Assessment of antinociceptive,anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Cymbopogon winterianus leaf essential oil

The present study investigated the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of the leaf essential oil (LEO) of Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt (Poaceae). In the acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin tests, the LEO (50, 100, and 200?mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced (p?<?0.05) the number of writhings and paw licking times in the first (0-5?min) and second (15-30?min) phases, respectively. In contrast, the LEO did not alter the latency time for mice licking the rear paws in hot-plate test. The LEO inhibited the carrageenan-induced neutrophil migration to the peritoneal cavity in a dose-dependent manner (35.5%, 42.8%, and 66.1% at doses of 50, 100, and 200?mg/kg, respectively, p?<?0.001). Moreover, LEO exhibited higher scavenging activity toward 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals with an IC₅₀ (12.66?±?0.56 μg/mL). Our present results demonstrated that the LEO has antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.     

中国沉香挥发油的化学成分与抗耐甲氧西林金葡菌活性

分析中国沉香的挥发油成分,并测试其抗耐甲氧西林金葡菌活性。采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取中国沉香挥发油进行GC/MS分析,峰面积归一化法计算各成分相对含量,采用NIST05和WILEY275L数据库匹配,以及将质谱图与文献数据进行对照的方法进行鉴定。采用滤纸片琼脂扩散法测试挥发油抗菌活性。挥发油对耐甲氧西林金葡菌显示强活性。共检测到66个色谱峰,其中30个化合物得到鉴定,占挥发油总量的59.80%。26个化合物被鉴定为倍半萜类化合物,占挥发油总量的54.26%。β-沉香呋喃（8.96%）,枯苏醇（7.82%）,（-）-jinkoh-eremol（5.04%）,沉香螺旋醇（4.53%）,白木香呋喃酸（4.09%）为主要的倍半萜。4个降倍半萜和其他一些倍半萜,如10-表-γ-桉叶油醇,α-沉香呋喃,epi-ligulyl oxide等为首次从中国沉香中检出。本文首次报道了中国沉香挥发油对耐甲氧西林金葡菌具有抗菌活性。     

Volatile composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Artemisia absinthium growing in Western Ghats region of North West Karnataka,India

Abstract

Context: Artemisia absinthium L. (Asteraceae) is an aromatic, herbaceous, perennial plant commonly known as wormwood. Artemisia absinthium is traditionally used as an anthelmintic, antiseptic, antispasmodic and for bacillary dysentery, cancers and neurodegenerative diseases.

Objective: The essential oil composition of the leaves of A. absinthium growing in the Western Ghats region of North West Karnataka, India, is investigated for the first time in this region and the oil was screened for antimicrobial properties.

Materials and methods: The chemical composition of the hydro-distilled essential oil obtained from the leaves of A. absinthium was analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. The oil was tested against five Gram positive and, eight Gram negative bacteria and three fungi by the tube-dilution method at a concentration range of 5000–9?µg/mL.

Results: Results demonstrated that the leave oil was found to be rich in oxygenated monoterpenes (39.7% and 41.1%). The major compounds were borneol (18.7% and16.7%), methyl hinokiate (11.9% and 12.9%), isobornyl acetate (4.0% and 4.7%), β-gurjunene (3.8% and 4.4%) and caryophyllene oxide (3.7% and 4.3%), among 64 identified compounds, comprising 91.7% and 90.1% of the total oil. The organism Micrococcus luteus was found more susceptible to the oil with an MIC value of 25?±?4?µg/mL, followed by Micrococcus flavus, Bacillus subtilis, Penicillium chrysogenum and Aspergillus fumigatus with MIC values of 58?±?8, 65?±?8, 84?±?15 and 91?±?13?µg/mL, respectively.

Discussion and conclusion: The oil showing antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi validate the traditional use of the plant as an antiseptic.     

Chemical composition and mosquito larvicidal activities of Salvia essential oils

Context: Vector control is facing a threat due to the emergence of resistance to synthetic insecticides. In this context, essential oils have received much attention as potentially useful bioactive compounds against insects. Therefore, our present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of essential oils from the aerial parts of Salvia elegans Vahl, Salvia dorisiana Standl., Salvia splendens Sello ex J.A. Schult Blue Ribbon, and S. splendens Sello ex J.A. Schult Scarlet Sage Red (Lamiaceae) against the fourth instar larvae of Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae).

