Effect of aromatherapy massage with lavender essential oil on pain in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: A randomized controlled clinical trial

BackgroundOsteoarthritis of the knee is the most common chronic joint disease that involves middle aged and elderly people. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aromatherapy massage with lavender essential oil on pain in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee.MethodsIn this single-blinded, randomized clinical trial, 90 patients with osteoarthritis of the knee who referred to the outpatient rheumatology clinics affiliated with Birjand University of Medical Sciences were selected through convenience sampling method. They were randomly assigned to three groups: intervention (aromatherapy massage with lavender essential oil), placebo (massage with almond oil) and control (without massage). The patients were evaluated at baseline, immediately after the intervention, 1 week, and 4 weeks after the intervention in terms of pain via visual analogue scale. The data were analyzed in SPSS (version 16) using the repeated measure ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, and chi-squared test.ResultsPain severity of the patients in the intervention group was significantly different immediately and 1 week after the intervention compared with their initial status (p < 0.001) and that of the control group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.009 respectively). However, at the third phase of follow-up (i.e., 4 weeks after the intervention), there was no significant difference between the groups according to the visual analogue scale (p = 0.67).ConclusionAromatherapy massage with lavender essential oil was found effective in relieving pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis. However, further studies are needed to confirm findings of this study.     

Efficacy of massage therapy in improving outcomes in knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Backgroundand purpose: Massage therapy is being used for knee osteoarthritis. However, level-1 evidence is lacking. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize evidence on the effect of massage therapy on knee osteoarthritis.MethodsPubMed, Embase, Ovid, Springer, and Google Scholar databases were searched up to May 8, 2021 for randomized controlled trials comparing massage with controls for knee osteoarthritis. Review manager was used for a random-effect meta-analysis. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane collaboration risk assessment tool and certainty of evidence using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE).ResultsTwelve studies with 737 participants were included. After 1–4 weeks of therapy, there was a significant reduction in pain and stiffness scores in the massage group and after 6–8 weeks of therapy, there was a significant reduction in stiffness and functionality scores. There was no significant difference in outcomes with long-term therapy. A statistically significant reduction in stiffness scores was seen with aromatherapy massage. Aromatherapy massage was not superior to standard massage. The overall quality of evidence according to GRADE was low to moderate for standard massage therapy and very low for aromatherapy.ConclusionMassage therapy may lead to some improvement in pain, stiffness, and functionality scores in the short term but not in long term. Aromatherapy massage was not found to be any better than standard massage therapy. Current evidence is limited by methodological heterogeneity amongst trials and small sample size of the studies.     

The effect of diluted lavender oil inhalation on pain development during vascular access among patients undergoing haemodialysis

ObjectiveThe present study was conducted as a randomised controlled design in order to evaluate the effect of lavender oil inhalation on pain development during vascular access among patients undergoing haemodialysis.MethodsThe study was conducted involving a total of 60 patients receiving treatment at the haemodialysis unit of a public hospital. The data of study were collected using a questionnaire and a Visual Analogue Scale. Lavender oil inhalation containing a 1:10 ratio of lavender and sweet almond oil was prepared.ResultsThe pain mean score of the intervention group was 3.8 ± 0.3 prior to the application of lavender oil inhalation and decreased to 3.0 ± 0.2 following the inhalation application; whereas, the pain mean score of the control group increased from 5.4 ± 0.3 to 5.6 ± 0.6.ConclusionIt was observed that applying lavender oil inhalation to patients undergoing haemodialysis did decrease pain level experienced by patients during vascular access and caused no negative effects.     

Comparison of the PainMatcher and the Visual Analogue Scale for assessment of labour pain following administered pain relief treatment

Objective

during childbirth, it is necessary to assess and monitor experienced pain and to evaluate the effect of pain relief treatment. The aim of this study was to compare the PainMatcher^® (PM) with the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for the assessment of labour pain and the effect of pain relief treatment.

Design

randomised controlled trial.

Setting

labour ward with approximately 2500 childbirths per year in western Sweden.

Participants

57 women with labour pain treated with acupuncture or sterile water injections scored their electrical pain threshold and pain intensity with the PM. Pain intensity was also assessed with the VAS. Electrical pain threshold and pain intensity were assessed immediately after a uterine contraction before and 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes after treatment.

