various drugs with different mechanisms of action. Local anaesthetics are widely administered in the ambulatory setting using techniques such as local injection, field block, regional nerve block or neuraxial block. Continuous wound infusion pumps may have great potential in an ambulatory setting. Regional anaesthesia (involving anaesthetising regional areas of the body, including single extremities, multiple extremities, the torso, and the face or jaw) allows surgery to be performed in a specific location, usually an extremity, without the use of general anaesthesia, and potentially with little or no sedation.Opioids remain an important component of any analgesic regimen in treating moderate to severe acute postoperative pain. However, the incorporation of non-opioids, local anaesthetics and regional techniques will enhance current postoperative analgesic regimens. The development of new modalities of treatment, such as patient controlled analgesia, and newer drugs, such as cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors, provide additional choices for the practitioner.While there are different routes of administration for analgesics (e.g. oral, parenteral, intramuscular, transmucosal, transdermal and sublingual), oral delivery of medications has remained the mainstay for postoperative pain control. The oral route is effective, the simplest to use and typically the least expensive. The intravenous route has the advantages of a rapid onset of action and easier titratibility, and so is recommended for the treatment of acute pain.Non-pharmacological methods for the management of postoperative pain include acupuncture, electromagnetic millimetre waves, hypnosis and the use of music during surgery. However, further research of these techniques is warranted to elucidate their effectiveness in this indication.Pain is a multifactorial experience, not just a sensation. Emotion, perception and past experience all affect an individual's response to noxious stimuli. Improved postoperative pain control through innovation and creativity may improve compliance, ease of delivery, reduce length of hospital stay and improve patient satisfaction. Patient education, early diagnosis of symptoms and aggressive treatment of pain using an integrative approach, combining pharmacotherapy as well as complementary technique, should serve us well in dealing with this complex problem.