深圳宝安地区疟疾流行特征及防治对策探讨

目的 分析宝安区近年疟疾流行特征，评价现行疟防措施，方法 采用回顾性调查的方法，收集1996-2001年深圳市宝安区疟疾流行，控制措施及防治效果等资料，分析疟疾流行特征，评价疟防效果。结果 近年深圳市宝安区疟疾流行具有如下特征；（1）疟疾发病率的高低主要受流动人口疟疾发病的影响；（2）疟疾发病呈现流动性；（3）疟疾发病主要集中在各年的4-10月份；（4）中、青年人疟疾发病率较高。由于各项措施的落实，疟疾发病率从1996年的8.49/10万下降至2001年的1.24/10万。结论 宝安区疟疾流行主要受流动人口的影响；目前采取的疟防措施是有效的。     

广西永福县1997-2006年疟疾流行及防控特征分析

目的分析永福县1997—2006年疟疾流行特征,评价现行疟疾监测防治(疟防)措施。方法采用回顾性调查方法,收集1997—2006年永福县疟疾流行、控制措施及防治效果资料,分析疟疾流行特征,评价疟防效果。结果发病率从1997年2.22/10万下降至2006年的0.74/10万,该地区疟疾流行具有疟疾发病率主要受流动人口疟疾发病影响、中青年人群发病率高的特征。结论永福县疟疾流行主要受流动人口的影响,目前采取的疟疾监测防治措施是有效的。     

黔西南州铁路建设工程流动人口疟疾管理与监测效果分析

贵州省黔西南州历史上为疟疾高度流行区。解放初期 ,全州疟疾年带虫发病率为 3 1 2 /万。经过四十多年的综合防治 ,到 1 992年全州疟疾年带虫发病率已降至 0 .61 /万。 1 993年国家开建的南昆铁路 ,贯穿黔西南境内兴义、安龙、册亨三个县 (市 )。 1 992年该三个县 (市 )疟疾年带虫发病率分别为 0 .0 3 /万、0 .3 3 /万、4 .79/万。为保障南昆铁路的顺利建设 ,加强了对流动人口的疟疾管理 ,现将1 993～ 1 996年实施流动人口疟疾管理与监测效果分析如下 :1　内容与方法1 .1　流动人口疟疾管理1 .1 .1　凡是非疟区进入疟区 ,从疟区进入基本无疟…     

南通市疟疾疫情现状分析

目的分析南通市疟疾流行现状,为制定疟防措施提供科学依据。方法对南通市2003～2007年疟疾年报表、疫情报告、个案调查表、“三热”病人及流动人口血检资料进行统计分析。结果南通市2003～2007年共发生184例疟疾病例,年发病率为0.323/10万。间日疟164例,恶性疟20例。外来流动人口疟疾发病数分别为5、4、10、13、27例,呈逐年上升趋势。实验室共血检发热病人88 285人,阳性68例;其中本地人口血检发热病人82 240人,阳性27例,外来流动人口血检发热病人6 045人,阳性41例,两者差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论对流动人口采取切实有效的疟防措施是当前南通市疟疾防治工作重点。加强流动人口疟疾疫情管理和开展“三热”病人血检为主的监测工作是控制疟疾传播与流行的主要措施。     

海南省不同疟区疟疾纵向调查

万宁市南桥和五指山市毛阳历史上均属超高疟区 ,经过多年积极防治 ,发病逐年下降 ,但随着流动人口来往频繁 ,输入疟疾的威胁越来越大。为了解不同疟区疟疾流行现状、评价抗疟措施实施效果。于 1998～ 2 0 0 1年应用 IFAT和 PCR技术对南桥、毛阳不同疟疾流行区进行了纵向调查。结果报告如下。1　资料与方法1.1　调查点概况　南桥乡是间日疟和恶性疟混合流行区 ,抗疟措施落实欠佳 ,年发病率较高 ;毛阳镇是单纯间日疟流行区 ,抗疟措施落实较好 ,采取控制传播媒介和管理传染源综合措施 ,年发病率较低 ,并有效控制了恶性疟传播。1. 2　方法　…     

