黎药裸花紫珠在小鼠体内止血活性部位的研究

目的 确定黎药裸花紫珠的止血活性部位,为其止血活性成分的研究提供依据。方法 裸花紫珠经醇提获得醇提物(EtOH-extract)、醇提物经大孔吸附树脂处理分别获得水洗脱物(HP-H2O-elution)和乙醇洗脱物(HP-EtOH-elution),将EtOH-extract、HP-EtOH-elution和HP-H2O-elution分别配制成高、中、低剂量的供试药物,云南白药为阳性对照。每日给小鼠灌胃1次,在连续给药7d后,记录小鼠体质量的变化,采用断尾法和玻片法测定小鼠的出血时间和凝血时间,并以此为筛选指标对各部位止血效果进行评价。结果 与模型对照组相比,HP-EtOH-elution对缩短小鼠出血时间的作用效果显著,并且其低剂量组和中剂量组的效果均优于阳性对照组。EtOH-extract、HP-EtOH-elution和HP-H2O-elution在缩短小鼠的凝血时间和增加小鼠的体质量方面,效果均不显著。结论 裸花紫珠的止血活性成分主要集中在醇提物经大孔树脂处理后的乙醇洗脱部位,并且可能是通过影响内源性凝血途径发挥止血作用。     

Molluscicidal activity of Solanum elaeagnifolium seeds against Galba truncatula intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica: Identification of β-solamarine

Context: The persistence of fascioliasis in many developing countries urges the search for simple, cheap, and effective substances. In this view, plants provide interesting molluscicidal activities thanks to the secondary metabolites they produce. The genus Solanum is known for its potent effect on vector snails.

Objective: The molluscicidal activity of Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. (Solanaceae) seeds against Galba truncatula Müll. (Lymnaeidae), intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica L. (Fasciolidae), was evaluated.

Materials and methods: Solanum elaeagnifolium seeds were powdered and successively extracted using n-hexane, methylene chloride, acetone, and methanol, for 20?h each. After filtration, solvents were evaporated. An acid–base treatment was conducted on seed methanolic extract to isolate total alkaloids and β-solamarine. Total saponins fraction was obtained after successive macerations and evaporations. The molluscicidal activity was evaluated by subjecting snails, in groups of 10, for 48?h to 500?mL of extracts, fractions, and pure product aqueous solutions, each containing amounts, ranging from 1 to 50?mg of plant material in 5?mg increments.

Results: The methanolic extract of seeds, β-solamarine isolated for the first time from this plant and total saponins fraction showed very potent activities on snails, giving respective median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) of 1.18, 0.49, and 0.94?mg/L. Total alkaloids fraction obtained from the methanolic extract was less active giving an LC₅₀ value of 14.67?mg/L.

Discussion and conclusion: This study emphasizes that glycoalkaloids and saponins of Solanum elaeagnifolium are potent molluscicidal agents. Seed methanolic extract, β-solamarine, and total saponins fraction may be used as molluscicides.     

Chemical constituents from Sedum aizoon and their hemostatic activity

Context: Sedum aizoon L. (Crassulaceae) (SA) is widely used to treat various hemorrhages in folk medicine. However, its hemostatic constituents are not yet clear.

Objective: The chemical constituents of EtOAc fraction from SA and their hemostatic activity were investigated to provide a basis for the application in folk use.

Materials and methods: The chemical constituents were isolated from the aerial parts of SA by column chromatography and identified by IR, MS, and NMR, then tested for hemostatic activity using the capillary method and coagulation assays including blood clotting time in vivo, and prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and thrombin time (TT) in vitro at concentrations of 300.0, 100.0, and 30.0?µg/mL.

Results: Eleven compounds were identified as p-hydroxybenzoic acid (1), gallic acid (2), protocatechuic acid (3), vallinic acid (4), thymine (5), caffeic acid (6), 5,7-dihydroxy chromone (7), pyrogallol (8), quercetin (9), kaempferol (10), and luteolin (11). This is the first report of compounds 3–8 being isolated from this plant. Compounds 2 (300.0 and 100.0?µg/mL), 4 (100.0?µg/mL), and 11 (100.0 and 30.0?µg/mL) significantly reduced the clotting time (p?Discussion and conclusion: SA produced hemostatic activity possibly related to the presence of gallic acid, vallinic acid, and luteolin, which may be potent candidates of hemostatic drug.     

