双氯芬酸钠缓释微丸在兔体内的药动学

目的：测定双氯芬酸钠缓释微丸（DS－SRMP）在家兔体内药动学及相对生物利用度。方法：用紫外分光光度法测定家兔体内的血药浓度，研究DS－SRMP的吸收动力学及生物利用度。结果：DS－SRMP在体内0－8h的吸收速度符合表观零级动力学过程，其Ka^0＝12．14％/h。结论：体内药动学研究表明，DS－SRMP缓释效果明显，给药后血药浓度较为平缓，持续作用时间长，可减少给药次数。该缓释制剂相对于其普通片剂具有释药稳定，生物利用度高，安全有效等制剂学意义。     

新型双氯芬酸钠缓释片的人体相对生物利用度研究

８名健康男性志愿者单剂量交叉口服１００ｍｇ受试双氯芬酸钠缓释片、扶他林或ＶｏｌｔａｒｅｎＳＲ１００后,Ｔｍａｘ分别为２．４±１．０、２．１±０．５和４．４±１．８ｈ;Ｃｍａｘ分别为６０２．６±９２．８、３３３７．６±１０８８．２　７６１．０±３４２．０ｎｇ／ｍｌ;ＭＲＴ分别为１３．２±４．８、２．９±０．８和７．９±１．９ｈ;ＡＵＣ０分别为４８６６．２±６４４．６、５３１４．３±５３４．３和４８２９．１±５８２．８ｎｇ／（ｍｌ－１·ｈ）;双氯芬酸钠缓释片和ＶｏｌｔａｒｅｎＳＲ１００相对于扶他林的生物利用度分别为８８．３±１３．２％和８６．３±１２．６％。另８名志愿者交叉口服受试双氯芬酸钠缓释片（１００ｍｇ,ｐｄ）和扶他林（５０ｍｇ,ｂｉｄ〕,连服５天。Ｃｍａｘ分别为５９３．９±１３４．１、１２４７．８±５２７．５ｎｇ／ｍｌ,峰谷波动率（ＰＴＦ）分别为３．３±１．２、５．３±２．１。本研究将为新型双氯芬酸钠缓释片的临床应用提供依据。     

双氯芬酸钠微丸人体内药动学

目的:研究双氯芬酸钠微丸在人体内的药动学。方法:8名健康志愿者单剂量口服双氯芬酸钠微丸。以地西泮为内标,采用RP-HPLC法测定给药后不同时间点双氯芬酸钠的血药浓度。应用3P87程序软件计算药动学参数。结果:双氯芬酸钠浓度在0.02～1.50μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 7)。方法回收率为102.3％;日内RSD为2.0％～7.9％,日间RSD为3.1％～11.2％;AUC_(0→∞)为(4.445±1.201)h·μg·mL~(-1);c_(max)为(1.031±0.346)μg·mL~(-1);t_(max)为(2.630±0.520)h。结论:双氯芬酸钠微丸在人体内药动学过程符合一室开放模型,本研究可为双氯芬酸钠微丸的临床应用提供药动学参数。     

硫酸沙丁胺醇控释微丸研究

采用膜控法制备沙丁胺醇控释微丸。体外释放试验表明,其释药速度符合零级动力学过程,释药速率常数为９．７１％／ｈ。在一定膜厚范围内,释药速率常数与衣膜增重水平的倒数呈线性关系（ｒ＝０．９９２６）;在４０°Ｃ、ＲＨ７５％的环境中贮存３个月,质量稳定。健康志愿者服用后,血药浓度较为平缓,达峰时间、半衰期明显延长,具有缓释效果。其平均相对生物利用度为普通片的９６．２％。     

双氯芬酸钠缓释微丸胶囊的制备

目的：制备膜控释双氯芬酸钠缓释微丸胶囊;方法：以乙基纤维素为包衣材料,以PEG100为致孔剂,经薄膜包衣制备双氯芬酸钠缓释微丸胶囊,并以体外释放度试验来评价;结果：制备的双氯芬酸钠缓释微丸胶囊的体外释药行为符合零级方程,批与批之间的重现性良好;结论：采用该法制备的双氯芬酸钠缓释微丸胶囊缓释效果好,制备工艺稳定。     

双氯芬酸钠缓释微丸的制备及体外释放度

目的 :制备双氯芬酸钠缓释微丸 (DS SRMP)并研究其体外释药性能。方法 :选用乙基纤维素等辅料为阻滞剂制备了DS SRMP ,并采用紫外分光光度法进行了体外释放度的研究。结果 :实验研究表明DS SRMP体外释药符合零级动力学过程 ,Kr0 =8.78%·h-1(t≤ 8h)。结论 :DS SRMP具有较好的释药性能 ,为一种较理想的口服缓释剂型。     

