儿童腹膜后结节型和混合型节细胞神经母细胞瘤的临床及CT表现

目的:比较儿童腹膜后结节型(GNBn)和混合型(GNBi)节细胞神经母细胞瘤(GNB)的临床及CT表现.方法:回顾性分析GNBn(n=25)和GNBi(n=27)患者的临床及CT影像资料.组间比较INRGSS分期、区域淋巴结及骨髓转移等.组间比较病灶分布、横断面最大径、形态、边界、钙化情况、超逾中线、强化方式、实质各期...     

声辐射力弹性成像辅助鉴别导管原位癌伴浸润成分的价值

目的 探索声辐射力弹性成像（ARFI）鉴别乳腺导管内原位癌（DCIS）伴浸润成分的应用价值。方法 选择2016.5-2019.6就诊于我院,经病理检查结果为DCIS的患者为研究对象。分为单纯DCIS组79人,DCIS-I组33人。所有患者于术前行钼靶、超声及ARFI检查,记录并比较两组患者年龄,肿块是否可触及,免疫组化及病理分级结果,钼靶单纯微钙化、微钙化伴肿物、结构扭曲、局限不对称增生及乳腺致密性,超声直径、后方声影、血流、BI-RADS及SWV情况。利用Logistic回归建立多指标联合诊断DCIS伴浸润成分的数学模型,并建立ROC曲线分析各指标单独及联合模型鉴别DCIS伴浸润成分的价值。结果 SWV、直径、病理等级及微钙化伴肿物对鉴别DCIS伴浸润性成分有显著影响（均P＜0.05）。SWV、直径、病理等级的AUC分别为0.823,0.728,0.710。微钙化伴肿物对鉴别DCIS伴浸润性成分的诊断灵敏度、特异度及准确度分别为24.2%,86.1%和67.9%。联合诊断拟合方程为logit(P) =-11.205+2.535*SWV+1.995*直径+1.466*微钙化伴肿物+1.910*病理等级。其AUC为0.923,最佳诊断点为0.284,敏感性87.9%,特异性86.1%。结论 ARFI、超声和病理分级联合鉴别DCIS伴浸润性成分的准确性高于各指标单独诊断。     

腹膜后结节型节细胞神经母细胞瘤1例报道及文献复习

目的探讨结节型节细胞神经母细胞瘤(GNBn)的病理形态特征、组织分型、预后及诊断要点。方法对1例GNBn进行病理组织学观察和免疫组化检测，并复习文献。结果肿瘤含有肉眼可见并伴有出血的神经母细胞瘤性结节和神经节细胞及成熟神经鞘细胞构成的间质成分。神经母细胞瘤性结节NSE和CgA( )，GFAP、LCA和CK(-)。结论GNBn是一种罕见的混合性肿瘤，仔细的大体检查及广泛取材是诊断的关键；根据肿瘤内结节性质进行组织分型对治疗和预后评估有重要意义。     

联合超声、MRI及钼靶评估Luminal A型、Luminal B型乳腺癌的诊断价值研究

目的:目的探讨联合超声、MRI及钼靶的影像学特征综合评估Luminal A型乳腺癌与Luminal B型乳腺癌中的诊断价值。方法:对2018年01月至2021年11月期间，在惠州市中心人民医院诊治的乳腺癌患者的临床资料及影像学资料进行回顾性分析，根据病理结果和免疫组化结果，筛选出共135例诊断为包括Luminal A型乳腺癌与Luminal B型乳腺癌患者，分析临床资料、超声、MRI及钼靶的影像学特征，并进行统计学分析。结果:肿块大小、病灶边缘、超声血流Alder分级、病灶内钙化及相应的淋巴结转移情况在Luminal A型、Luminal B型乳腺癌中差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Luminal B型乳腺癌病灶的测量最大径大于Luminal A型乳腺癌。肿瘤边缘模糊，血流Alder分级为0/Ⅰ级，不伴有钙化，并且不伴淋巴结转移等征象多见于Luminal A型乳腺癌；肿瘤边缘毛刺/成角，血流Alder分级为Ⅱ/Ⅲ级，伴有钙化及有淋巴结转移等征象多见于Luminal B型乳腺癌。乳腺癌肿瘤病灶形态、内部回声、后方回声、MRI背景强化、MRI动态增强曲线、MRI强化特征等影像学特征...     