Use of MPH hemostatic powder for electrophysiology device implantation reduces postoperative rates of pocket hematoma and infection

Background: Surgical site bleeding and infection are potential complications after electrophysiology (EP) device implantation procedures. To date, there is a wide variety of tools for management of intraoperative bleeding but it still remains unclear what methods are preferred.

Objective: The aim of our study is to compare the rate of complications in patients who underwent cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) implantation utilizing MPH hemostatic powder to the rate of complications in those patients who underwent standard procedure protocol without MPH hemostatic powder.

Methods: In our study, a new plant-derived microporous polysaccharide hemostatic powder (Arista) was used. A total of 283 consecutive patients were retrospectively studied to assess the rate of complications in patients who underwent CIED implantation with MPH hemostatic powder (n?=?77, MPH hemostatic powder) and without (n?=?206, no MPH hemostatic powder). Patients were followed for 12 months.

Results: The MPH hemostatic powder group of patients had a lower complication rate when compared to no MPH hemostatic powder, 0.3% vs. 1.7% (p?Conclusion: Using MPH hemostatic powder for post-procedural hemostasis was shown to result in a significant reduction in the rate of overall post-procedural complications (a composite endpoint of hematoma and infections), and a trend in reduction of the infections rates and device implantation site hematoma rates.     

Effects of Parsley (Petroselinum crispum.) and Celery (Apium graveolens.) Extracts on Induction and Sleeping Time in Mice

Abstract

The effects of different extracts of parsley and celery leaves (Et₂O, CHCl₃, EtOAC, n.-BuOH, and H₂O) on ketamine-induced sleeping time have been investigated. The experiments were conducted on BALB/C white laboratory mice divided in five groups. On the first day, each group received ketamine 40 mg/ml s.c. After 5 t_1/2 (next day), mice were treated with 10% extracts (Et₂O, CHCl₃, EtOAC, n.-BuOH, H₂O) of parsley and celery leaves, 1 ml/kg i.p. in two doses, each after 2-h interval. One hour after the last dose, animals received ketamine 40 mg/kg s.c. Just after administration of ketamine, induction time and time of sleeping were measured. Most of the examined extracts of both plants exhibited insignificant changes in induction time. Only the EtOAc extract of celery exhibited significant increase, whereas Et₂O and n.-BuOH extract of parsley induced significant decrease of induction time in treated animals. Furthermore, all examined extracts of both plants exhibited increase of sleeping time in animals treated with ketamine. The Et₂O extract of both celery and parsley exhibited the highest effect. Generally, examined celery extracts caused prolongation of sleeping time in animals compared with those obtained for parsley.     

Antinociceptive activity and chemical composition of Wei–Chang–An–Wan extracts

Abstract

Context: Currently, famous traditional Chinese medicine formulas have undergone re-evaluation and development in China. Wei–Chang–An–Wan (WCAW) as one of them has been used for treating various gastrointestinal diseases for several decades. The secondary development of WCAW is in progress so as to interpret the effective material basis or find new pharmacological activity.

Objective: To evaluate the antinociceptive effect of methanol extract of WCAW (ME) as well as four fractions (P.E., EtOAc, n-BuOH, H₂O) and obtain information on the correlation between the contents of the fractions and antinociceptive effect.

Materials and methods: ME was divided into four parts extracted by petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. Antinociceptive activity was evaluated by three models of acetic acid–induced writhing, formalin and hot-plate test in mice after repetitive administration of ME at 200, 400 or 800?mg/kg, P.E. 132?mg/kg, EtOAc 106?mg/kg, n-BuOH 176?mg/kg and H₂O 176?mg/kg for six days. The chemical compounds were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS.

