维持性血液透析患者营养状况分析

目的 评价维持性血液透析患者的营养状况,为制定个性化的营养治疗方案提供依据.方法 对68例维持性血液透析患者采用膳食问卷调查、主观综合性营养评估、人体测量和实验室检查等方法对患者进行营养状态评价. 结果SGA评价：营养状况正常43例（占63.23%） 中度营养不良19例（占27.94%） 重度营养不良6例（占8.82%）.营养正常组与中度营养不良组相比较,体质量、每日能量摄入、上臂围、上臂肌围、白蛋白（ALB）、前白蛋白差异有统计学意义 营养正常组与重度营养不良组比较,除上述差异外,年龄、透析龄、每日标准体质量蛋白质摄入、血红蛋白、甘油三酯水平差异有统计学意义.结论 血液透析患者营养不良的发生率较高,与年龄、透析龄、每日标准体质量蛋白质和能量摄入有关,应对血透患者进行合理的营养治疗.     

维持性透析患者的营养干预

维持性透析患者普遍存在蛋白质-能量营养不良。营养不良与透析患者的患病率和死亡率密切相关。通过加强饮食指导,肠内营养和肠外营养干预能改善透析患者的营养状况,提高生存质量。     

维持性血液透析患者常见的营养问题及饮食指导

目的 了解维持性血液透析患者的营养状况及其影响因素,并根据患者自身情况的不同给予相应的饮食指导.方法 对38例维持性血液透析患者进行营养调查,并根据个体差异进行不同的饮食指导.结果 在充分透析和药物治疗的同时,按照个体化饮食指导进行营养摄取,38例维持性血液透析患者的营养状态均发生不同程度的改善.结论 营养知识缺乏是影响患者健康状况的首要原因,应在充分透析的前提下,增加优质蛋白质及能量的摄取,改善营养状况.同时,注意建立社会支持系统,帮助患者树立战胜疾病的信心     

慢性肾脏病患者蛋白质-能量营养不良研究进展

尽管临床治疗水平和透析技术不断提高，但慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者营养不良的发生率仍然逐年上升。近年来，透析前和透析阶段的CKD患者营养目标领域取得一些进展。在透析前阶段，充足的证据显示限制蛋白摄入的长期营养治疗方案可有效纠正蛋白尿、酸中毒等多种代谢异常。维持性透析阶段，现有的蛋白质能量摄入的目标逐渐受到质疑。新颁布的CKD患者蛋白质-能量消耗的诊断标准将有助于医生更轻易地识别早期的蛋白质能量消耗。     

尿毒症患者营养评估及相关因素分析

目的 :　了解终末期肾病 (ESRD)患者透析前和维持性血液透析时的营养状态及其相关因素。方法 :　用主观综合营养评估法 (SGA)评估 46例透析前 ESRD患者和 78例维持性血透患者的营养状况及血浆白蛋白 (ALB)等其它营养指标 ,分析了影响透析前后营养状况的有关因素。结果 :　根据 SGA分级透析前组总营养不良的发生率为 65 .2 3 % ,维持性血透组为 5 8.97% ;残肾功能与透析前营养不良的相关性不明显 ,透析组 SGA分级三组之间 ALB、Pre-ALB、Chol、SCr、n PCR、年龄、糖尿病肾病比例、心血管疾病、肝硬化、感染等合并症和并发症发生率有显著性差异 ,而透析时间、KT/ V各组间无显著性差异。结论 :　ESRD患者在透析前和维持性透析时有较高的营养不良的发生率 ,老龄、糖尿病、伴心血管疾病、感染等并发症患者容易出现营养不良     

维持性血液透析患者营养评定及营养不良膳食危险因素分析

目的了解维持性血液透析患者营养状况及发生营养不良的常见膳食危险因素,为针对性营养干预提供依据。方法采用主观全面评定法评估116名维持性血液透析患者的营养状态,同时采用连续4日24小时膳食回顾法了解实际摄入内容,并进行必要的人体测量及营养生化指标检测。结果12.1%(14例)的患者为C级,属重度营养不良;40.5%(47例)的患者为B级,属轻中度营养不良。人体测量和营养生化指标检测结果显示,单一指标营养不良的发生率为20%～80%。膳食回顾分析结果显示,维持性血液透析患者的热能、蛋白质、脂肪和锌、硒等微量元素摄入均明显低于膳食推荐摄入量(P<0.05)。危险因素相关性分析结果表明,患者的年龄、透析时间和碳水化合物摄入量与营养不良发生显著相关(P<0.05)。结论维持性血液透析患者营养不良发生比例很高,热能和多种营养素摄入不足。年龄、透析时间和热能摄入不足可能是导致营养不良的重要原因。     