Measurements and findings

the results showed a weak correlation (r=0.13, p<0.05) between the pain intensity scores on the PM and the VAS. The PM detected changes (decrease) in pain intensity to a lower degree than the VAS. Surprisingly, in over 10% of sessions, women scored their pain intensity during a uterine contraction lower than their electrical pain threshold with the PM. However, electrical pain thresholds with the PM correlated well throughout all measurements.

Conclusions

the PM is a reliable tool for the assessment of electrical pain threshold; however, the VAS is more sensitive than the PM for recording changes in pain intensity when assessing the effects of treatment on labour pain.

Implications for practice

the PM and the VAS are not interchangeable in the case of labour pain, and there is still a need for research in this area to find a more suitable assessment instrument for the evaluation of labour pain.     

The use of cold therapy,music therapy and lidocaine spray for reducing pain and anxiety following chest tube removal

AimTo determine the effect of cold therapy, music therapy and lidocaine spray on pain and anxiety following chest tube removal (CTR).MethodsThis study was a randomized clinical trial. The participants were randomly assigned either one of four groups: control group, cold therapy, music therapy, and lidocaine spray. The primary outcome of the study was to measure pain using Visual Analog Scale. Anxiety was used as secondary outcome.ResultsThirty patients in each arm completed the study. There was no difference in pain scores between groups immediately after and 20 min after CTR (F = 2.06, p = 0.108). However, there was a significant difference between the anxiety scores of control and intervention groups 20 min after CTR (p < 0.05).ConclusionsCold therapy reduced anxiety levels after the procedure. A multimodal approaches, such as the administration of pharmacologic agents in conjunction with non-pharmacological interventions including cold therapy may also be suggested.     

Reiki therapy for postoperative oral pain in pediatric patients: Pilot data from a double-blind,randomized clinical trial

PurposeTo examine the effects of Reiki as an adjuvant therapy to opioid therapy for postoperative pain control in pediatric patients.MethodsThis was a double-blind, randomized controlled study of children undergoing dental procedures. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either Reiki therapy or the control therapy (sham Reiki) preoperatively. Postoperative pain scores, opioid requirements, and side effects were assessed. Family members were also asked about perioperative care satisfaction. Multiple linear regressions were used for analysis.ResultsThirty-eight children participated. The blinding procedure was successful. No statistically significant difference was observed between groups on all outcome measures.ImplicationsOur study provides a successful example of a blinding procedure for Reiki therapy among children in the perioperative period. This study does not support the effectiveness of Reiki as an adjuvant therapy to opioid therapy for postoperative pain control in pediatric patients.     

地诺孕素用于难治性子宫内膜异位症疼痛的临床研究

目的评价地诺孕素(DNG)对于难治性子宫内膜异位症(内异症)疼痛的临床疗效和安全性。方法本研究将难治性内异症疼痛定义为:(1)内异症相关疼痛时间≥12个月,疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)≥60 mm;(2)既往经口服避孕药、左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统等2种以上药物治疗效果不满意,VAS评分降幅<50%;或应用促性腺激素释放激素激动剂、米非司酮等可控制疼痛,但停药后疼痛再次发生;(3)疼痛经手术或反复手术后,仍不能控制。本研究对2016年11月至2020年2月48例符合标准的难治性内异症疼痛患者口服DNG(2 mg/d)的治疗情况进行回顾性分析,比较用药前后VAS评分、CA125水平、雌二醇、FSH、LH、内异症病灶大小的变化,并记录副作用。结果DNG用药时间为(20.1±12.8)个月。用药3个月时VAS评分由基线的(77.9±15.8)mm显著降低至(20.8±10.7)mm(P<0.01),CA125水平由基线的(95±139)kU/L显著降低至(38±45)kU/L(P<0.05)。随着用药时间延长,疼痛缓解的治疗效果继续维持,CA125继续维持在低水平。卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿经用药12个月后囊肿最大径线由(3.1±1.0)cm显著缩小至(1.9±1.2)cm(P<0.05)。用药期间雌二醇平均水平维持在124.82~221.04 pmol/L,FSH、LH水平无明显变化。主要副作用是不规则出血(75%,36/48)。结论DNG能有效缓解内异症疼痛,且耐受性好,可作为复杂的难治性内异症疼痛患者长期治疗的选择之一。     