Results: ME at 800?mg/kg inhibited acid-induced writhing by 84.69%, and reduced the licking time of second phase in formalin test by 53.23%. The inhibition rates in acid-induced writhing of P.E., EtOAc, n-BuOH and H₂O were 27.79, 33.85, 38.97 and 37.69%, respectively, and in formalin test about 50%. They had no effect on the hot-plate test. HPLC-ESI-MS analysis showed that 68 chemical compounds were detected and 41 compounds were identified from ME.

Discussion and conclusion: The results obtained herein indicate that WCAW possesses the antinociceptive activity that provides a new aspect in clinical application.     

Phenolic composition,antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of the Tunisian Scabiosa arenaria

Abstract

Context: There is a need for the discovery of novel natural antioxidants and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) that are safe and effective at a global level. This is the first study on antioxidant and anti-acethylcholinesterase activity of Scabiosa arenaria Forssk (Dipsacaceae).

Objective: The antioxidant potential and anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of S. arenaria were investigated.

Material and methods: The crude, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), butanol (n-BuOH) and water extracts prepared from flowers, fruits and stems and leaves of S. arenaria were tested to determine their total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total condensed tannin content (CTC) and their antioxidant activity by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), reducing power and β-carotene bleaching inhibition activity. Anti-AChE activity was also determined.

Results: EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions of fruits had both the highest (TPC) (269.09?mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight). The crude extract of stems and leaves had the highest TFC (10.9?mg quercetin equivalent/g dry weight). The n-BuOH fraction of stems and leaves had the highest CTC (489.75?mg catechin equivalents/g dry weight). The EtOAc fraction of flowers exhibit a higher activity in each antioxidant system with a special attention for DPPH assay (IC₅₀?=?0.017?mg/mL) and reducing power (EC₅₀?=?0.02?mg/mL). The EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions of stems and leaves showed strong inhibition of AChE (IC₅₀?=?0.016 and 0.029?mg/mL, respectively).

Discussion and conclusions: These results suggest the potential of S. arenaria as a possible source of novel compounds and as an alternative antioxidant and AChEIs.     

重楼皂苷类成分分析方法的研究进展

重楼是目前临床常用传统中药,皂苷类成分是其主要有效成分,其在抗肿瘤、止血、止痛、抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化、提高免疫力等方面均有较好的治疗作用,在中医药界备受关注。通过查阅文献和相关资料,对近年来有关重楼及其制剂中皂苷类成分的含量测定方法进行归纳整理,并分析其各自的特点和优势,为重楼的深入研究提供依据,同时为其药材及制剂的质量评价提供参考。     

Preliminary screening for extraction techniques and bioactive fraction of Coptidis Rhizoma based on microcalorimetry

Context: Extraction techniques may alter the antibacterial activity of Coptidis Rhizoma (C. Rhizoma), which is regarded as characteristic of this herb.

Objective: To explore the best extraction techniques of C. Rhizoma and the fraction(s) with the strongest antibacterial activity.

Methods: Using microcalorimetry, the influence of different extraction fractions of C. Rhizoma obtained by decoction, reflux, and ultrasound techniques on Escherichia coli growth was investigated by analyzing the power–time curves and some thermokinetic parameters. Then the antibacterial activities of each fraction of C. Rhizoma were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Meanwhile, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the strongest antibacterial fraction was determined by 2-fold dilution method.

Results and conclusion: The petroleum ether (PE), chloroform (CHCl₃), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and n-butyl alcohol (n-BuOH) fraction, water extract, and the residue after extraction all inhibited the growth of E. coli. The potency of the inhibitory effects was as follows: n-BuOH fraction > EtOAc fraction > CHCl₃ fraction > PE fraction > residue after extraction > water extract. The decoction technique was regarded as the optimum extraction technique. The n-BuOH fraction from the decoction technique was observed to have the strongest antibacterial fraction with half-inhibitory concentration IC₅₀ of 1.68?mg/mL and MIC of 200 μg/mL.     

