介入超声联合胆道镜微创化治疗胰周脓肿

目的探讨介入超声联合胆道镜建立治疗胰周脓肿微创化的模式。方法对52例确诊胰周脓肿患者实施介入超声穿刺置管引流,而后扩张窦道,胆道镜清创患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果全组52例患者,50例经此方法治愈,治愈率96.2%,2例因穿刺引流效果欠佳改行开腹手术引流。50例患者平均治愈时间73 d,其中1例并发肠外瘘,2例并发出血,均经非手术治愈。所有患者随访3个月至1年以上,无胰周坏死组织残留。结论介入超声联合胆道镜治疗胰周脓肿是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,可予推广应用。     

胆道镜在胰腺周围脓肿治疗中的作用

目的拓展微创技术在胰腺周围脓肿(简称胰周脓肿)中的应用,总结胆道镜治疗胰周脓肿的经验和体会。方法回顾性分析我科2000年12月至2008年12月期间收治的36例胰周脓肿患者的临床资料,经超声介入穿刺置管,逐级扩张窦道,胆道镜清创,引流治疗,根据胰周坏死组织特点,充分利用胆道镜的灵活性,全方位多角度反复钳取、网取、负压吸引、彻底清除坏死组织和脓苔。结果全组36例施行B超介入穿刺置管引流,行单管穿刺置管3例,双管穿刺置管7例,三管穿刺置管及以上26例;胆道镜清创次数3～14次,平均5.6次。有6例患者经1～2次胆道镜清创后全身症状改善,血常规和体温恢复正常,饮食恢复,可带管出院。住院时间25～132d,平均76d。经胆道镜清创治愈33例,治愈率为91.7%(33/36);2例因胰周坏死组织范围较大,同时伴有腹腔内多处脓肿加行开腹清创引流,术后恢复较好,治愈出院;1例因并发严重多器官功能衰竭死亡。本组发生出血2例,肠外瘘3例。结论胆道镜对胰周脓肿清创方法简单、操作灵活、疗效可靠,改变了胰周脓肿只能手术引流的观点,减少了患者的创伤,实现了"微创损伤控制"的理念。     

胆道镜联合肾镜辅助经皮窦道清除重症急性胰腺炎胰周坏死组织

目的 介绍经皮窦道胆道镜联合肾镜辅助下清创、引流治疗重症急性胰腺炎胰周坏死组织的方法及优势。方法 回顾性分析2013年1月至2017年12月在湖州市第一人民医院接受经皮穿刺胆道镜联合肾镜辅助下清创、引流治疗的15例重症急性胰腺炎合并胰腺周围组织坏死及渗出的患者临床资料。置8 F引流导管引流1周后,用扩张器扩张窦道至26 F。用胆道镜联合肾镜经窦道对胰周坏死组织进行反复多次清创,直到感染组织通过引流彻底清除。结果 15例患者各接受胆道镜治疗1～4次,人均2.3次,单次清创引流的操作时间为24～45 min,平均（33.6±5.5）min。15例患者均好转出院,平均住院时间（45.5±5.0）d,1例（6.7%）因脓肿复发行腹腔镜下假性囊肿-空肠内引流术,其余均未出现清除手术并发症。结论 胆道镜联合肾镜清除重症急性胰腺炎胰周坏死组织可在局麻下操作,减少全麻及气腹的影响;该法简单易行,直视下操作,可避免出血及脏器损伤的发生,安全可靠;该法兼具清除坏死组织、冲洗、引流 的作用,并可多次清创,效率高、效果好。     

