边缘系统对情绪调节的研究概述

1952年麦克林正式提出边缘系统这一术语，指边缘叶以及与其有密切组织学联系并位于附近的神经核团，包括扣带回、眶回、胼胝体下回、梨状区、海马回、杏仁核、隔区、下丘脑、乳头体等大脑部分和神经核团。可以认为，边缘系统是脑基底成分的一个相互联系的复合体，其功能复杂，除嗅觉功能外，主要参与摄食行为、性行为（本能行为）、情绪反应，学习记忆及内脏活动等的调节。     

恒河猴大脑注射Aβ1-42 和Thiorphan对胆碱能神经元影响的研究

目的 观察颅内灌注Aβ1-42和Thiorphan给药后恒河猴基底、核大脑皮质等部位胆碱能神经元的改变.方法 将恒河猴4只,分为对照组(1只)与实验组(3只),对照组开颅后只注射0.9%氯化钠溶液,实验组开颅后先注射Thiorphan到猕猴的基底核和大脑皮质消耗已存在的Neprilysin,然后再缓慢的注射孵育好的纤丝状Aβ1-42,再植入含有Thiorphan的微渗透泵到基底核.免疫组织化学方法检测大脑切片胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)免疫反应活性及阳性神经元数量及形态学改变.结果 给药后实验组恒河猴基底核、皮质等部位的胆碱能神经元数量减少和ChAT水平降低.结论 Aβ1-42和Thiorphan联合颅内给药后损害大脑基底核、皮质等部位的胆碱能神经元.     

恒河猴大脑注射Aβ1-42和Thiorphan诱发脑内广泛炎症反应

目的：观察颅内给Aβ1-42和thiorphan后是否可以在恒河猴大脑内诱发类似AD患者的炎症反应．探讨该法建立猕猴AD模型的可行性。方法：开颅后先注射thiorphan到猕猴的大脑皮质和基底核消耗已存在的Neprilysin,然后再缓慢的注射孵育好的纤丝状Aβ1-42,后植入含有thiorphan的微渗透泵到基底核。HE染色及免疫组化观察大脑的炎症反应情况。结果：HE染色显示侧脑室室管膜的单层上皮结构消失．大量小胶质细胞浸润,形成多细胞层,小胶质细胞增生聚集成灶。免疫组化结果显示实验组恒河猴海马、基底核及皮质等部位出现星形胶质细胞增生。结论：Aβ1-42和thiorphan联合颅内给药后可以在恒河猴大脑内诱发广泛的炎症反应。     

大脑半球切除术

1 历史 1923～1928年间,Walter Dandy为5例侵及整个右侧半球的胶质瘤病人进行了大脑半球切除术。手术在颈内动脉分叉处结扎大脑前动脉、大脑中动脉,结扎汇入矢状窦的引流静脉,游离大脑半球在大脑镰和基底的粘连处,切除额叶,进入侧瞄室前角切开胼胝体,切除尾状核、壳核、苍白球、岛叶等。Gardner WJ进行了改良式的Dandy氏大脑     

硫贲妥钠诱导c-fos基因在中枢神经系统的表达

目的　了解硫贲妥钠麻醉在中枢神经系统的作用部位 ,为进一步探讨全身麻醉作用机制打下基础。方法　用SD大鼠 2 4只 ,分别从静脉注射硫贲妥钠 15、2 0和 2 5mg·kg-1麻醉 1h ,应用c fos基因免疫组织化学法 ,光镜观察Fos蛋白阳性神经元在大脑的分布并计数。结果　研究表明硫贲妥钠麻醉在大脑有 15个Fos阳性神经核团参与麻醉调控作用 ,分别是梨状皮层、伏核、杏仁基底外侧核、外侧缰核、弧束核、外侧僵核、下丘脑室旁核、丘脑室旁核、膝状体腹下核、背外侧膝状核 ,视上核、视交叉上核、视前腹侧核、海马回嗅觉小岛和乳头状核。结论　硫贲妥钠麻醉在中枢神经系统具有明确的作用位点。     