Screening of Antibacterial Activity of South Brazilian Baccharis. Species

Abstract

South Brazilian Baccharis. species were studied for antibacterial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using disk diffusion and broth dilution assays. The results showed that the n.-BuOH fraction (100 µg) from Baccharis usterii. Heering exhibited inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus., Enterococcus faecalis., and Enterococcus faecium.. The n.-BuOH fraction of Baccharis spicata. (Lam.) Bailon (1000 µg) was effective against S. aureus., Escherichia coli., Enterococcus faecalis., and Enterococcus faecium.. The crude extract of Baccharis trimera. (Less) A. P. de Candolle (in doses of 1000 µ/disc) showed activity against S. aureus.. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) obtained from n.-BuOH fraction of B. spicata. were 50 mg/ml against S. aureus., E. coli., E. faecalis., and E. faecium.. From the crude extract of B. trimera., a MBC of 25 mg/ml was obtained against S. aureus.. The n.-BuOH fraction of B. usterii. showed a MBC of 25 mg/ml against S. aureus. and 50 mg/ml against E. faecalis. and E. faecium., while the crude extract of this plant showed a MBC of 12.5 mg/ml against S. aureus..     

Preparative separation and purification of steroidal saponins in Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis by macroporous adsorption resins

Abstract

Context: Saponins are active compounds in natural products. Many researchers have tried to find the method for knowing their concentration in herbs. Some methods, such as solid–liquid extraction and solvent extraction, have been developed. However, the extraction methods of the steroidal saponins from Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis (Liliaceae) are not fully researched.

Objective: To establish a simple extraction method for the separation of steroidal saponins from the rhizomes of P. polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis.

Materials and methods: Macroporous adsorption resins were used for the separation of steroidal saponins. To select the most suitable resins, seven kinds of macroporous resins were selected in this study. The static adsorption and desorption tests on macroporous resins were determined. Also, we optimized the temperature and the ethanol concentration in the extraction method by the contents of five kinds of saponins. Then, we compared the extraction method with two other methods.

Results: D101 resin demonstrated the best adsorption and desorption properties for steroidal saponins. Its adsorption data fits best to the Freundlich adsorption model. The contents of steroidal saponins in the product were 4.83-fold increased with recovery yields of 85.47%.

Discussion and conclusion: The process achieved simple and effective enrichment and separation for steroidal saponins. The method provides a scientific basis for large-scale preparation of steroidal saponins from the Rhizoma Paridis and other plants.     

Cytotoxic effects of triterpenoid saponins from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Androsace umbellata</Emphasis> against multidrug resistance (MDR) and non-MDR cells

Cytotoxicity-guided fractionation and separation of MeOH extract from Androsace umbellata (Lour.) Merr. led to the isolation of four triterpenoid saponins. Compounds isolated from the n-BuOH soluble fraction were identified as saxifragifolin C (1), A (2), B (3), and D (4) by spectroscopic analysis. Antiproliferative effect of isolated compounds were evaluated by the sulforhodamin B assay against multidrug resistance (MDR; MES-SA/DX5 and HCT15/CLO2) and non-MDR (A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, MES-SA, and HCT15) human tumor cell lines. All compounds exhibited strong cytotoxicity against non-MDR human tumor cell lines with IC₅₀ values of 0.19–2.37 μM. MDR cells and non-MDR cells had similar sensitivity to these compounds, however, MDR cells were highly resistant to doxorubicin. Compounds 1–4 induced an increase in the percentage of Annexin V-binding cells, indicating that 1–4 induced apoptosis in RAW 264.7 cells. Also, the condensation of nuclei, a characteristic morphological change of apoptosis, was observed in RAW 264.7 cells by the treatment with n-BuOH fraction, compounds 3 and 4, respectively.     

卡马克洛成膜止血气雾剂的止血效果

目的：探讨卡马克洛成膜止血气备剂的止血效果。方法：以全身麻醉家兔肝部切口为模型,对几种常用局部止血制剂的止血效果进行比较,结果：卡马克洛成膜止血气雾剂的止血效果明显优于其它几咱常用局部止血制剂。结论：卡马克洛成膜止血气雾剂可望成为战时深部创作的理想止血制剂。     

