CT影像组学列线图评估非小细胞肺癌程序性死亡受体1表达

目的 观察CT影像组学列线图评估非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)表达的价值。方法 纳入143例NSCLC患者，其中PD-1阳性30例、阴性113例；按7∶3比例将其分为训练集(n=101)和验证集(n=42),比较PD-1阳性与阴性患者临床资料差异，以logistic回归分析筛选临床因素，构建临床模型；基于CT提取并筛选影像组学特征，建立影像组学模型；结合临床因素及影像组学特征构建CT影像组学列线图，分析各模型评估PD-1表达的效能。结果 针对训练集及验证集，临床模型评估NSCLC PD-1表达的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.79和0.74,影像组学模型的AUC分别为0.89和0.81,CT影像组学列线图的AUC分别为0.92及0.86。DeLong检验结果显示，仅临床模型与CT影像组学列线图评估训练集NSCLC PD-1表达的AUC差异有统计学意义(Z=2.47,P=0.01),其余AUC两两比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论 CT影像组学列线图有助于评估NSCLC PD-1表达。     

基于CT皮质期影像组学预测肾细胞癌亚型的研究

目的：探讨基于CT皮质期影像组学鉴别肾透明细胞癌(ccRCC)和非透明细胞癌(non-ccRCC)的价值。方法：回顾性分析2017年1月—2022年12月经病理证实的122例肾细胞癌患者的资料,其中ccRCC 82例,non-ccRCC 40例,并以随机数表法按7∶3的比例将患者分成训练集(n=85)和验证集(n=37)。在CT皮质期手工逐层勾画肿瘤感兴趣区(ROI)后提取影像组学特征,使用特征间线性相关检查和F检验依次进行特征筛选,采用逻辑回归分类器构建影像组学模型。采用t检验、χ²检验及Logistic回归分析筛选CT影像特征,建立常规影像模型。综合影像组学评分和常规影像模型建立联合模型。绘制ROC曲线评估各模型的预测效能,AUC比较采用Delong检验。结果：影像组学模型在训练集和验证集中的AUC分别为0.990(95%CI 0.976～1.0)和0.890(95%CI 0.774～1.0)。在训练集和验证集中,影像组学模型和联合模型的预测效能均优于常规影像模型,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);相比联合模型,在验证集中影像组学模型的预测效能略高,但...     

垂体相关临床及MRI影像组学特征联合列线图鉴别特发性中枢性性早熟与单纯乳房早发育

目的 观察垂体相关临床及MRI影像组学特征联合列线图鉴别特发性中枢性性早熟(ICPP)与单纯乳房早发育(PT)的价值。方法 纳入67例ICPP及51例PT共118例患儿,按照7 ∶ 3比例随机分为训练集(n=83)和验证集(n=35),记录其垂体相关临床资料,以多因素logistic回归分析筛选并建立临床模型。采集垂体MRI,基于矢状位T1WI提取垂体影像组学特征,以最大相关最小冗余、最小绝对收缩和选择算子及多因素logistic回归筛选最佳影像组学特征,构建影像组学模型。联合应用临床、MRI及影像组学特征构建列线图模型。绘制受试者工作特征曲线,评估模型鉴别诊断效能;以决策曲线分析(DCA)观察临床获益度。结果 训练集ICPP与PT患儿年龄、骨龄、体质量、黄体生成素(LH)基础值、卵泡刺激素基础值及垂体高度差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05)。骨龄及LH基础值是鉴别ICPP与PT的独立因素(OR=1.807、1.422,P均＜0.05),以之建立的临床模型鉴别训练集、验证集ICPP与PT的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.849和0.812。共提取垂体1 781个影像组学特征,于其中筛选出1个形态特征、1个一阶特征及1个灰度区域大小矩阵特征建立影像组学模型,其鉴别训练集和验证集ICPP与PT的AUC分别为0.956和0.947。基于最终得出的2个临床及3个垂体MRI影像组学特征构建的列线图模型鉴别训练集、验证集ICPP与PT的AUC分别为0.981、0.977,均优于临床模型(P均＜0.05),而与影像组学模型差异无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。一定危险阈值范围内,列线图模型净收益最大。结论 基于垂体相关临床及MRI影像组学特征建立的联合列线图模型用于鉴别ICPP与PT具有较高价值。     