cyfr21-1、NSE和CEA联合检测在肺癌早期诊断及肺癌病理类型鉴别中的应用

目的探讨肿瘤标志物细胞角蛋白19片段21-1(cyfr21-1)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)及癌胚抗原(CEA)联合检测在肺癌早期诊断及肺癌病理类型鉴别中的应用价值。方法将来该院住院治疗的肺癌患者(观察组)和肺部良性病变者(对照组)进行对比分析,分别检测两组患者的肿瘤标志物cyfr21-1、NSE及CEA水平。结果观察组患者较对照组血清cyfr21-1、NSE及CEA水平明显升高,且三项指标均显示标记物阳性,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);三项肿瘤标记物联合检测特异度最高,与各单项比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组患者不同病理类型血清cyfr21-1、NSE及CEA水平存在一定的差距。结论肿瘤标志物cyfr21-1、NSE及CEA联合检测在肺癌早期诊断及肺癌病理类型鉴别中具有一定的参考价值。     

不同分子亚型乳腺癌的超声特征

目的探讨不同分子亚型乳腺癌的超声特征。方法回顾性分析经我院手术病理证实为原发性乳腺癌的276例患者的术前超声表现和术后病理资料,探讨不同分子亚型乳腺癌的超声特征。结果肿块大小及病理类型在4个亚型间总体比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),病理组织学分级和淋巴结转移率在4个亚型间总体比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),肿瘤形状、边缘、内部回声、Alder血流分级、钙化类型、后方回声在4个亚型间总体比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论不同分子亚型乳腺癌具有一定的超声特征,这些超声特征可为乳腺癌的亚型诊断、临床治疗和预后评估提供重要参考依据。     

基于临床及超声特征鉴别不同类型非哺乳期乳腺炎与乳腺浸润性导管癌

目的 基于临床及超声特征构建Logistic回归诊断模型鉴别不同类型非哺乳期乳腺炎(NPM)与浸润性导管癌(IDC)。方法 回顾性收集经病理证实的不同类型NPM患者95例[导管周围炎(PDM)10例，肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎(GLM)85例],IDC患者127例，对比分析3组患者的临床及超声特征，构建Logistic回归模型鉴别诊断不同类型NPM与IDC,并通过计算受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC)评估模型效能。结果 乳头凹陷在PDM与GLM组间及PDM与IDC组间均具有统计学意义，但在GLM与IDC组间无统计学意义；年龄、肿块直径、触痛、溢乳、病灶纵横比、钙化及RI在PDM与IDC或GLM与IDC组间比较均具有统计学意义；皮肤红肿、病灶发生部位、边缘成角、边缘毛刺、衰减及血流分级在GLM与IDC组间具有统计学意义。对单因素分析具有统计学意义的临床及超声特征进行Logistic回归分析并构建诊断模型，PDM与IDC联合诊断未得出特征性因素，GLM与IDC的联合诊断模型(AUC)为0.976,灵敏度为95.5%,特异度为90.6%,准确度为93.5%。结论 基于临床与超声特征构建的...     