Objective: The mosquito larvicidal activities of the essential oils and chemical composition of four taxa of Salvia are investigated in this article for the first time.

Materials and methods: Chemical compositions of essential oils obtained from four taxa of Salvia were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), GC-FID, and the effects of essential oils on fourth instar larvae of A. albopictus were investigated.

Results: The main components identified from each Salvia essential oils were as follows: spathulenol (38.73%) and caryophyllene (10.32%) from S. elegans; ledol (45.8%) and 4,4'-[(p-phenylene)diisopropylidene]diphenol (17.38%) from S. dorisiana; β-cubebene (22.9%), and caryophyllene (12.99%) from S. splendens Blue Ribbon; phytol (41.46%) and cyclooctasulfur (24.88%) from S. splendens Scarlet Sage Red. The essential oils of S. elegans and S. splendens Blue Ribbon had excellent inhibitory larvicidal effect against A. albopictus larvae, and their LC₅₀ values in 24?h were 46.4?ppm (LC₉₀?=?121.8?ppm) and 59.2?ppm (LC₉₀?=?133.0?ppm), respectively.

Discussion and conclusion: These findings demonstrate that the essential oils of these Salvia species could be considered as the powerful candidates to bring about useful botanicals so as to prevent the resurgence of mosquito vectors.     

肉桂挥发油化学成分的GC/MS分析

对肉桂采用水蒸气回流法提取挥发油。用毛细管气相色谱 -质谱联用程序升温方法对肉桂挥发油化学成分进行分析,共鉴定了 35个化学成分,占挥发油相对含量的 96 %以上。     

Variability in yield and composition of essential oil in Cymbopogon jawarancusa

Variability in the oil content in natural populations of CYMBOPOGON JAWARANCUSA is discussed. Races rich in piperitone, phellandrene and other chemical constituents have been identified. The oil producing ability was largely genetic and showed heritability of 79.0 percent.     

Cardiovascular effects induced by Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil in rats: involvement of calcium channels and vagal pathway

Objectives This study has investigated the cardiovascular effects of the Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil (EOCW) in rats. C. winterianus is a plant used in folk medicine for the treatment of hypertension. Methods For the measurement of haemodynamic and ECG parameters, male Wistar rats under anaesthesia were cannulated in the abdominal aorta and lower vena cava and electrodes were subcutaneously implanted in their paws. For an in‐vitro approach, the rats were killed and the superior mesenteric artery was removed and cut into rings (1–2 mm). These rings were then mounted in organ baths containing Tyrode's solution at 37 °C and gassed with carbogen. Key findings In rats, EOCW (1–20 mg/kg, i.v.) induced dose‐dependent hypotension and tachycardia. These effects were not affected by L‐NAME or indometacin, but were partially reduced after atropine administration. EOCW (20 mg/kg only) also induced bradycardia‐associated sinoatrial blockade, junctional rhythm, and first‐degree atrioventricular block, which was abolished after atropine administration or vagotomy. In arterial rings, EOCW (0.1–3000 μg/ml) induced relaxation of phenylephrine tonus that was not affected by removal of the endothelium. These relaxations were similar to those observed in rings without endothelium precontracted with KCl 80 mm . EOCW was able to antagonize the CaCl₂ (30–300 μm ) induced contractions in depolarizing solution (KCl 60 mm ). Conclusions These results demonstrated that EOCW induced hypotension and vasorelaxation. These effects appeared to be mainly mediated by Ca⁺²‐channel blocking. Furthermore, the higher dose of EOCW induced transient bradycardia and arrhythmias due to a cardiac muscarinic activation secondary to a vagal discharge.     