术前MRI影像组学模型预测子宫内膜癌风险分层

目的 观察术前MRI影像组学模型预测子宫内膜癌(EC)风险分层的价值。方法 回顾性分析219例术前接受盆腔MR检查的EC患者,根据术后病理结果将其分为高风险组(n=104)及低风险组(n=115);按照不同检查时间将患者分别归入训练集(n=153)或测试集(n=66),并于集内划分亚组。以3D Slicer软件于MRI中手动勾画ROI,分别基于轴位、矢状位脂肪抑制(FS)T2WI及轴位、矢状位增强FS-T1WI中提取1 130个特征,之后以最小绝对收缩和选择算子(LASSO)算法分别选出12、14、16及12个(共54个)影像组学特征(联合MRI特征);再以LASSO降维并筛选出25个特征(联合LASSO特征)。以极度随机树算法分别基于各序列特征、联合MRI特征及联合LASSO特征构建模型;绘制受试者工作特征曲线,以曲线下面积(AUC)、准确度及F1评分评估各模型预测效能;以各模型在测试集中的AUC及主观阅片的AUC评估其预测效能。结果 训练集中,联合MRI模型与联合LASSO模型的准确率(0.784、0.777)、F1评分(0.730、0.731)及AUC(0.835、0.855)均...     

儿童椎体嗜酸性肉芽肿的影像诊断(附8例分析)

目的：分析并比较儿童椎体嗜酸性肉芽肿的X线、CT及MRI的影像学表现，重点讨论MRI的影像特点。方法：对8例经病理证实的儿童椎体嗜酸性肉芽肿进行回顾性分析，所有病例均行X线检查，4例行CT检查。6例行MRI检查。2例同时行CT、MRI检查。结果：X线表现为椎体破坏呈楔形或扁平形。CT表现为椎体骨质呈不规则溶解破坏。MRI扫描T1WI呈低或等信号，T2WI呈高信号，图像信号不均匀。相邻椎间盘无破坏，MRI矢状面及冠状面扫描可见椎间盘向病变椎体侧膨胀。椎体周围伴有限局性软组织肿块，MRI横断面扫描呈均匀环带状，矢状面及冠状面呈套袖状，边界清晰，具有一定特征性。结论：MRI对于病变及其周围改变的显示要优于传统X线及CT，有助于椎体嗜酸性肉芽肿的诊断及鉴别诊断。     

术前CT影像组学联合CT及病理特征预测局部进展期食管鳞癌术后早期复发

目的 观察术前CT影像组学联合病理及CT特征预测局部进展期食管鳞癌(LAESCC)早期复发(ER)的价值。方法 回顾性分析334例LAESCC,按7 ∶ 3比例将患者分为训练集(n=234)或验证集(n=100),对其进行随访,记录术后有无ER(即术后12个月内肿瘤复发)。采用单因素及多因素logistic回归比较训练集有、无ER患者临床、CT表现及术前病理资料,筛选ER独立危险因素,构建CT-术前病理模型。基于训练集静脉期CT图像提取及筛选LAESCC影像组学特征并建立影像组学模型,以之联合独立危险因素建立联合模型。绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,计算曲线下面积(AUC),评估各模型诊断效能。结果 334例中,168例ER、166例无ER;训练集有、无ER均为117例、验证集51例ER、49例无ER。CT显示LAESCC长度、cT分期、cN分期及术前病理分化程度均为ER独立危险因素(P均＜0.05);CT-术前病理模型在训练集和验证集的AUC分别为0.759和0.783。共选出10个最佳影像组学特征,以之建立的影像组学模型在训练集和验证集的AUC分别为0.770和0.730,联合模型在训练集和验证集的AUC分别为0.838和0.826。联合模型在训练集的AUC高于术前CT-病理模型及影像组学模型(P均＜0.01)。结论 CT影像组学联合CT及术前病理特征能有效预测LAESCC术后ER。     

平扫CT影像组学鉴别肺炎型黏液腺癌与大叶性肺炎

目的 观察平扫CT影像组学鉴别肺炎型黏液腺癌(PTMA)与大叶性肺炎(LP)的价值。方法 回顾性分析57例PTMA(PTMA组)和129例LP患者(LP组),按7∶3比例将其纳入训练集(n=131)和测试集(n=55)。比较组间患者临床资料，筛选临床特征，构建临床模型；勾画病灶ROI,提取其影像组学特征，建立影像组学模型；基于临床特征及影像组学特征建立列线图模型。观察3种模型鉴别PTMA与LP的效能。结果 组间患者年龄和呼吸道症状占比差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。临床模型鉴别训练集和测试集PTMA与LP的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.784和0.909。最终纳入16个影像组学特征建立影像组学模型，其在训练集和测试集鉴别PTMA与LP的AUC分别为0.909和0.870;列线图模型的AUC分别为0.939和0.933。影像组学模型及列线图模型在训练集鉴别PTMA与LP的AUC均大于临床模型(P均<0.05)。结论 平扫CT影像组学有助于鉴别PTMA与LP。     