多发性硬化患者颅内深部灰质核团MRI的T2信号的定量分析及其临床意义

目的应用T2加权成像观察多发性硬化大脑深部灰质核团(丘脑,尾状核,壳核,苍白球)病变的特点,对MRI T2信号强度进行定量分析,并探讨多发性硬化患者颅内深部灰质核团改变与临床指标(病程,有无行走障碍,有无视神经受累,脑脊液寡克隆带是否为阳性)的相关性。经过糖皮质激素治疗后,对比治疗前后颅内深部灰质核团T2信号强度。方法依据Mc Donald 2010诊断标准,收集多发性硬化患者17例为实验组,选取17例同性别、同年龄的健康人作为对照组,实验组及对照组均行核磁共振,应用测量T2相对信号值的方法,对两组颅内深部灰质核团(丘脑,尾状核,壳核,苍白球)的MRI T2信号强度进行定量分析,对比组间是否有差异,同时搜集病程,有无行走障碍,有无视神经受累,脑脊液寡克隆带结果等临床指标,评价颅内深部灰质核团改变与临床指标是否有相关性。对比糖皮质激素治疗前后颅内深部灰质核团T2信号强度。结果与对照组相比,MS组各灰质核团的T2信号均有所减低,差异有统计学意义:丘脑(P=0.001),尾状核(P=0.047),壳核(P=0.041),苍白球(P=0.009)。行走受限与各灰质核团T2信号强度具有相关性,spearman相关系数分别为丘脑0.566(P=0.018),尾状核0.51(P=0.037),苍白球0.538(P=0.026),壳核0.481(P=0.051>0.05)。其余临床指标与T2信号相关系数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。糖皮质激素治疗前后,颅内深部灰质核团T2信号强度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论多发性硬化患者的灰质核团相比于正常组,T2信号值普遍偏低,提示灰质核团铁质沉积。行走障碍与各个灰质核团的T2低信号有显著相关性,而病程、脑脊液寡克隆带和视神经受累等临床指标均与T2低信号无关。激素治疗对灰质核团铁沉积无即时影响。     

16层螺旋CT诊断脑血管疾病的临床应用

目的探讨16层螺旋CT及三维重建技术在诊断脑血管疾病方面的应用。方法对36例疑有脑血管病变患者行16层螺旋CT脑血管造影(CTA)检查,应用后处理技术三维重建,所有病例均完成容积显示(VR),表面遮盖显示(SSD),多层面重建(MPR)及最大密度投影(MIP)重建,部分病例与插管法脑血管数字减影(DSA)对照,评估其诊断准确性。结果36例患者中26例发现动脉瘤,其中6例为2个动脉瘤,均发生于脑基底动脉环,动静脉畸形2例,烟雾病1例,大脑中动脉及大脑后动脉狭窄2例,5例正常。其中22例行DSA检查,结果与CTA一致。结论多层螺旋CT能准确诊断颅内脑血管疾病,对疑有脑血管疾病患者应首选CTA筛查,可部分取代DSA检查。     

基底动脉尖综合征

基底动脉尖(TOB)综合征:是指基底动脉顶端血液循环障碍引起的一组临床综合征,由于其发病症状多样,特异性不突出,且临床预后多不良,及早发现及早期干预,对病情估计及提高就治率有积极的临床意义. 1 局部解剖 基底动脉尖(TOB)是基底动脉顶端2cm范围内的五条血管即2条大脑后动脉、两条小脑上动脉以及基底动脉顶端,形成一个"干"字.大脑后动脉是基底动脉的终末支,绕过大脑脚跨过小脑幕切迹,最后达距状裂,供应枕叶内侧面和颞叶的底面,还发出许多小支,供应丘脑的内测部、大脑脚的内侧部及外侧膝状体.     