结节型节细胞性神经母细胞瘤10例临床病理学观察

目的探讨结节型节细胞性神经母细胞瘤(GNBn)的临床、病理形态学特点、诊断与鉴别诊断及预后。方法应用与年龄相关的危险因素分组方法,分析10例GNBn的临床表现、影像学、组织学特点。结果 10例GNBn患儿,<1.5岁1例,1.5～5岁6例,>5岁3例,平均年龄4.3岁。肿物位于肾上腺7例,后纵隔3例。按照Evan’s分期,Ⅱ期2例,Ⅲ期2例,Ⅳ期6例。10例中3例肉眼可见瘤结节,4例因肿瘤钙化、坏死掩盖了结节存在,另3例大体检查与神经母细胞瘤类似;镜下9例瘤结节为分化差的神经母细胞瘤,1例为分化型,其中3例见大量核碎裂细胞;8例瘤结节周围为节细胞性神经瘤,2例为混杂型节细胞性神经母细胞瘤。危险因素分组:1例属预后良好的组织学类型,9例属预后不良的组织学类型。结论结节型节细胞性神经母细胞瘤具有独特的临床、病理特点,大体及镜下仔细检查是诊断的关键;与神经母细胞瘤类似,也可分为预后良好和预后不良的组织学类型。     

基于超声、钼靶及病理分级的联合诊断模型鉴别乳腺导管原位癌伴浸润成分的价值

目的建立基于常规超声及声辐射力脉冲弹性成像(ARFI)联合钼靶、病理分级的联合诊断模型,探讨其鉴别乳腺导管原位癌(DCIS)伴浸润成分的临床价值。方法选取我院经病理证实的DCIS患者112例,其中无浸润成分79例(单纯DCIS组),伴浸润成分33例(DCIS-I组)。比较两组患者的病理结果、钼靶、超声特征及剪切波速度(SWV)的差异。应用Logistic回归建立多指标联合诊断DCIS伴浸润成分的模型;绘制受试者工作特征曲线分析各指标单独及联合鉴别DCIS伴浸润成分的诊断效能。结果 DCIS-I组病理等级为高级的比例(24.2%)、钼靶检查中微钙化伴肿物比例(33.3%)、肿瘤直径[(3.72±0.83)cm]及SWV[(7.03±2.11)m/s]均高于单纯DCIS组[6.3%、10.1%、(2.07±0.62)cm、(5.98±1.43)m/s],差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);且均为鉴别DCIS伴浸润成分的独立预测因子(OR=6.744、4.332、1.356、1.621,均P0.05)。建立多指标联合诊断DCIS伴浸润成分的模型:Logit(P)=-11.205+0.483*SWV+0.305*肿瘤直径+1.466*微钙化伴肿物+1.909*病理等级。该模型鉴别DCIS伴浸润成分的曲线下面积为0.923,显著高于病理等级、微钙化伴肿物、直径、SWV单独鉴别的曲线下面积(0.710、0.616、0.728、0.826),差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论基于常规超声、ARFI联合钼靶及病理分级建立的联合诊断模型能够准确鉴别DCIS是否伴浸润成分。     

超声在乳腺导管原位癌诊断中的应用研究

目的:探讨超声检查在乳腺导管原位癌(DCIS)诊断中的应用价值。方法:l回顾性分析137例乳腺超声检查为BI-RADS4级患者的声像图特征,其中DCIS组55例(40.10%55/137),良性乳腺肿瘤组41例(29.95%41/137),乳腺浸润性癌组41例(29.95%41/137),所有病例均经超声引导下乳腺穿刺活检或手术病理证实,详细记录肿瘤形态、边界、内部回声及CDFI血流信号等各种征象,对三种类型的乳腺肿瘤超声表现进行对比分析。结果:DCIS与良性乳腺肿瘤超声图像表现在肿瘤内部回声、微钙化有统计学差异(P0.05),DCIS与乳腺浸润性癌的超声图像在肿瘤形态、边界、导管扩张、后方回声衰减有显著差异(P0.01)。通过CDFI观察,DCIS与良性乳腺肿瘤在动脉RI方面有统计学差异,DCIS与恶性乳腺肿瘤在血流信号(Alder分级)方面有统计学差异(P0.01)。结论 DCIS声像图表现具有一定的特征性,病灶内微钙化、导管扩张、RI指数高等特征有一定的参考价值。     