A comparison of anticipatory and postprocedure pain perception in patients who undergo urodynamic procedures

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare anticipatory and postprocedure pain perception in female patients who undergo multichannel urodynamic evaluation in an office setting. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred consecutive patients completed a visual analogue pain scale before and after urodynamic testing. RESULTS: The mean postprocedure pain score of 2.32 cm was significantly lower than the anticipatory pain rating of 4.35 cm (P<.05). The lower postprocedure pain score was not influenced by previous hysterectomy, body mass index, menopausal status, estrogen replacement therapy, or analgesic or psychiatric medication usage. Patients who had undergone previous anti-incontinence surgery reported significantly higher levels of pain during the procedure (mean visual analogue pain scale score, 3.10 cm vs 2.06 cm; P=.027). CONCLUSION: Patients who undergo urodynamic testing anticipate higher degrees of discomfort than they perceive during the procedure. Previous anti-incontinence surgery appears to lower the pain threshold.     

Bone marrow aspiration concentrate and platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: A report of three cases

This paper presents the cases of 3 females with knee osteoarthritis. All 3 received a single bone marrow aspiration concentrate (BMAC) injection followed one month later by a platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection. Compared with the baseline values, pain and functionality scores improved in all the patients. The aim of presenting these cases is to highlight that the combined use of intra-articular BMAC and PRP treatments may have positive effects on pain, functional status and quality of life in patients with knee osteoarthritis.     

腹腔镜子宫骶神经切断术治疗子宫内膜异位症疼痛的多中心前瞻性对照研究

目的:研究、评价腹腔镜子宫骶神经切断术(LUNA)治疗子宫内膜异位症疼痛的安全性和有效性。方法:应用多中心随机对照的前瞻性研究方法,收集82例中、重度痛经患者的临床资料,分析比较同时行LUNA对子宫内膜异位症保守手术后各种疼痛缓解率的影响,并评价手术的安全性。结果:71例患者纳入分析,LUNA组51例,对照组20例。LUNA组术后痛经缓解率90.2%,高于对照组的60.0%(P=0.02);LUNA组性交痛术后缓解率85.7%,高于对照组的50.0%(P=0.048);LUNA组慢性盆腔痛(CPP)缓解率100%,高于对照组的71.4%(P=0.041),差异均有统计学意义。手术安全性:LUNA组患者手术时间延长,术后肛门排气时间延长,但两组术中出血量、术后体温、住院时间、总住院费用以及手术费用均无统计学差异。所有研究对象均无手术并发症发生。结论:内异症保守手术同时行LUNA手术,术后2年内能有效的缓解内异症的各种疼痛。     

Efficacy and safety of oral Nigella sativa oil for symptomatic treatment of knee osteoarthritis: A double-blind,randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial

Background and purposeThe oil of Nigella sativa (NS) seeds has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, the efficacy and safety of NS oil in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis were evaluated.Materials and methodsOne hundred and sixteen patients aged 50–70 years were randomly assigned to take 2.5 mL NS oil (N = 58) or placebo (N = 58) orally every 8 h for 1 month. WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index) was the primary outcome measure and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain, number of 500 mg acetaminophen tablets taken per day during the trial, patients’ satisfaction with the interventions, complete blood count and the blood levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were the secondary outcome measures.ResultsFifty two and 54 patients respectively in the NS oil and placebo groups completed the study. The VAS scores were decreased by 33.96 ± 17.04% (NS oil group) and 9.21 ± 0.32% (placebo group) (p < 0.001), and WOMAC total scores were decreased by 27.72 ± 18.61% (NS oil group) and 1.34 ± 2.31% (placebo group) (p < 0.001) compared to baseline. The NS oil reduced the dose of acetaminophen significantly compared with the placebo (p = 0.001). The patients were significantly more satisfied with the NS oil than the placebo (p < 0.001). The NS oil had no significant effect on the other variables. There was no side effect.ConclusionOral NS oil safely reduces the osteoarthritis symptoms and analgesic dose in the knee osteoarthritis patients.     