盐酸维拉帕米脉冲控释微丸的研制

采用流化床包衣法制备盐鞍维拉帕米脉冲控释微丸，并考察了羧甲淀粉钠、经丙甲纤维素和乙基纤维素—聚乙烯砒咯烷酮(4：1，ω／ω)的用量对微丸体外释药的影响。结果表明，该包衣微丸可脉冲释药，其中经丙甲纤维素和乙基纤维素—聚乙烯砒咯烷酮(4：1，ω／ω)用量增加，可延长时滞；羧甲淀粉钠用量增加，释药加快；乙基纤维素—聚乙烯毗咯烷酮(4：1，ω／ω)用量增加，释药减慢。     

多索茶碱脉冲控释微丸的研制

目的 研究多索茶碱脉冲控释微丸的制备工艺,并考察其释药性能。方法 以微晶纤维素为骨架材料采用挤出滚圆法制备载药丸芯,通过流化床包衣法分别覆上交联羧甲基纤维素钠作为溶胀层、乙基纤维素和羟丙甲纤维素作为控释层制备多索茶碱脉冲微丸,通过单因素考察筛选丸芯、溶胀层、控释层的处方组成对体外释药性能的影响。结果 以微晶纤维素、羧甲基淀粉钠和乳糖为添加剂可制得性能良好的高载药微丸。随着溶胀层厚度的增加,药物释放时滞变短,速率显著增加;随着控释层包衣厚度的增加,时滞延长,释药减慢;控释层中羟丙甲纤维素用量或分子量增加,时滞缩短;控释层中增塑剂用量增加,时滞延长。结论 所得包衣微丸具有良好的脉冲释药性能,有广阔的应用前景。     

双氯芬酸钠肠溶微丸的制备与体外评价

目的制备双氯芬酸钠肠溶微丸并确定其制备工艺。方法利用离心造粒机制备双氯芬酸钠素丸,以丙烯酸树脂Ⅱ号和Ⅲ号为包衣材料,通过微型流化床包衣机对素丸包衣,并以释放度试验和稳定性试验评价其质量。结果所制得的双氯芬酸钠肠溶微丸在人工胃液中2 h内累积释放度小于10%,在人工肠液中45 min内累积释放度为(82.8±1.31)%。产品的稳定性试验结果符合要求。结论采用该法制备的双氯芬酸钠微丸有良好肠溶效果且稳定性较好。     

硝酸异山梨酯脉冲控释微丸的研制

硝酸异山梨酯脉冲控释塞囊由速释微丸和脉冲控释微丸两部分组成。本文主要探讨了其中脉冲控释微丸的制备及影响因素。     

双氯芬酸钠缓释胶囊释放度及兔体内生物利用度测定

目的　制备双氯芬酸钠缓释胶囊 (DS- SRC) ,并对其释放度与生物利用度进行研究。方法　通过测定 DS-SRC的释放度 ,进行释放机制的研究 ;并测定了家兔体内血药浓度 ,研究 DS- SRC的相对生物利用度。结果　DS- SRC体外释放曲线符合 Higuchi方程 ;该制剂相对于普通片剂释药稳定、生物利用度高。结论　体内外试验表明 DS- SRC具有明显的缓释作用     

盐酸普萘洛尔延时脉冲微丸的制备与体外释放研究

目的:基于有机酸诱导原理制备盐酸普萘洛尔延时脉冲微丸,并研究其体外释药行为。方法:以低渗型丙烯酸树脂为包衣材料,采用空白丸心上药法制备含有机酸的载药微丸,考察处方因素对药物释放的影响,应用Box-Behnken效应面设计优化处方。通过有机酸与包衣膜相互作用试验探索其体外释药机制。结果:药物与琥珀酸分层的微丸具有较理想的脉冲释药特征,最优处方体外释药时滞约为4h,时滞后2h累积释放量90%以上,其体外释放曲线符合logistic模型。有机酸能够降低衣膜的玻璃化转变温度并促进其水化,从而提高包衣膜渗透性而加速释放。结论:所得微丸具有良好的体外脉冲释放效果。     

双氯芬酸钠缓释片的人体生物等效性考察

目的研究双氯芬酸钠缓释片在健康人体内的药物动力学及其相对生物利用度。方法20名健康男性受试者随机分为2组,根据交叉试验设计方案,单次给予和多次给予两种双氯芬酸钠缓释制剂,采用HPLC法测定其血药浓度,并计算药物动力学参数。结果口服单次给药的药物动力学参数计算结果显示,血浆中受试制剂和参比制剂的AUC0-t分别为(2 103.0±651.7)和(2 264.5±731.9)μg.h.L-1,以AUC0-t计算,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(95.4±21.8)%。口服多次给药的药物动力学参数计算结果显示,血浆中受试制剂和参比制剂的AUCss分别为(2 922.5±398.6)和(2 843.6±429.4)μg.h.L-1,受试制剂的DF/τ为参比制剂的(102.8±18.0)%,以AUCss计算,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(103.5±10.3)%。结论统计学分析结果表明受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

双氯芬酸钠缓释片在健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性

目的:评价双氯芬酸钠缓释片受试制剂和参比制剂在健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性。方法:24例健康男性志愿者分别行单剂量和多剂量交叉口服双氯芬酸钠缓释片受试与参比制剂,用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆中双氯芬酸钠的血药浓度,计算药代动力学参数及相对生物利用度。结果:单剂量口服受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数如下:Cmax分别为(568.38±271.26)和(458.64±173.96)ng.mL-1,Tmax分别为5(0.5,12)和1.5(0.5,7)h,AUC0～24 h分别为(2 557.72±659.43)和(2 364.14±698.08)ng.h.mL-1,AUC0～∞分别为(2 655.25±635.48)和(2 843.62±808.61)ng.h.mL-1,MRT分别为(6.3±1.8)和(7.0±1.7)h;多剂量口服受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数为:T(ss,max)分别为5(1,7)和4(0.5,8)h,C(ss,max)分别为(520.58±245.89)和(522.98±234.36)ng.mL-1,C(ss,min)分别为(24.96±20.79)和(22.68±17...     