Migraine and genetic and acquired vasculopathies

It is remarkable that migraine is a prominent part of the phenotype of several genetic vasculopathies, including cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL), retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy (RVCL) and hereditary infantile hemiparessis, retinal arteriolar tortuosity and leukoencephalopahty (HIHRATL). The mechanisms by which these genetic vasculopathies give rise to migraine are still unclear. Common genetic susceptibility, increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression (CSD) and vascular endothelial dysfunction are among the possible explanations. The relation between migraine and acquired vasculopathies such as ischaemic stroke and coronary heart disease has long been established, further supporting a role of the (cerebral) blood vessels in migraine. This review focuses on genetic and acquired vasculopathies associated with migraine. We speculate how genetic and acquired vascular mechanisms might be involved in migraine.     

Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions

Fibrinogen molecules are comprised of two sets of disulfide-bridged Aalpha-, Bbeta-, and gamma-chains. Each molecule contains two outer D domains connected to a central E domain by a coiled-coil segment. Fibrin is formed after thrombin cleavage of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) from fibrinogen Aalpha-chains, thus initiating fibrin polymerization. Double-stranded fibrils form through end-to-middle domain (D:E) associations, and concomitant lateral fibril associations and branching create a clot network. Fibrin assembly facilitates intermolecular antiparallel C-terminal alignment of gamma-chain pairs, which are then covalently 'cross-linked' by factor XIII ('plasma protransglutaminase') or XIIIa to form 'gamma-dimers'. In addition to its primary role of providing scaffolding for the intravascular thrombus and also accounting for important clot viscoelastic properties, fibrin(ogen) participates in other biologic functions involving unique binding sites, some of which become exposed as a consequence of fibrin formation. This review provides details about fibrinogen and fibrin structure, and correlates this information with biological functions that include: (i) suppression of plasma factor XIII-mediated cross-linking activity in blood by binding the factor XIII A2B2 complex. (ii) Non-substrate thrombin binding to fibrin, termed antithrombin I (AT-I), which down-regulates thrombin generation in clotting blood. (iii) Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)-stimulated plasminogen activation by fibrin that results from formation of a ternary tPA-plasminogen-fibrin complex. Binding of inhibitors such as alpha2-antiplasmin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, lipoprotein(a), or histidine-rich glycoprotein, impairs plasminogen activation. (iv) Enhanced interactions with the extracellular matrix by binding of fibronectin to fibrin(ogen). (v) Molecular and cellular interactions of fibrin beta15-42. This sequence binds to heparin and mediates platelet and endothelial cell spreading, fibroblast proliferation, and capillary tube formation. Interactions between beta15-42 and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, an endothelial cell receptor, also promote capillary tube formation and angiogenesis. These activities are enhanced by binding of growth factors like fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cytokines like interleukin (IL)-1. (vi) Fibrinogen binding to the platelet alpha(IIb)beta3 receptor, which is important for incorporating platelets into a developing thrombus. (vii) Leukocyte binding to fibrin(ogen) via integrin alpha(M)beta2 (Mac-1), which is a high affinity receptor on stimulated monocytes and neutrophils.     

Telemedicine and teleradiology technologies and applications

Summary. Telemedicine and teleradiology hold the key for improving future health care delivery. In this paper we first review current communication and computer technologies used in telemedicine and teleradiology. Five examples in teleradiology applications are given including hospital-integrated picture archiving and communication systems, tele-neuro-imaging, telemammography, university consortium teleradiology service, and teleradiology for second opinion. Parameters important to teleradiology applications like costs, image quality, system reliability, and turn around time are considered. Data security is discussed, including patient confidentiality and image authenticity-which will be a major issue in future teleradiology applications.     