商水县2001～2003年疟疾暴发调查与控制

商水县是以中华按蚊为惟一媒介的单纯间日疟流行区。中华按蚊孳生地广泛 ,种群数量大 ,偏野栖 ,对间日疟有较高的易感性[1] 。解放后曾三次大流行 ,高峰时段发病率分别为14 0 .11/万 (195 4年 )、14 62 .2 5 /万 (1963～ 1964年 )及 2 64 8.95 /万(1970～ 1972年 )。 1973年后逐年下降 ,1980年发病率回升到169.11/万[2 ] ;1985年后一直保持在 1.0 /万以下 ,1989年经河南省卫生厅考核达到基本消灭疟疾的标准。 1998年由于流动人口来往频繁 ,2 0 0 1年出现疟疾局部暴发 ,发病率为 15 .3 2 /万。为了解该县 1998～ 2 0 0 3年疟疾流行特征 ,现将…     

2001～2009年安徽阜阳市疟疾流行状况和防治措施评价

目的依据阜阳市2001-2009年疟疾流行情况资料和防治措施,分析评价现行疟防措施对控制疟疾流行所起的作用,指导今后疟防工作。方法借助中国疾病预防控制信息系统收集2001-2009年阜阳市疟疾网报信息,分析疟疾流行状况;收集近年来各项疟防措施落实情况进行综合评价。结果2001～2007年疟疾疫情逐年上升,通过消除疟疾传染源、防蚊灭蚊等综合性防治措施的落实,2007年8月份以后疟疾疫情快速上升趋势得到遏制,2009年疟疾发病明显降低。结论疟防措施有效地落实是控制疟疾流行的关键,以分类指导、突出重点为原则切实做好各项疟防工作才能有效地控制疟疾流行。     

2001～2009年安徽阜阳市疟疾流行状况和防治措施评价

目的依据阜阳市2001-2009年疟疾流行情况资料和防治措施,分析评价现行疟防措施对控制疟疾流行所起的作用,指导今后疟防工作。方法借助中国疾病预防控制信息系统收集2001-2009年阜阳市疟疾网报信息,分析疟疾流行状况;收集近年来各项疟防措施落实情况进行综合评价。结果2001～2007年疟疾疫情逐年上升,通过消除疟疾传染源、防蚊灭蚊等综合性防治措施的落实,2007年8月份以后疟疾疫情快速上升趋势得到遏制,2009年疟疾发病明显降低。结论疟防措施有效地落实是控制疟疾流行的关键,以分类指导、突出重点为原则切实做好各项疟防工作才能有效地控制疟疾流行。     

成都市10区县基本消灭疟疾后5年监测报告

成都市双流县、金堂县、青白江区、龙泉驿区、金牛区、锦江区、青羊区、武侯区、成华区、高新区 (以下简称 10区县 )的疟疾曾广为流行 ,195 0年疟疾发病人数居各类传染病之首 ,195 2年、196 6年、1971年分别发生过 3次大的流行 ,196 6年流行最为严重 ,发病率高达 12 2 .4 2 /万。经长期不懈防治 ,发病率逐年下降 ,至 1986年后 ,各区县的发病率先后降至 1/万以下 ,经省市联合考核 ,确认达到卫生部颁布的基本消灭疟疾标准 ,为了巩固抗疟成果 ,推动疟防工作深入发展 ,开展了监测工作。现将 1996 - 2 0 0 0年监测结果报告如下 :1　内容与方法1 1…     

宿迁市1997～2000年疟疾流行病学分析

宿迁市系间日疟流行区 ,解放以来曾先后暴发过两次较大流行 ,经过多年防治 ,有 3个县 1个区先后于 2 0世纪 80和 90年代分别达到基本消灭疟疾标准 ,但 1998年以来 ,疫情有所上升。为掌握该市疟疾流行特征 ,制定今后相应的防治措施 ,现将宿迁市 1997～ 2 0 0 0年疟疾流行病学资料分析如下。1　流行概况1.1　发病情况1.1.1　发病率　 1997～ 2 0 0 0年共发生疟疾 5 92例 ,发病率为 2 .99/ 10万。其中 1997年为 0 .0 4 / 10万 ;1998年为 0 .4 5 / 10万 ;1999年为 1.39/ 10万 ;2 0 0 0年为 9.89/ 10万 ,有逐年上升趋势。1.1.2　地区分布　宿城区…     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.