脑血循环障碍的病理生理基础

脑血循环的解剖生理学脑血循环由颈内动脉和椎基底动脉供应,前者供应大脑前2/3的血管,后者供应大脑后1/3以及脑干、小脑,由二侧之后交通动脉联结。在脑底形成基底动脉环。脑血管功能上有效的侧支供血主要来自脑基底动脉环,其次为颈外一颈内动脉间的连络(如面动脉和限动脉间),软脑膜的交通支,及大脑前、中、后动脉间的皮质吻合支,很多情况下对脑梗塞的发生及减少梗塞的范围起一定作用。大脑中动脉皮质支于矢状沟旁区大脑前动脉的肼胝体缘支吻合,该区称为“边缘区”,在     

脑瘫患儿脑神经病理学及超微结构的初步观察

本文观察脑瘫患儿脑干及基底节、大脑、小脑的病变，并结合文献对其病因和病理学予以讨论。 1 材料和方法 死亡的患儿按常规做尸体解剖，自颅腔取出脑，系线于基底动脉环并悬吊于10%福尔马林溶液中固定。两周之后，将脑自固定液中取出。分离脑干，过脑干做之矢状切面：①平听神经、舌下神经做延髓切面；②平下丘及三叉神经做脑桥切面；③平上丘做中脑切面。 分别按前庭神经核、下橄榄核、迷走神经核、舌下神经核、动眼神经核、滑车神经核、三叉神经核、红核、黑质及脑桥核解剖定位取材。再取壳核、尾状核、苍白球、基底节及小脑皮质、额叶…     

Effect of various forms of training and stimulation on the incorporation of 32P into nuclear phosphoproteins of the rat brain

Incorporation of ³²P into acid-extractable nuclear proteins was measured in the hippocampus, caudate nucleus, rest of the brain, and liver of rats submitted to various different behavioral treatments in a shuttle-box. After 5 min of classical conditioning, of avoidance without CS-US pairing, and of avoidance with CS-US pairing (standard shuttle avoidance), there was an increased ³²P uptake by acid-extractable nuclear proteins in the hippocampus and caudate nucleus. The effect disappeared between 5 and 25 min of training. After 25 min of buzzers alone, or of footshocks alone, a similar ³²P uptake change was noted in the same brain structures, which raises doubts as to the specificity of the phenomenon in terms of learning mechanisms.     

Effects of mazindol, a non-phenylethylamine anorexigenic agent, on biogenic amine levels and turnover rate.

1 Mazindol is a new anorexigenic agent which possesses a different chemical structure from that of phenylethylamines, but shows a pharmacological profile similar to that of (+)-amphetamine. 2 Mazindol neither altered whole brain monoamine levels (noradrenaline (NA), dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) nor changed NA levels in the hypothalamus or dopamine levels in the caudate nucleus. 3 Mazindol enhanced dopamine turnover rate in the caudate nucleus, as shown by the increased rate of dopamine decline after blockade of catecholamine synthesis by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine and decreased the conversion index of (3H)-tyrosine into brain NA. 4 Mazindol administration did not modify pargyline-induced decline of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid suggesting that 5-HT turnover is not altered by this drug.     

Effects of cathinone and amphetamine on the neurochemistry of dopamine in vivo

The effects of (−)cathinone, the primary psyehoactive alkaloid of the Khat plant, were compared to those of (+)amphetamine in the anterior caudate-putamen and the nucleus accumbens. In vivo microdialysis was used to measure extracellular levels of dopamine and metabolites in both regions of the brain simultaneously, after intraperitoneal administration of 0.8, 1.6 or 3.2 mg/kg of either drug (doses expressed as the salts). Both drugs increased levels of dopamine but decreased levels of metabolites in a dose-dependent manner. However, the relative magnitude of these effects depended upon the specific drug, the dose and area of the brain examined. At the largest dose used, amphetamine had a relatively greater effect than cathinone on dopamine in both caudate and accumbens. However, among smaller doses, this difference was only observed in the nucleus accumbens after administration of 1.6 mg/kg. The results also demonstrated a differential regional effect of both drugs at 3.2 mg/kg, in that both had a greater effect on dopamine in the caudate, as opposed to the accumbens. These findings demonstrate a functional heterogeneity of the striatum of the rat, that may be relevant to the understanding of both normal brain function and the neural responses to psychoactive drugs.     