维持性血液透析患者饮食蛋白摄入和营养状态关系的探讨

目的探讨维持性血液透析患者饮食蛋白摄入和营养状态的关系。方法对北京大学第三医院维持性血液透析患者的饮食蛋白摄入和营养状态进行评估,资料收集包括饮食记录和分析、生化学指标、主观综合营养评估(SGA)及体测量指标四个方面。结果98例临床稳定的血液透析患者,平均标化饮食蛋白质摄入(NDPI)为0.96±0.25g/kg·d,平均标化饮食能量摄入(NDEI)为120.50±31.59kJ/kg·d。营养不良发生率为29%,根据NDPI将病人分为4组。组间各营养参数差异无显著性。结论大部分维持性血液透析病人的实际饮食蛋白摄入低于KDOQI推荐值,而且这种略低的饮食蛋白摄入没有造成病人营养不良发生率的增加。在我国现有的透析条件下需要针对氮平衡的前瞻对照研究确定合理的维持性血液透析病人的饮食蛋白摄入。     

透析营养客观评分法评估血液透析患者的营养状况：75例观察

目的 应用透析营养客观评分法对维持性血液透析患者进行营养评估,了解营养不良的发生情况及严重程度,探讨引起患者营养不良的影响因素.方法 选择维持性血液透析患者75例,以透析营养客观评分作为营养不良的判断标准对患者进行营养评估,将患者分为营养正常、轻中度营养不良和重度营养不良3组.采用Logistic回归法分析引起患者营养不良的相关因素,和传统的主观综合营养评估进行比较,观察其对血液透析患者营养不良评估的价值.结果 75例患者中男女比例1.13∶1,平均年龄(54.90±12.10)岁,透析龄(85.37 ±54.17)个月.根据透析营养客观评分营养正常患者15例(20％)、轻中度营养不良者42例(56％)、重度营养不良者18例(24％).重度营养不良组与营养正常组相比,患者的体重指数[(19.81 ±2.22)比(23.90±2.44)kg/m2,P=0.030]、干体重[(50.85±7.60)比(59.94±10.89)kg,P=0.020]差异具有统计学意义,并且轻中度营养不良、重度营养不良组与营养正常组相比,患者的胆固醇[(4.60±0.84)、(3.73±0.68)mmol/L比(5.71±1.64)mmol/L,P =0.011,P=0.000]、标准蛋白质分解率[1.17、1.15g/(kg·d)比1.45 g/(kg·d),P=0.030,P=0.010]、肱三头肌皮下脂肪厚度[(1.44±0.77)、(1.00 ±0.41)cm比(1.80±0.63)cm,P=0.032,P=0.020]、上肢中臂周径[(24.85±1.48)、(21.66±1.48)cm 比(24.99 ±2.30)cm,P=0.046,P=0.037]差异具有统计学意义.多因素Logistic回归显示C反应蛋白[OR=12.482,95％ CI=0.190-130.928,P=0.035]和标准蛋白质分解率[OR =0.128,95％ CI=0.022-0.736,P=0.021]与营养不良存在相关性.结论 营养不良在维持性血液透析患者中的发生率较高,炎症和蛋白质摄入不足是引起血液透析患者营养不良的独立影响因素.     