Effects of whole body vibration therapy in pain,function and depression of the patients with fibromyalgia

AimAim of the study is to search the effects of whole body vibration (WBV) in fibromyalgia patients.Materials and MethodsIn this single blind study 20 fibromyalgia patients were diagnosed according to 2010 American College of Rheumatology criteria whom participated in the study with the mean age of 57 ± 7 (years). Participants were randomized into 2 equal groups. In the intervention group (n = 10), 6 different types of exercises were combined with 30 hz frequency, 2 mm amplitude WBV for 4 weeks, The control group (n = 10) performed the same exercises on the same platform without vibration. The patients were assessed at baseline, at the 3rd and 6th months by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).ResultsOnly FIQ score was significantly better in the treatment group at the 6th month evaluation (p = 0.043).ConclusionWBV is found to be effective in reducing symptoms of fibromyalgia.     

Massage as adjuvant therapy in the management of post-cesarean pain and anxiety: A randomized clinical trial

ObjectiveThe present study was conducted to determine the effect of massage on post-cesarean pain and anxiety.MethodsThe present single-blind clinical trial was conducted on 156 primiparous women undergone elective cesarean section. The participants were randomly divided into three groups, including a hand and foot massage group, a foot massage group and a control group (n = 52 per group). The patients' intensity of pain, vital signs and anxiety level were measured before, immediately after and 90 min after the massage.ResultsA significant reduction was observed in the intensity of pain immediately and 90 min after massage (P < 0.001). Moreover, changes in some of the physiological parameters, including blood pressure and respiration rate, were significant after massage (P < 0.001); however, this change was not significant for pulse rate. A significant reduction was also observed in the level of anxiety (P < 0.001) and a significant increase in the frequency of breastfeeding (P < 0.001) after massage.ConclusionAs an effective nursing intervention presenting no side-effects, hand and foot massage can be helpful in the management of postoperative pain and stress.     

The effect of self-selected soothing music on fistula puncture-related pain in hemodialysis patients

ObjectiveThis study was intended to examine the effect of selective soothing music on fistula puncture-related pain in hemodialysis patients.Materials and methodsThis is a randomized clinical trial in which 114 participants were selected from two hemodialysis units by means of a non-random, convenience sampling method. The participants were then allocated in three groups of music (N = 38), headphone (N = 38), and control (N = 38). The fistula puncture-related pain was measured 1 min after venipuncture procedure in all three groups. The music group listened to their self-selected and preferred music 6 min before needle insertion into a fistula until the end of procedure. The headphone group wore a headphone alone without listening to music 6 min before needle insertion into a fistula until the end of procedure. The control group did not receive any intervention from the research team during needle insertion into a fistula. The pain intensity was measured immediately after the intervention in all three groups.ResultsThis study showed a significant difference between the music and control groups, and the music and headphone groups in terms of the mean pain score after the intervention. However, the analysis did not indicate any significant difference between the headphone and control groups with regard to the mean pain score after the intervention.ConclusionIt is concluded that music can be used effectively for pain related to needle insertion into a fistula in hemodialysis patients. Future research should investigate the comparative effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions on fistula puncture-related pain.     

The effect of Swedish massage on pain in rheumatoid arthritis patients: A randomized controlled trial

Background and PurposeJoint pain is one of the most common symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis patients and require medical attention. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of Swedish massage on pain and painkiller consumption in rheumatoid arthritis patients.Materials and methodsA total of 60 patients participated in the experiment, with half assigned to the control group (n = 30) and half to the experimental (n = 30) group using the block randomization method. On patients in the experimental group, a 30-min Swedish massage was performed regularly for eight weeks: twice a week for the first four weeks, and three times a week for the last four weeks. The control group received routine care. The visual analogue scale-pain was used to measure pain in the two groups at three points of time: before the beginning of the experiment, immediately after the last session, and one month after the last session of the intervention.ResultsThe analysis of covariance showed that there were significant differences between the two groups’ mean scores of pain and painkiller consumption immediately after and one month after the last session of the intervention (p = 0.01). Furthermore, in the experimental group, the mean scores of pain and painkiller consumption decreased over the three points of time (p < 0.05).ConclusionSwedish massage can be effective in reducing pain and the need to use painkillers in rheumatoid arthritis patients.     