胫骨平台骨折合并膝关节损伤的MRI诊断

目的 评估胫骨平台骨折合并膝关节损伤的MRI影像诊断价值。方法 39例胫骨平台骨折病例经X线平片检查后作MRI扫描,MRI扫描序列包括膝关节矢状位、冠状位及横轴位SE T_1WI,矢状位及冠状位SE T_2WI;比较平台骨折的平片与MRI诊断结果;分析骨折合并膝关节损伤的MRI形态表现。结果 MRI可作出正确的骨折分型诊断,还能显示平片不能诊断的平台隐匿性骨折及骨挫伤;MRI能准确显示骨折合并的膝关节损伤性病变,如关节软骨断裂、半月板损伤、韧带撕裂等。结论 MRI是诊断胫骨平台隐匿性骨折、骨挫伤及骨折合并膝关节损伤的有效影像检查手段。     

三维磁共振影像评估脊柱病变的特征

目的：分析患者胸腰椎椎体的冠状位断层图像，探讨脊柱病变三维磁共振成像技术与临床应用。方法：选择2001-11／2002-03在广州市中山大学附属第二医院磁共振室行磁共振检查的患者87例。对其中资料齐全的27例正常成年人行椎体形态学研究分析。椎体肿瘤、脊柱结核、椎体骨折60例患者研究脊柱病变的三维磁共振应用价值。采用磁共振胸腰椎矢状位T2加权像测量T1～L12椎体的上、中、下矢状径，分析椎体形态学特点及其变化规律，进而确定磁共振Ⅰ标准化椎体冠状位扫描的方法，层数等技术参数；对典型的脊柱病变与椎旁病变60例，研究脊柱肿瘤、结核、骨折等病变的三维磁共振特点与临床应用价值。结果：87例均进入结果分析。椎体形态学研究显示，从T1-L5椎体矢状径差别较大，说明从T1-L5椎体形态变化较大，加之脊柱生理弯曲的影响，只能采用标准化冠状位椎体成像技术，才能取得标准一致冠状位成像；对椎体病变的成像分析说明：标准化椎体冠状位扫描能够更好地显示椎体病变的位置、范围、有利于诊断，治疗的准确定位。结论：椎体特异性冠状位磁共振断层成像能补充矢状位、横轴位椎体断层成像的不足，可显示椎体病变的特点、程度、范围，具有临床应用价值；同时应用特异性椎体冠状位成像能够取得标准一致的椎体冠状位断层图像，可进行影像解剖学研究的测量分析。     

增强动脉期CT影像组学特征联合临床术前预测胃癌脉管浸润

目的 观察增强动脉期CT影像组学特征联合临床术前预测胃癌脉管浸润(LVI)的价值。方法 回顾性纳入298例胃癌患者,根据是否伴LVI将其分为阳性组(n=155)及阴性组(n=143),并按7 ∶ 3比例分为训练集(n=208)及测试集(n=90)。基于增强动脉期CT图提取病灶影像组学特征,采用logistic回归分析筛选胃癌LVI的临床影响因素;分别采用支持向量机(SVM)、逻辑回归(LR)、随机森林(RF)及极端梯度提升树(XGBoost)建立影像组学模型、临床模型及临床-影像组学模型,评估各模型预测胃癌LVI的效能。结果 以SVM、LR、RF及XGBoost建立的影像组学模型预测训练集胃癌LVI的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.896、0.821、1.000及1.000,其在测试集的AUC分别为0.744、0.801、0.740及0.747。基于4种机器学习建立的临床模型在训练集的AUC均为0.810,在测试集均为0.840。基于SVM、LR、RF及XGBoost建立的临床-影像组学模型预测训练集胃癌LVI的AUC分别为0.920、0.900、1.000及1.000,其在测试集的AUC分别为0.900、0.890、0.840及0.790。测试集中,基于SVM、LR及RF的临床-影像组学模型的AUC均大于影像组学模型和临床模型(P均＜0.05)。结论 增强动脉期CT影像组学联合临床有助于术前预测胃癌LVI。     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine‐related dermatological reactions: An interesting case series with a narrative review of the potential critical and non‐critical mucocutaneous adverse effects related to virus,therapy, and the vaccination

This narrative review article was conducted to lay out a summarized but exhaustive review of current literature over mucocutaneous manifestations in 4 dimensions of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: virus itself, treatment‐related, vaccine‐induced, and alteration of chronic dermatologic diseases following infection. Virus and vaccine‐related were mainly self‐limited and non‐severe. Treatment‐related reactions could be life‐threatening.     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.     

Recalcitrant giant orf recurrence after amputation: A case report and review of the literature

Orf is caused by a parapoxvirus. We present a recurrent, giant digital orf case in a female patient with a history of hairy cell leukemia. In spite of shave excision, the lesion progressed and recurred after digital amputation. Treatment with topical imiquimod cream and systemic subcutaneous interferon alfa‐2a was successful.