柠檬精油的活性成分分析

目的通过GC/MS分析LEO的活性成分。方法将LEO溶于正己烷,配成2%的溶液,每次进样1μL,流经DB-5毛细管柱,采用GC/MS技术并与NIST标准谱库进行比对确定LEO中各化学成分,按峰面积归一化法得出各组分百分含量。结果 GC/MS分析发现LEO的12种化学成分,占总LEO含量的98.85%,其中含量最高的是m-Mentha-6,8-diene,(R)-(+)-达到77.04%,其次为-Terpinen占14.90%。结论该试验建立的方法简便、快捷、准确,可为EO检测的标准操作流程提供参考,并为建立精油指纹图谱库提供可能。     

Comparative anticonvulsant activities of the essential oils (EOs) from Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt and Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. in mice

The fresh leaves of Cymbopogon citratus are a good source of an essential oil (EO) rich in citral, and its tea is largely used in the Brazilian folk medicine as a sedative. A similar source of EO is Cymbopogon winterianus, rich in citronellal. The literature presents more studies on the EO of C. citratus and their isolated bioactive components, but only a few are found on the EO of C. winterianus. The objective of the present study was then to study, in a comparative way, the effects of both EOs on three models of convulsions (pentylenetetrazol, pilocarpine, and strychnine) and on the barbiturate-induced sleeping time on male Swiss mice. The animals (20–30 g) were acutely treated with 50, 100, and 200 mg kg⁻¹, intraperitoneally, of each EO, and 30 min later, the test was initiated. The observed parameters were: latency to the first convulsion and latency to death in seconds. Furthermore, the in vitro effects of the EOs were also studied on myeloperoxidase (MPO; a biomarker for inflammation) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; an index of cytotoxicity) releases from human neutrophils. The EOs radical-scavenging activities were also evaluated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The results showed that both EOs were more active on the pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsion model, and C. citratus was even more efficient in increasing latency to the first convulsion and latency to death. Both parameters were potentiated in the presence of a lower dose of diazepam (reference drug) when associated to a lower dose of each EO (25 mg kg⁻¹). Besides, their anticonvulsant effects were blocked by flumazenil, a known benzodiazepine antagonist. This effect was somewhat lower on the pilocarpine-induced convulsion, and better effects were seen only with the EOs’ higher doses (200 mg kg⁻¹). A similar result was observed on the strychnine-induced convulsion model. Both EOs potentiated the barbiturate-induced sleeping time. However, C. citratus was more efficient. Interestingly, both EOs completely blocked the MPO release from human neutrophils and showed no cytotoxic effect on the LDH release from human neutrophils. On the other hand, only a very low or no effect on the DPPH assay was observed with C. winterianus and C. citratus, respectively, indicating that the radical scavenging activity did not play a role on the EOs’ effects. We conclude that the mechanism of action of the anticonvulsant effect of the EOs studied is, at least in part, dependent upon the GABAergic neurotransmission. In addition, their effects on inflammatory biomarkers can also contribute to their central nervous system activity.     

GC-MS分析白鲜皮的挥发油成分

目的研究白鲜皮挥发油的化学成分。方法用水蒸气蒸馏法提取白鲜皮挥发油并用气相色谱-质谱技术分析。结果从白鲜皮挥发油中分离鉴定了31个组分,占总峰面积含量的86.17%。结论白鲜皮挥发油主要由倍半萜类化合物和长链脂肪酸成分构成,而倍半萜类化合物是其主要活性成分。     

Fragrant bioethanol: A valued bioproduct from orange juice and essential oil extraction

We identify the composition of a less known, yet important bioproduct obtained in relatively high amount during orange fruit processing for juice and essential oil extraction comprised of bioethanol dissolving valued terpenes. Green cosmetic, perfume and biosolvent applications are anticipated.     

德州野生黄花蒿挥发油化学成分的研究

目的　用气相色谱 -质谱法对黄花蒿挥发油化学成分进行分析。方法　采用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取黄花蒿中挥发油。用气相色谱 -质谱法对挥发油中化学成分进行鉴定,用归一化法确定相对百分含量。结果　鉴定了 5 9种组分,占挥发油总量的 93 97%。结论　本实验方法简便、可靠,重现性好     

Chemical composition and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of Artemisia maderaspatana essential oil

Abstract

Context: To date, there are no reports to validate the Indian traditional and folklore claims of Artemisia maderaspatana L. (syn. Grangea maderaspatana L.) (Asteraceae) for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

Objective: The present study characterizes the volatile components (non-polar compounds) of A. maderaspatana and evaluates its acetylcholinesterase inhibition potential.