创伤高血糖与感染和MODS早期诊断和干预

本文详细介绍了创伤后血糖应激适度理论,以及高血糖与感染和多器官功能不全综合征的关系;提出涉及胰岛B细胞功能不全的MODS实验诊断新方案和极化液个体化干预新措施,可早期发现创伤MODS、降低感染率及MODS发生率和病死率。     

腹膜后纤维化与肾积水发生关系的临床研究

目的：探讨腹膜后纤维化（RPF）导致肾积水的原因及诊治经验。方法：回顾分析2004年1月—2010年12月24例腹膜后纤维化致肾积水患者的诊治资料。结果：（1）RPF患者常见首发症状为腰背痛或腹痛（69.2%）;（2）红细胞沉降率（ESR）增快和血清IgG4升高最常见。超声检查仅提示上尿路积水。RPF的静脉肾盂造影（IVP）和CT尿路成像（CTU）表现具有特征性。IVP肾盂输尿管显影不良时,CTU能较清晰的显示上尿路影像。CT扫描发现腹膜后软组织肿块9例（37.5%）,优于超声检查;（3）输尿管松解和腹腔化手术治疗22例;行肾切除术1例;行输尿管置双J管术1例。最终确诊为继发性RPF8例,其中4例为术前诊断,3例为术中腹膜后软组织肿块冷冻活检证实,1例为术后病理证实;（4）特发性RPF手术后肾积水均获长期缓解,而继发性RPF的预后取决于原发疾病及其治疗方案。结论：影像学检查是诊断RPF的重要手段,CTU优于超声检查和IVP。输尿管松解和腹腔化手术可以使特发性RPF输尿管梗阻得到长期的缓解,术中对肿块进行冷冻活检有助于鉴别特发性和继发性RPF,及时调整治疗方案。     

探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与支原体感染的关系及临床治疗观察

目的探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与肺炎支原体（MP）感染的关系及临床疗效观察。方法采用回顾性研究方法对于现将2005年3月至2008年3月在我院的55例确诊慢性顽固性咳嗽患儿,主要表现为肺炎支原体感染为临床特点进行分析,并进一步临床治疗研究。结果①临床特点：在55例确诊慢性咳嗽的患儿中,以慢性顽固性咳嗽为主要症状。58％（32／55）的病例无肺部体征;②外周血：85％（47／55）的病例外周血变化不大,WBC（4—10）×10 9／L之间,嗜酸性粒细胞增多;③特别检查：47．27％（26／55）肺炎支原体IgM（MP—IgM）抗体阳性,83．64％（46／55）PeR技术检测肺炎支原体特异性DNA;④X光报告为多种形式。结论肺炎支原体（MP）感染是引起儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽的病因之一,对儿童慢性咳嗽,特别是顽固性咳嗽的诊治中应更加重视。     

Acetaminophen and acetylcysteine dose and duration: Past,present and future

Abstract

Acetylcysteine has been utilized successfully in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose since the 1970s. Although prospective trials as to efficacy and safety of acetylcysteine were conducted, there were no randomized controlled trials. This commentary addresses the reasons for this, and the background to choice of dose of acetylcysteine utilized in the oral and IV dosing regimens. Nomograms to predict possible hepatotoxicity based upon time of ingestion of acetaminophen were developed from a relatively arbitrary definition of toxicity as an aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (ALT/AST) greater than 1000 IU/L. While these have proved generally useful, patients still continue to develop hepatic damage after acetaminophen overdose, particularly if they present late after ingestion. The optimum management of these patients remains unclear, and one area of uncertainty is the dose and duration of acetylcysteine in various circumstances. This article discusses the issues that need to be elucidated to better target changes in acetylcysteine dose. The potential for measurements of other markers to improve treatment selection is the subject of further research.     

Physician and Nurse Practitioner Teamwork and Job Satisfaction: Gender and Profession

Designing interprofessional primary care teams composed of physicians and nurse practitioners (NPs) is a national priority. We assessed how profession and gender affect teamwork and job satisfaction among primary care physicians and NPs by using survey data from 186 physicians and 398 NPs practicing in New York State. Our regression models show profession (NP vs physician) moderates the associations of gender with teamwork and job satisfaction. Among NPs, men had higher job satisfaction than women. Among physicians, women had higher job satisfaction than men. Our results can benefit interprofessional primary care teams to optimize their professional and gender mix.