胆道镜经引流窦道清创技术治疗胰周脓肿

目的评价胆道镜经引流窦道清创治疗胰周脓肿的疗效。方法2008年1月～2011年12月,对81例开腹清创引流或超声引导穿刺引流未愈的胰周脓肿,胆道镜经引流窦道进入病灶内部,以活检钳和取石网钳取脓苔及坏死脱落组织,生理盐水灌洗脓腔,反复清创和持续引流,达到治愈。结果治愈76例,治愈率93．8％。4例因CT显示坏死区域靠近肠系膜血管或脾门部位改行开腹手术,1例因并发严重多器官功能衰竭死亡。76例治愈者接受胆道镜清创2—9次,平均5．1次,第一次镜下清创至治愈拔管时间25～132d,平均37d。胆道镜清创并发出血2例,肠漏1例,保守治愈。76例治愈患者随访3～38个月,其中〉12个月39例,无病灶残余。结论胆道镜完成对胰周脓肿病灶的清创,方法简单,临床效果可靠。     

置管引流并胆道镜清创治疗重症急性胰腺炎继发的胰腺及胰周感染22例体会

目的 介绍并总结一种治疗重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）继发的胰腺及胰周感染的新方法。方法 对2004年1月至2007年4月成都军区总医院收治的22例SAP继发的胰腺及胰周感染病人的治疗过程进行分析。在B超引导下穿刺置管引流,3～5d后拔除引流管,采用扩皮器将其窦道适当扩开后,再放置一粗引流管进行引流。1周后,拔除粗引流管,应用胆道镜在感染灶内进行清创。结果 通过上述方法治疗22例病人,胰腺及胰周感染的坏死组织及积液均达到有效的引流或清创。其中,15例胰腺及胰周感染灶完全消失;4例因残余脓肿位于脾门或髂窝,胆道镜难以安全清创,于后期行开腹脓肿引流手术;3例形成胰腺假性囊肿择期施行囊肿空肠吻合。结论 采用超声引导穿刺置管引流并胆道镜清创治疗SAP继发的胰腺及胰周感染,方法简单、安全,临床效果可靠。     

CT引导的经皮穿刺联合胆道镜治疗胰周脓肿

目的:探讨CT引导的经皮穿刺置管引流联合胆道镜治疗胰周脓肿的方法和效果。方法:5例重症胰腺炎合并胰周脓肿患者,在CT引导下行病灶穿刺引流,待窦道形成后,将窦道扩张,用胆道镜经窦道多次清除脓腔内坏死组织。结果:5例患者CT引导下穿刺置管均成功,每例患者经胆道镜脓腔清理2~6次,其中3例治愈;2例胰腺假性囊肿,经开腹行囊肿空肠吻合术治愈。无因穿刺、引流和胆道镜清理脓腔引发的并发症。结论:CT引导经皮穿刺、置管引流、窦道扩张和胆道镜清理,多种微创方法结合是治疗胰周脓的常有方法。     

胆道镜在重症急性胰腺炎治疗中的应用

目的：探讨胆道镜在重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)治疗中的应用及价值。
方法：对于SAP已形成严重胰周感染的患者,在开腹手术清创、引流约1周后,拔除腹腔引流管,顺引流管窦道,插入胆道镜;应用胆道镜对感染灶内难以引流至体外的坏死组织及脓液进行反复冲洗及清除。
结果：通过术后反复、多次胆道镜清创,31例患者胰周感染的坏死组织及积液均得到有效的引流或清除。除1例于术后第18天因呼吸衰竭死亡外,余30例均痊愈出院。
结论：采用胆道镜对术后胰周感染灶进行反复、多次清创,操作方法简单、临床效果可靠,不失为治疗术后胰周感染病灶的一新途径。     

超声引导下穿刺置管联合胆道镜清创引流在严重腹腔感染中的应用

目的探讨超声引导下穿刺置管联合胆道镜清创引流在严重腹腔感染患者中的临床应用价值。方法对2015年1月1日至2017年12月31日期间笔者所在医院收治的7例严重腹腔感染患者施行了在超声引导下穿刺置管联合胆道镜直视下清创及置管引流的临床资料进行回顾性分析。在超声引导下穿刺置管以建立窦道口,胆道镜沿成型后的窦道进入感染灶,在直视下对脓液及坏死组织进行清创,最后在胆道镜协助下置入引流管。结果 7例患者中有6例采用此方法获得治愈出院,1例因病情未改善而转开腹手术,未发生胆道镜操作相关的并发症。随访至2019年6月28日,7例患者均健在,返院复查均未发现感染灶残留或复发。结论超声引导下穿刺置管联合胆道镜清创及引流治疗严重腹腔感染的操作简便、安全,临床效果良好,可作为严重腹腔感染治疗的一种手段或开腹手术的替代方案。     