The effects of lavender aromatherapy on pain following needle insertion into a fistula in hemodialysis patients

ObjectiveThis study sought to determine the effects of lavender aromatherapy on pain following needle insertion into a fistula in patients undergoing hemodialysis.MethodThis is a randomized controlled clinical trial in which 92 patients undergoing hemodialysis with arteriovenous fistulas were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental-group patients inhaled lavender essence with a concentration of 10% for 5 min during 3 hemodialysis sessions, while the control-group patients received aromatherapy free of lavender essence.ResultsThe mean VAS pain intensity score in the experimental and control groups before the intervention was 3.78 ± 0.24 and 4.16 ± 0.32, respectively (p = 0.35). The mean VAS pain intensity score in the experimental and control groups after three aromatherapy sessions was 2.36 ± 0.25 and 3.43 ± 0.31, respectively (p = 0.009).ConclusionLavender aromatherapy may be an effective technique to reduce pain following needle insertion into a fistula in hemodialysis patients.     

Active warming as emergency interventional care for the treatment of pelvic pain

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether local active warming can lessen acute pelvic pain of gynaecological origin compared with traditional methods in a prehospital setting. DESIGN: Prospective, randomised, single-blinded study. Setting. Prehospital emergency system. Population. Women calling emergency ambulance for pelvic pain. METHODS: Women were randomised in two groups: resistive heating (group 1) or passive warming (group 2), each treatment was initiated at the emergency site. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pain on visual analogue scale (VAS), anxiety and nausea, given as mean (SD). RESULTS: Prior to the interventions, all women were vasoconstricted and had comparable pain scores. Then, group 1 showed a significant (P < 0.01) reduction in pain (VAS: 72.2 [10.5] mm to 32.4 [18.0] mm), anxiety (VAS: 59.0 [10.9] mm to 37.5 [24.1] mm), nausea (VAS: 42.7 [6.2] mm to 21.6 [5.0] mm) and heart rate (101 [12] beats per minute [bpm] to 59 [8] bpm), as well as in the number of vasoconstricted women (from 19/19 (constricted/dilated) to 2/19 (constricted/dilated)), whereas scores in group 2 remained unchanged. There were no significant changes in blood pressure in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Local warming is an effective emergency care measure for acute pelvic pain.     

To compare the efficacy of two doses of intraperitoneal bupivacaine for pain relief after operative laparoscopy in gynecology

Aim To evaluate the effect of two doses of intraperitoneal bupivacaine administration for pain relief after operative gynecological laparoscopy. Design Prospective randomized study. Materials and methods The study group comprised 52 women undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery. A dose of either 0.125% bupivacaine 10 ml (50 mg) or 0.25% bupivacaine (100 mg) was instilled intraperitoneally at the end of the procedure. Pain scores were recorded in the postoperative period on a scale of 0–10 at 2, 4, 6 and 8 h intervals after the surgery. Any other side effect and the time and dose of analgesia required were noted. The results were compared in the two groups. Results One hundred milligrams of bupivacine provided pain relief for a longer duration (8 h), as compared to 50 mg of the drug (4–6 h). This difference was statistically significant. Analgesic requirement was also less in the 100 mg group. Conclusion One hundred milligrams of intraperitoneal bupivacaine is much better than 50 mg in relieving pain after laparoscopic surgery.     

High frequency TENS as a complement for pain relief in postoperative transition from epidural to general analgesia after pancreatic resection

AimThis study investigated the effect of high frequency transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) as a pain relieving complementary therapy at the transition from epidural (EDA) to general analgesia after pancreatic surgery by horizontal, abdominal incision.MethodFifty-five consecutive patients undergoing pancreatic resection were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to active or sham TENS treatment. Twenty subjects were included in the analysis. Pain, quality of recovery and additional analgesia consumption were measured during the 24 h of transition from EDA to general analgesia.ResultsAdditional analgesic consumption and pain estimations at 24 h after EDA termination differed between the two groups, but was not statistically significant.ConclusionThis study did not find support to reject use of high frequency TENS as complement during transition from EDA to general analgesia after major abdominal surgery with horizontal incision.