维持血透病人的营养状况分析

目的 :了解血透患者的营养状态并找出引起其营养不良的相关因素。方法 :采用SGA法对 10 6例血透患者进行营养学评价 ,用人体学测量及生化检查作为营养学指标进行各相关因素分析。结果 :10 6例血透患者中 6 0 1%存在不同程度的营养不良 ,普遍存在能量、蛋白质摄入不足、饮食结构不合理 ,与健康人比较各营养学指标均偏低(P <0 .0 5 ) ,摄入充分组、透析充分组及酸中毒较轻组各营养学指标均较对照组有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)。用促红细胞生成素组成部分营养指标要好于未用者 (P <0 .0 5 )。透析膜的生物相容性、年龄、维持透析时间、残余肾功能的情况均对营养状态有影响。结论 :透析患者的营养状态应引起足够重视 ,增加摄入 ,充分透析 ,促红素等药物的应用 ,酸中毒的纠正 ,生物相容性透析膜的使用及残余肾功能的保护是改善透析患者营养状态的途径     

营养教育对维持性血液透析患者营养状况的影响

随着透析时间的延长，尿毒症维持性血液透析患者的营养不良发生率日趋增加，是影响疾病预后的一个重要因素。本文通过对我院2006～2007年的65例维持性血液透析（MHD）患者实施营养健康教育来预防和降低营养不良的发生，从而改善MHD患者的营养状况，延长MHD患者的寿命。     

Affect of serum leptin on nutritional status in renal disease

Protein-energy malnutrition is a major comorbid condition in persons with renal disease. A variety of interventions have been implemented to supplement protein and energy intake in malnourished patients with renal disease, but the prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition remains high. Leptin, a hormone secreted by adipose tissue, decreases food intake via neuroendocrine systems in the hypothalamus in persons with normal renal function. Serum leptin levels are elevated in patients with chronic renal insufficiency and end-stage renal disease, and experimental evidence suggests a possible role for leptin in the development of protein-energy malnutrition in this population. Release of leptin from adipocytes may be stimulated by cytokines mediating the inflammatory response, which is frequently pronounced in patients with end-stage renal disease receiving hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. This article provides an overview of research conducted on serum leptin levels in different stages of renal disease, and the relationship among serum leptin, body composition, biochemical indexes, and markers of inflammation in persons with end-stage renal disease. Effects of intradialytic parenteral nutrition and anabolic factors on leptin levels and nutritional status are briefly reviewed.     

Factors affecting the nutritional status of patients with chronic renal failure undergoing haemodialysis

There is a high prevalence of the features of protein-energy malnutrition among patients with chronic renal failure undergoing maintenance haemodialysis. Poor food intakes are only partly responsible. The disease state itself and renal replacement therapy are contributing factors to the development of malnutrition. Hypogeusia, anorexia and impaired digestion of nutrients have been reported. Changes in the hormonal environment may result in poor utilization and altered metabolism of nutrients. The requirements for nutrients may be different to those in normal healthy individuals. However, despite the effects of unalterable non-dietary factors on nutrition, it is possible to manipulate dietary intakes to improve the nutritional status.     

The use of parenteral nutrition in a severely malnourished hemodialysis patient with hypercalcemia.

There is a high prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) in chronic dialysis patients. Causes of PEM include the catabolic effects of hemodialysis treatments, acidemia associated with end-stage renal disease, common comorbid conditions, and uremia-induced anorexia. Morbidity and mortality increase with PEM. Before considering parenteral nutrition (PN) as a nutrition intervention in a maintenance dialysis patient, all other efforts to promote optimal nutrition need to be exhausted. The first step is careful evaluation of protein-energy status, followed by intensive nutrition counseling. If necessary, this is followed by oral nutrition supplementation, appetite stimulation, enteral tube feedings, and finally PN. Short-term parenteral nutrition (PN) became a crucial component of the management of a 38-year-old hemodialysis (HD) patient who endured serious complications after kidney transplant rejection. A profound and prolonged malnourished state followed her treatment for necrotizing pancreatitis. She had developed persistent hypercalcemia believed secondary to tertiary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) and immobilization. Later, she developed hungry bone syndrome (HBS) after parathyroidectomy (PTX). She also developed refeeding syndrome after initiation of PN. The patient's persistent, poorly understood hypercalcemia did not resolve even after PTX and removal of all other sources of vitamin D and calcium from her feedings, medications, and dialysis bath. The close communication of the inpatient and outpatient dialysis multidisciplinary teams became a key component to the successful outcome in this complex patient.     