双氯芬酸钠缓释制剂含量及体外溶出度的测定

目的：考察不同厂家双氯芬酸钠（DS）缓释制剂的含量及溶出度,评价 其内在质量。方法：紫外分光光度法测定含量及溶出度,检测波长：276nm。结果：不同厂家的DS缓释制剂的体外溶出度有显著性差异。结论：为了确保DS缓释制剂的临床疗效,应对其进行体外溶出度的测定。     

Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of diclofenac in the rat

Diclofenac sodium is a widely used drug with interesting absorption and disposition features when administered to laboratory animals. The present study was undertaken to assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug after iv and gastrointestinal dosing to rats. Renal excretion of unchanged drug was negligible, but biliary excretion of the drug (unchanged and conjugated) was detected in bile duct-cannulated rats; it accounted for 27.2 and 31.2% of the total dose following iv and intraduodenal administration, respectively. Most of the drug excreted in the bile was conjugated diclofenac; unchanged drug accounted for only 4.7 and 5.4% of total diclofenac excreted in the bile after iv and intraduodenal dosing, respectively. In normal animals, intestinal absorption of the drug excreted in the bile resulted in higher drug concentrations in plasma than those obtained in bile duct-cannulated rats, but only after 60 min of dosing. When administered directly into the duodenum, diclofenac absorption was extremely fast and the maximum plasma diclofenac concentration was reached within 2 min. After oral dosing, an early peak was also observed, but it was lower than that obtained after intraduodenal dosing: 71% diclofenac hioavailability was found in bile duct-cannulated rats intraduodenally dosed, whereas in normal animals dosed by mouth a bioavailability of 79% was obtained. In normal animals intraduodenally dosed, an apparent bioavailability of 106% was observed. All of these features, particularly the influence of enterohepatic circulation on drug bioavailability, are discussed.The present work is part of a research project developed with a grant for the Plan Nacional de I + D (FAR 90-0092) of the Ministry of Industry and Energy of Spain.     

Formulation in vitro and in vivo evaluation of SRMS-based heterolipid-templated homolipid delivery system for diclofenac sodium

The sole objective of this work was to design successful dosage oral forms of diclofenac sodium (DiNa)-loaded solid lipid microparticles (SLM) based on solidified reverse micellar solution (SRMS). Hot homogenization technique was employed to prepare DicNa SLM using a mixture goat fat and Phospholipon® 90?G as lipid matrix and Tween®-80 as mobile surfactant. Characterization based on percentage yield, morphology, particle size, zeta potential, percentage encapsulation, pH and stability of SLMs were investigated. Anti-inflammatory, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) sparing effect and pharmacokinetics were carried out in rat model after oral administration. Results showed that the SLMs were spherical and smooth. The optimized formulation (SLM-4) had particle size of 79.40?±?0.31?µm, polydispersity index of 0.633?±?0.190, zeta potential of ?63.20?±?0.12?mV and encapsulation efficiency of 91.2?±?0.1% with good stability after 8?months of storage. The DicNa SLM had sustained release effect with good anti-inflammatory activity. Higher and prolonged plasma DicNa concentration was shown by the SLM-4 compared to pure drug and a conventional sample. These studies demonstrate that DicNa-loaded SLM based on SRMS could be a promising oral formulation for enhanced bioavailability, pharmacologic activity and gastrointestinal sparing effect of the NSAID, DicNa.     

Comparison of bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium and diclofenac potassium in normal and dehydrated rabbits

Two different salts of diclofenac, diclofenac sodium and diclofenac potassium, in tablet dosage form were tested for their bioavailability and disposition kinetics in a group of eighteen rabbits in normal and experimentally induced dehydrated conditions with a wash out period of 7 days between both stages of study.  Biochemical and physiological parameters were also measured in both normal and dehydrated states.  Diclofenac levels in plasma were determined using a validated reversed phase HPLC method.  Primary kinetic parameters i.e.  AUC_0－¥, C_max, T_max and other disposition kinetics were obtained with non-compartmental procedure.  Biochemical parameters i.e. packed cell volume, plasma glucose and total lipid concentration in dehydrated rabbits increased significantly.  Plasma concentration of diclofenac sodium and diclofenac potassium decreased significantly in water deprived rabbits.  In comparison, diclofenac potassium in normal and dehydrated state of the same group of rabbits showed a significantly increased plasma concentration when compared with diclofenac sodium.