正交设计-超声提取重楼总皂苷

目的确定重楼总皂苷的最佳超声提取条件。方法以总皂苷得率为指标,正交设计法优化重楼皂苷的超声提取工艺。结果检测波长为410nm,薯蓣皂苷元在0.004～0.020mg/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),最佳超声提取工艺:料液比1:70,超声温度65℃,超声功率90%。结论优选出的超声提取工艺合理、经济、可行。     

In vivo and in vitro hemostatic activity of Chromolaena odorata leaf extract

Context: Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. (Asteraceae) or Siam weed has long been used to stop bleeding in Thailand and many countries. Only the aqueous leaf extract was investigated in in vivo and there have been conflicting results of in vitro hemostatic mechanisms of this plant. Objective: The most appropriate C. odorata leaf extract that promoted the highest hemostatic activity and the hemostatic mechanisms of these plant extracts will be investigated. Materials and methods: The lyophilized aqueous leaf extract and alcoholic (50, 70, and 95% ethanol) extracts from the fresh and dried leaves were investigated both in vivo and in vitro. The bleeding time in male Wistar rats was measured to investigate the hemostatic effect. The hemostatic mechanisms were tested using in vitro platelet aggregation and blood coagulation tests in sheep plasma. Results: All extracts displayed significantly reducing bleeding time (<2.5?min) in rats but did not induce platelet aggregation or blood clotting in the in vitro study. The in vitro blood clotting times of all extracts were > 0.6?min. Ethanol extract (70%) from the dried leaves proved to be the extract producing the highest hemostatic activity in vivo with the bleeding time of 1.85?min. Discussion and conclusion: The in vivo study with rats confirmed the significant ability of this plant extract to stop bleeding. However, the sufficient amount of calcium and active compounds which are aggregating and clotting agents to enhance blood coagulation and platelet aggregation in in vitro tests should be further studied.     

华重楼皂苷含量测定及累积规律研究

目的 测定华重楼不同栽培年限、龄段、栽培模式及产地主要重楼皂苷的含量,分析重楼皂苷在华重楼生长过程中的累积规律。方法 采用HPLC同时测定华重楼5种重楼皂苷(I、II、VI、VII、H)的含量。结果 华重楼总皂苷成分以重楼皂苷VII和H为主,重楼皂苷VI、II和I为辅。不同栽培年限华重楼根部皂苷(I、II、VII)含量差异具有统计学意义,6年生以上的含量可达到中国药典2020年版的标准,8年生的含量最高;根茎4a龄段和5a龄段的皂苷(I、II、VII)含量较高,显著高于其他龄段;不同栽培模式下皂苷(I、II、VII)含量范围在0.354%～0.765%,从高到低排列为针叶林>竹林>阔叶林>大棚;不同产地的皂苷(I、II、VII)含量在0.592%～0.741%,庆元百坎最高,仅福建三明的含量略低于中国药典2020年版的标准。结论 栽培年限、不同龄节、不同栽培模式及不同产地对华重楼皂苷的累积有明显影响,可为华重楼的人工栽培提供参考。     

Chemical constituents from rhizome of Anemone amurensis

Phytochemical investigation of the 70% EtOH extract of the rhizome of Anemone amurensis led to the isolation of two new oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins 1 and 2. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectral analysis, including 1D, 2D NMR data, and HR–ESI–MS. Compounds 1 and 2 were tested for cytotoxicities against two human cancer cell lines (A549 and Hep-G2). Compound 2 showed potent cytotoxicity with IC₅₀ values of 38.53 and 66.17 μM, respectively, while compound 1 with IC_50?>?100 μM.     

HPLC法测定文冠果各部位中文冠果皂苷E的含量

目的建立HPLC法测定文冠果各部位的文冠果皂苷E(bunkanka saponins E)的含量。方法采用重结晶分离纯化,波谱分析鉴定其结构;HPLC法测定其含量。用Hypersil ODS2柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水-磷酸(体积比为70.00∶30.00∶0.02),流速为1.0 mL.min-1,柱温为34℃,检测波长为210 nm。结果文冠果皂苷E质量浓度在0.009 8~0.196 0 g.L-1内与峰面积成良好线性关系r=0.999 9(n=6);果壳、果柄、种皮和种仁中文冠果皂苷E的平均回收率及RSD值分别为100.4%、1.64%(n=6);100.2%、2.72%(n=6);100.2%、2.12%(n=6);99.2%2、.28%(n=6)。结论该方法为文冠果不同药用部位(果壳、果柄和种皮)的质量控制提供实验依据。     

Phase 3, randomized,double-blind study of plasma-derived human thrombin versus bovine thrombin in achieving hemostasis in patients undergoing surgery

ABSTRACT

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of plasma-derived human thrombin and bovine thrombin for achieving hemostasis during surgery.