Chronic effects of cannabis use on the human reward system: An fMRI study

Cannabis is one of the most used drugs of abuse. It affects the brain reward system in animals, and has proven rewarding and addictive potential in humans. We used functional MRI to measure brain activity during reward anticipation in a monetary reward task. Long-term cannabis users were compared to healthy controls. An additional control group consisting of nicotine users was included. Cannabis users showed attenuated brain activity during reward anticipation in the nucleus accumbens compared to non-smoking controls, but not compared to smoking controls. Cannabis users showed decreased reward anticipation activity in the caudate nucleus, compared to both non-smoking and smoking controls. These data suggest that nicotine may be responsible for attenuated reward anticipation activity in the accumbens, but that differences in the caudate are associated with the use of cannabis. Our findings imply that chronic cannabis use as well as nicotine, may cause an altered brain response to rewarding stimuli.     

Structural changes in caudate nucleus, cerebral cortex and hippocampus induced by morphine. Light microscopy study

Intraperitoneal chronic morphine administration to rats produced structural alterations in nerve cells of caudate nucleus, cerebral cortex and hippocampus. All areas studied showed increased alterations related to time elapsed between last morphine injection and fixation of tissue samples. Lesions mainly consisted in vacuolar degeneration of nerve cells. The most extense and intense lesions were observed in hippocampus. Sensorimotor cortex and caudate nucleus showed focal damage. Neurocytotoxic effect of morphine appears to be unrelated to the opiate receptor density in brain areas, and the brain regions susceptible to that effect appears to be different from brain areas related to adaptation to morphine. Effect of morphine on integrity and function of nerve cells mitochondria, interfering with energy production could play an important role in the pathogenesis of neuronal lesions.     

Reduced metabolism and turnover rates of rat brain dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin by chronic desipramine and zimelidine treatments

As part of of an ongoing effort to compare changes in whole body turnover of catecholamines and serotonin in man with those induced by antidepressants in the rat brain, we have evaluated the chronic effects of desipramine (DMI) and zimelidine (ZMI) on brain catecholamines and serotonin in the rat. The amines and metabolites measured include norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and their metabolites, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA). Three brain areas were analysed; the hypothalamus, caudate nucleus and frontal cortex. Chronic DMI and ZMI reduced hypothalamic MHPG and caudate nucleus DA metabolites, in particular HVA. Both drugs reduced NE and DA turnover rates (estimated after alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine injection) and the rate of MHPG formation in the hypothalamus (estimated after pargyline treatment). They did not change NE turnover rate, but reduced DA turnover rate and rate of HVA formation in the caudate nucleus. Chronic DMI but not ZMI reduced DOPAC rate of formation in the caudate nucleus. Apparently changes in DA turnover and metabolism produced by these antidepressants are better related to changes in HVA than DOPAC concentrations. Similar to their influence on hypothalamic and caudate nucleus catecholamines, both chronic DMI and ZMI produced changes in serotonin concentration in the caudate nucleus and frontal cortex serotonin that suggest a reduction in its turnover rate and metabolism. The reduction in NE turnover in hypothalamus is consistent with the effects of chronic DMI and ZMI on whole body NE turnover observed in man.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Changes in the blood-brain barrier permeability and in the brain tissue trace element concentrations after single and repeated pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in rats.