胰周脓肿经超声介入穿刺联合胆道镜清创治疗36例经验总结

目的 探讨胰周脓肿治疗的新方法,创建微创治疗胰周脓肿理念,提高急性胰腺炎治愈率.方法 超声介入穿刺置管于脓肿内,采用Cook筋膜扩张器逐级扩张窦道至24F,通过胆道镜在直视下清除坏死组织、脓苔、反复冲洗至脓肿治愈.结果 36例胰周脓肿经超声介入穿刺联合胆道镜清创,33例治愈,治愈率91.7%,并发出血2例,肠外瘘3例,病死1例.结论 超声介入穿刺置管联合胆道镜清创治疗胰周脓肿,减少患者创伤,降低并发症和病死率.此方法操作简单,安全可靠,并发症少,治愈率高.

Abstract：

Objective To explore a new method of parapancreatic abscess treatment and establish an idea of minimally invasive technologies for parapancreatic abscess to improve the recovery rate of acute pancreatitis. Methods The patients had experienced percutaneous puncture and placed drainage tube under the ultrasound guidance first, then the sinus tract was expanded gradually to 24F perimeter by Cook's fascia expender. Finally, the necrotic tissue and pyogenic membrane was removed and repeatedly washed under guidance of choledochoscopy. Results The recovery rate was 91.1 %(33/36). The complication incidence was 10.7% (hemorrage:2 cases, external intestinal fistula:3 cases, and fatal MOF: 1 case). Conclusions The viewpoint which parapancreatic abscess only can be cured by drainage operation can be changed by associating debridement by choledochoscope with percutaneous puncture drainage under the ultrasound guidance. It is a simple, safe and effective method. It can be used to reduce the patients' damage, complication and mortality and accomplish the idea of damage control by minimally invasive technologies.     

微创技术联合胰周贯穿式灌洗引流治疗感染性胰腺坏死体会

目的 探讨采用微创技术联合胰周贯穿式灌洗引流方式治疗重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）并发感染性胰腺坏死的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2016 年2 月至2019 年8 月株洲中心医院6 例SAP并发感染性胰腺坏死患者的临床资料,这些患者均先实施经腹腔及腹膜后途径穿刺置管,联合经皮肾镜或胆道镜行胰周感染坏死组织清除,术后再经过胰周置管行贯穿式灌洗引流,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 6例患者术后感染均得到有效控制,无穿刺及手术并发症,平均接受经皮肾镜下胰腺坏死组织清除术1 次,胆道镜下胰腺坏死组织清除术2.3次,第一次清创术后至拔管时间平均为55 d（36～74 d）。均痊愈出院,随访半年以上无胰腺坏死感染复发,无死亡病例。结论 CT引导下经皮穿刺置管引流,肾镜、胆道镜等微创技术联合胰周贯穿式灌洗引流的方法治疗SAP并发感染性胰腺坏死疗效好且安全,可以在临床中推广应用。     

Laparoscopic debridement of recurrent pancreatic abscesses in the hostile abdomen

Recurrent necrotizing pancreatitis in the frozen or hostile abdomen remains a challenge. Percutaneous drainage is useful in these cases but often fails if there is significant pancreatic necrosis. We describe a technique for laparoscopic drainage of necrotic pancreas. The preexisting percutaneous drainage tract was sequentially dilated and a working thoracoscope was placed via a Hasson cannula. A pulsatile irrigation system was used to open the cavity for visualization and to wash away obvious necrotic debris. Working sequentially using the irrigation jet flow for debridement and visualization, we opened the entire tract and debrided a majority of the necrotic tissue. A large drainage tube was placed to allow the egress of any residual infection. Three patients to date have been treated with the above technique with no intraoperative complications. All three patients did well initially postoperatively and had adequate drainage. One patient developed a delayed pancreatic pseudocyst. Laparoscopic debridement via percutaneous drainage tract is a useful technique in the hostile abdomen.     