Methods: Adults (N = 305) with ≥ 1 mild or moderate bleeding site not manageable by conventional modalities during elective cardiovascular, neurologic, or general surgical procedures at multiple study centers were randomized to human (n = 153) or bovine (n = 152) thrombin, applied topically with an absorbable gelatin sponge. Bleeding was assessed 3, 6, and 10?min post-application. Other evaluations included laboratory assessments, vital signs, blood loss, blood transfusions, time in specialty-care units, procedure duration, and length of hospital stay. Blood samples for antibody assessment were collected at baseline and postoperative week 5.

Results: The proportion of patients achieving hemostasis within 10?min (primary outcome) was equivalent for human and bovine thrombin (97.4 vs. 97.4%, respectively; ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.96–1.05). The proportions of patients achieving hemostasis at 6?min (94.8 vs. 92.8%) and 3?min (73.2 vs. 72.4%) were also equivalent. No clinically meaningful differences were noted for other variables. The products had similar adverse event profiles. More patients (12.7%) who received bovine thrombin demonstrated seroconversion for ≥ 1 of the 4 antibodies assayed than patients who received human thrombin (3.3%). No patients in the human thrombin group developed seroconversion for anti-human thrombin or anti-human factor V/Va antibodies. Limitations of this study include the lack of a placebo-control group, the potential for inter-surgeon variability, and the fact that antibody assessment was not evaluable in all patients.

Conclusions: Plasma-derived human thrombin and bovine thrombin were equivalent in achieving hemostasis within 10, 6, and 3?min and had comparable safety profiles. None of the patients receiving human thrombin developed seroconversion for antibodies to any of the human antigens.     

Compounds from the pods of Astragalus armatus with antioxidant,anticholinesterase, antibacterial and phagocytic activities

Context: The phytochemical study and biological activities of Astragalus armatus Willd. subsp. numidicus (Fabaceae) pods, an endemic shrub of Maghreb, are reported.

Objective: This study isolates the secondary metabolites and determines the bioactivities of Astragalus armatus pods.

Materials and methods: The chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts of hydro-ethanolic extracts were studied. Antioxidant activity was investigated using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging, CUPRAC and ferrous chelating assays at concentrations ranging from 3 to 200?μg/mL. Anticholinesterase activity was determined against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes at 50, 100 and 200?μg/mL. Antibacterial activity was performed according to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. Carbon clearance method in albino mice was used for the phagocytic activity at concentrations 50, 70 and 100?mg/kg body weight. Spectroscopic techniques were used to elucidate the compounds.

Results: Ethyl acetate extract afforded a flavonoid (1) while the n-butanol extract gave four flavonoids (2–5), a cyclitol (6) and a cycloartane-type saponin (7). The ethyl acetate extract exhibited highest antioxidant activity in DPPH (IC₅₀: 67.90?±?0.57?μg/mL), ABTS (IC₅₀: 11.30?±?0.09?μg/mL) and CUPRAC (A_0.50: 50.60?±?0.9?μg/mL) assays. The chloroform extract exhibited the best antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, each with 80?μg/mL MIC values. The n-butanol extract enhanced phagocytic activity.

Discussion and conclusion: Isorhamnetin (1), isorhamnetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-galactopyranoside (2), isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 2)-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)]-β-d-galactopyranoside (3), kaempferol-3-O-(2,6-di-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-d-galactopyranoside (4), kaempferol-3-O-(2,6-di-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside (5), pinitol (6) and cyclomacroside D (7) were isolated whereas 1, 2, 6 and 7 are reported for the first time from A. armatus.