The behaviour of brain capillary endothelium to the passage of macromolecules in single and repeated seizures conditions and its relationship to the brain trace element concentrations are the main subject of this study. For this purpose, animals were treated with either single or repeated doses of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). As a marker of blood-brain barrier (B-BB) permeability changes, Evans Blue (EB) dye was used. Seizure activity was observed and seizure patterns and convulsion times were recorded. PTZ treatment induced generalised tonic-clonic seizure in all animals, but seizures were found to be lasting longer in single seizure group than repeated seizures group. Seizures induced by single dose PTZ treatment resulted in bilateral EB leakage in the preoptic area, caudate nucleus, putamen, thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, and the superior colliculus. However, repeated PTZ-induced seizures led to EB leakage in the brains of only few number of rats, and it was confined to hypothalamus, caudate nucleus, cerebellum, thalamus, and pons. On the other hand, while the levels of copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) in brain tissue were found to be decreased significantly in the repeated seizures group when compared with the other groups, the levels of zinc (Zn) did not show any differences between groups. These results indicate that the regional B-BB opening markedly differs between single and repeated PTZ-induced seizures group and this difference may be due to PTZ tolerance and changes in cerebral endothelial structure.     

Magnetic resonance and spectroscopic imaging in prenatal alcohol-exposed children: preliminary findings in the caudate nucleus

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) offer unique, noninvasive methods of measuring, respectively, in vivo quantitative neuroanatomy and neurochemistry. The main purpose of the present study was to identify and compare the neuroanatomical and neurochemical abnormalities that are associated with prenatal exposure to alcohol in both fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)-diagnosed children and those diagnosed with fetal alcohol effects (FAE). MR data of three age-, gender- and race-balanced groups of children, FAS-diagnosed, FAE-diagnosed and non-exposed controls, were compared. Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure, regardless of diagnosis, were found in the caudate nucleus. Specifically, a significantly smaller caudate nucleus was found for the FAS and FAE participants compared to the controls. In addition, the metabolite ratio of N-acetyl-aspartate to creatine (NAA/Cr), an indicator of neuronal function, in left caudate nucleus of both the FAS and FAE participants was elevated compared to the control group. Analysis of absolute concentrations revealed that the increase in the ratio of NAA/Cr was due to an increase in NAA alone. Although its exact function in the CNS is unknown, NAA is believed to be a neuronal marker due to its exclusive localization to neurons. Some also speculate a role for NAA in myelination. Elevated NAA in the prenatal alcohol-exposed participants could indicate a lack of normal program cell death, dendritic pruning and/or myelination during development. The present study demonstrates that prenatal alcohol-exposed children, with or without facial dysmorphology, have abnormal brain anatomy and chemistry.     

Prenatal reserpine exposure in rats decreases caudate nucleus dopamine receptor binding in female offspring

The effects of prenatal exposure to reserpine on [3H]spiroperidol binding in caudate nucleus at postnatal day (PND) 21 were investigated. Pregnant rats were dosed with 0, 0.375 or 0.750 mg/kg/day reserpine s.c. on days 12-15 of gestation. At PND 21, pups were killed and their brains were dissected and stored at -70 degrees C for analysis. Dopamine receptor binding was measured in membrane prepared from caudate nucleus of both sexes over a [3H]spiroperidol concentration range of 0.02 to 2.0 nM. Scatchard analysis revealed that the number of dopamine receptors (Bmax) in the membrane of female caudate nucleus was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner, while the dissociation constant (KD) was relatively unchanged. In male rats, neither Bmax nor KD was significantly reduced in either dose group. These results show that prenatal exposure to reserpine decreased the dopamine receptor number in caudate nucleus in a sex-dependent manner. This alteration may underly several sex-related behavioral changes that were previously found in offspring from identically treated dams.     

Regional localization of halopemide, a new psychotropic agent, in the rat brain

Halopemide is a new psychotropic agent, structurally related to the neuroleptics of the butyrophenone type, but with a different pharmacological and clinical profile. The concentration of halopemide in the rat brain is about 10 times less than that of R 29800, its chemical congener and of spiperone, both typical neuroleptics. In the pituitary gland, however, the levels are the same. The distribution profile of halopemide in rat brain deviates from that of neuroleptics. The highest level of halopemide is found in septal and thalamic areas whereas the neuroleptics are concentrated in the caudate nucleus, the nucleus accumbens and the tuberculum olfactorium. Subcellular distribution experiments show that in the caudate nucleus halopemide is far less particle-bound than are the neuroleptic agents.