超声引导经皮置管引流治疗重症急性胰腺炎合并感染性坏死

目的：探讨超声引导下经皮置管引流（PCD）治疗重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）合并感染性坏死相关影响因素以及联合胆道镜清创的疗效。 方法：回顾性分析2011年1月—2012年12月以超声引PCD为初始治疗手段的65例SAP合并感染性坏死患者临床资料。 结果：38例（58.5%）仅通过PCD引流治愈,27例（41.5%）需要进一步处理的患者中,4例（6.2%）直接转为开腹手术;23例（35.4%）采取胆道镜引导的腹膜后清创,其中2例因相关并发症转为开腹手术。6例（9.2%）经过PCD或者后续微创/开腹手术治疗后死亡。将单独行PCD治愈的患者与行PCD及后续治疗的患者的资料比较,结果显示,两者的人口学资料、严重度评分、白细胞计数、C反应蛋白及凝血酶原消耗试验等指标差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）,首次PCD治疗时间、穿刺引流管管径上差异也均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）,但前者引流管数量多于后者、引流时间长于后者、穿刺相关并发症低于后者,差异具有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。 结论：引流管数量、引流时间、穿刺相关并发症是PCD的影响因素,对于合并感染性坏死的SAP,联合胆道镜清创是安全有效的微创治疗方法。

     

经皮肾镜穿刺引流套件在腹盆腔脓肿治疗的应用体会

目的探讨经皮肾镜穿刺套件引流较传统引流在腹盆腔脓肿的应用优势。方法总结2010年6月至2015年6月在超声定位下行腹盆腔脓肿穿刺引流的病例35例,其中留置中心静脉导管引流19例,应用经皮肾镜穿刺套件扩张后留置F16号引流管16例。结果采用经皮肾镜穿刺套件组在堵管发生率、留置引流管时间、住院天数方面明显少于留置中心静脉导管组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经皮肾镜穿刺套件在腹盆腔脓肿引流中的应用,即可解决传统手术创伤大、恢复慢,又可避免一般穿刺置管管腔小、易堵塞的缺点,值得临床推广应用。     

腹膜后入路经皮肾镜下感染性胰腺坏死的治疗

目的 探索采用腹膜后入路经皮肾镜治疗感染性胰腺坏死的方法并评价其疗效.方法 2008年6月至2009年8月采用经皮肾镜治疗感染性胰腺坏死6例,均先行腹膜后途径PCD治疗5～36 d,进一步行经PCD窦道的经皮肾镜坏死清除、引流治疗.结果 3例病人接受1次肾镜治疗,2例接受2次治疗,1例接受3次治疗.无手术并发症,无手术病死.1例半年后形成假性囊肿.结论 病例选择合适情况下经腹膜后途径经皮肾镜治疗感染性胰腺坏死的方法简单、创伤小、疗效较好,值得进一步深入探索.     

急性坏死性筋膜炎的综合治疗

目的：探讨急性坏死性筋膜炎的综合治疗。方法：回顾2003年7月～2013年7月我院收治的7例急性坏死性筋膜炎患者的,临床特点及综合治疗临床资料进行分析。结果：7例患者均治愈,经过1月～3年的随访,患者愈合后功能恢复良好,生活均能自理,部分患者恢复劳动能力。结论：明确诊断及时切开减压,扩大清创引流,必要时反复清创,延期修复创面并结合全身支持的综合治疗是治疗急性坏死性筋膜炎的关键。     