Albumin-normalized serum zinc: a clinically useful parameter for detecting taste impairment in patients undergoing dialysis

Patients with renal failure often experience decreased serum zinc that remains uncorrected after dialysis. A complication of this depletion is taste impairment, which can detrimentally influence diet and nutrition. However, because more than half of all serum zinc is bound to albumin, we hypothesized that normalizing serum zinc to albumin levels may be associated with taste impairment. A total of 65 patients undergoing dialysis but not receiving supplementary zinc and 120 control patients not undergoing dialysis (60 malnourished patients and 60 healthy controls) were tested for their receptiveness to saltiness using various salt concentrations. Patients' total protein and albumin levels were measured, and linear regressions were extrapolated between serum zinc levels and total protein or albumin. Patients undergoing dialysis had significantly lower levels of total serum zinc compared with control patients. However, uncorrected zinc levels were not correlated with taste impairment. Normalizing zinc levels against total protein or albumin resulted in extrapolated equations that revealed a significant correlation with taste impairment. Our data suggest a statistical correlation between zinc and albumin in both healthy subjects and patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis, or protein-energy malnutrition without hemodialysis, allowing for a quantitative measure for taste impairment.     

腹膜透析病人营养不良发生机制的初步探讨

目的: 探讨腹膜透析病人营养不良的发生机制。方法: 采用多中心前瞻性队列研究。对维持腹膜透析治疗的44例病人进行近2年的随访研究。按随访期间膳食蛋白摄入量(DPI)分为两组,即保持在0.78 g/(kg·d)以下者和曾出现0.78g/(kg·d)以上者。将随访期间综合性主观评估(SGA)水平发生动态变化的22例按SGA的变化分为两组,即营养状况好转组和恶化组,比较随访期间营养指标和残余肾功能的变化情况,以及高容量负荷状态和心血管事件的发生状况。结果: 以SGA评定营养状况,较低DPI组病人横断面研究时营养不良发生率为43.5％,而随访后为60.9％;较高DPI病人横断面研究时营养不良发生率为57.1％,而随访后为28.6％。营养状况恶化组病人在随访期间残余肾功能显著下降,高容量负荷状态和新发心血管系统事件的出现率明显高于营养状况好转组病人(P<0.05)。结论:在腹膜透析病人中,单纯低水平的蛋白质摄入并不一定导致营养不良的发生,而残余肾功能的变化、高容量负荷状态和心血管系统疾病与低蛋白质摄入共同作用,可能导致腹膜透析病人营养不良的发生与恶化。     

The phenomenon of altered risk factor patterns or reverse epidemiology in persons with advanced chronic kidney failure

This lecture reviews a recently described phenomenon in patients with advanced chronic renal failure who are undergoing maintenance hemodialysis or chronic peritoneal dialysis. The phenomenon is called risk factor reversal, reverse epidemiology, or altered risk factor patterns, and it has to do with altered relations between risk factors and the hazard ratio for morbidity or mortality in these persons. This risk factor reversal phenomenon has been reported for body weight-for-height measures, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, homocysteine, creatinine, and parathyroid hormone concentrations, as well as metabolic acidemia. These risk factors are often associated with cardiovascular morbidity or mortality and with total mortality. The relations between these risk factors and the hazard ratio for morbidity or mortality vary from major alterations from the relations found in the general population (eg, for systolic or diastolic hypertension versus the hazard ratio of mortality) to a complete, mirror-image reversal (eg, that for body mass index versus the hazard ratio of mortality). Several potential causes of altered risk factor patterns are discussed here, and it is suggested that the major cause is the confounding effects of protein-energy malnutrition and inflammatory disorders, which commonly occur in maintenance dialysis patients.     

肾病病人营养状况与肾功能的关系分析

目的 :探讨肾病病人营养状况与肾功能的关系。　方法 :对 110例住院肾病病人的身高、体重、血生化和血常规结果进行分析。　结果 :肾功能不全组病人体重分布与肾功能正常组比较有显著差异 ,低于理想体重者明显增加 ;红细胞、血红蛋白、总淋巴细胞计数水平显著降低 (P <0 .0 1) ,血肌酐、尿素氮、尿酸 (P <0 .0 1)、血磷 (P <0 .0 5 )水平显著升高 ;血肌酐、尿素氮与红细胞、血红蛋白水平间呈负直线相关关系 (P <0 .0 1)。　结论 :肾功能减退与热能 蛋白质营养不良、贫血、高血磷、高尿酸等营养障碍表现有关 ,采取合理饮食有可能延迟肾功能减退的进展