Percutaneous drainage of infected pancreatic necrosis: an alternative to surgery

AIM OF THE STUDY: To describe a technique of percutaneous CT guided catheter drainage of infected pancreatic necrosis and to report the results of this technique compared with those of the conventional surgical treatment and of other percutaneous drainage series. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1992 and 1997, the series included 32 patients who had a severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis with a mean Ranson score of 4.6, scored into grade D (n = 10), and grade E (n = 22), according to the Balthazar radiological staging. Modified Van Sonnenberg 24 F double lumen catheters were used for continuous irrigation and aspiration. RESULTS: Forty-nine drains were inserted for 41 infected necroses and eight abscesses. Among the 32 patients, the proof of infected necrosis was obtained in 26 patients by fine needle aspiration and culture (enterococcus, staphylococcus, pseudomonas). The average delay of catheter insertion was 23 days after onset of pancreatitis; the mean duration of drainage was 43 days, and an average of three catheters per patient was required. Five patients (15%) died, and among the survivors, 16 (59%) presented 21 complications including 14 enterocutaneous or pancreatic fistulas. A subsequent surgical procedure including two necrosectomies was necessary in six patients. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that percutaneous drainage of infected pancreatic necrosis with a 15% mortality and 70% success rate, represents an interesting alternative to conventional surgery.     

Refractory abdominal-cutaneous fistulas or leaks: percutaneous management with a collagen plug

BACKGROUND: We report the results of abdominal-cutaneous fistula tract occlusion with a collagen plug in a series of patients with fistulas or leaks refractory to conservative therapy. STUDY DESIGN: Seven patients were found to have persistent fistula or leak after percutaneous drainage of abdominal pelvic fluid collections. All patients but one were refractory to surgical or percutaneous drainage. Under fluoroscopic guidance, modified Vasoseal (Datascope Inc, Montvale, NJ) collagen plugs were deployed into the fistulas using catheter-directed techniques. The plugs were split longitudinally to fit into an 8F or 9F peel-away sheath, placed into the fistula, and deployed. Results were tabulated and patients were followed up. RESULTS: Six of seven patients undergoing fluoroscopically guided, catheter-directed tract occlusion had resolution of the fistula, with no evidence of fistula or abscess recurrence from 30 to 180 days after closure. There were no procedural complications. The technique was unsuccessful in dosing a gastrocutaneous fistula after removal of a large-bore gastrostomy tube; this failure was believed to be secondary to the short length and large caliber of the tract in a patient with hypercortisolemia. CONCLUSIONS: Closure of abdominal-cutaneous fistula tracts by occlusion with a modified Vasoseal collagen plug shows promise in the management of fistulas refractory to catheter drainage.     

Peroral endoscopic drainage/debridement of walled-off pancreatic necrosis

BACKGROUND: Experience with minimal access, transoral/transmural endoscopic drainage/debridement of walled-off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN) after necrotizing pancreatitis is limited. We sought to determine outcome using this technique. METHODS: Retrospective analysis. RESULTS: From 1998 to 2006, 53 patients underwent transoral/transmural endoscopic drainage/debridement of sterile (27, 51%) and infected (26, 49%) WOPN. Intervention was performed a median of 49 days (range, 20-300 days) after onset of acute necrotizing pancreatitis. A median of 3 endoscopic procedures/patient (range, 1-12) were performed. Twenty-one patients (40%) required concurrent radiologic-guided catheter drainage of associated or subsequent areas of peripancreatic fluid and/or WOPN. Twelve patients (23%) required open operative intervention a median of 47 days (range, 5-540) after initial endoscopic drainage/debridement, due to persistence of WOPN (n = 3), recurrence of a fluid collection (n = 2), cutaneous fistula formation (n = 2), or technical failure, persistence of pancreatic pain, colonic obstruction, perforation, and flank abscess (n = 1 each). Final outcome after initial endoscopic intervention (median, 178 days) revealed successful endoscopic therapy in 43 (81%) and persistence of WOPN in 10 (19%). Preexistent diabetes mellitus, size of WOPN, and extension of WOPN into paracolic gutter were significant predictive factors for need of subsequent open operative therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Successful resolution of symptomatic, sterile, and infected WOPN can be achieved using a minimal access endoscopic approach. Adjuvant percutaneous drainage is necessary in up to 40% of patients, especially when WOPN extends to paracolic gutters or pelvis. Operative intervention for failed endoscopic treatment is required in about 20% of patients.