Materials and methods: The essential oils (yield 0.06% v/w) were obtained from fresh aerial part of A. maderaspatana. The characterization of volatile components (non-polar compounds) was performed by GC–MS data and with those of reference compounds compiled in the spectral library of in-house database. The in vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition of the volatile organic constituents (VOC’s) of A. maderaspatana aerial part was evaluated in varying concentration ranges (0.70–44.75?µg/mL) with Ellman’s method.

Results: The major components were α-humulene (46.3%), β-caryophyllene (9.3%), α-copaene (8.2%), β-myrcene (4.3%), Z(E)-α-farnesene (3.7%), and calarene (3.5%). Chemical variability among other Artemisia spp. from different climatic regions of India and countries namely Iran and France was observed. The experimental results showed that diverse volatile organic constituents of A. maderaspatana have significant acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity (an IC₅₀ value of 31.33?±?1.03?µg/mL). This is the first report on the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase properties of essential oil of A. maderaspatana obtained from fresh aerial part.

Conclusions: The present results indicate that essential oil of A. maderaspatana isolated from the northern region of India could inhibit AChE moderately. Therefore, the possibility of novel AChE inhibitors might exist in VOCs of this plant.     

山蜡梅叶挥发油化学成分分析

目的：鉴定山腊梅叶挥发油的化学成分。方法：按照中国药典1995年版规定的方法提取山腊梅叶挥发油，采用GC／MS联用仪分析其挥发油的化学成分。结果：共分离出62个组分，鉴定了其中41个成分，占挥发油总量的97．92％，其中含量高于1%的有11个，并且以桉叶醇含量最高（50．53％），其他10个主要是萜类化合物。结论：本法分离效果良好，所鉴定组分较准确，对山腊梅叶挥发油的开发应用研究有一定的参考价值。     

白术挥发油化学成分的GC／MS分析

目的：鉴定中药白术挥发油的化学成分。方法：按照中国药典1995年版规定的方法提取白术挥发油，采用GC／MS联用仪分析其挥发油的化学成分。结果：共分离出77个组分，鉴定了其中46个成分，占挥发油总量的94.86％，其中含量高于1％的有11个，并且以苍术酮（atractylone）含量最高（43．7％），其他10个主要是萜类化合物。结论：本法分离效果良好，所鉴定组分较准确，对白术挥发油的开发应用研究有一定的参考价值。     

鱼腥草药材挥发油提取工艺优化及其成分分析

目的:优选水蒸气蒸馏法提取鱼腥草干品药材挥发油提取工艺,分析鱼腥草干品药材挥发油的组成。方法:采用正交实验法设计鱼腥草挥发油提取工艺,以鱼腥草挥发油中4-萜品醇、α-松油醇、乙酸龙脑酯、甲基正壬酮4种成分为评价指标,采用加权评分方法对提取方法进行分析,筛选水蒸气蒸馏法提取鱼腥草干品药材的挥发油的提取条件。并选用GC/MS法分析挥发油成分。结果:最佳提取工艺:剪碎成1 cm小段;料液比为1:15;浸泡30 min;提取5 h。并鉴定了鱼腥草干品药材挥发油中53种挥发性成分。结论:该提取工艺简便、合理,能准确反映药材的质量。     

太白蓼挥发油的化学成分和抗菌实验初步研究

目的：研究太白蓼挥发油的化学成分及其抗菌活性。方法：采用水蒸气蒸馏的方法提取太白蓼挥发油，运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC—MS）对其化学成分进行鉴定并对该挥发油的抗菌活性（MIC and MBC）进行了测定。结果：通过NIST质谱库检索，鉴定了其中的13个化合物，运用峰面积归一法确定各个组分的含量，药理实验表明太白蓼挥发油对所选取得8种菌株均有很好的活性。结论：太白蓼的挥发油具有抗菌作用。     

两种妈咪宝保健帖中药基质挥发油成分的GC/MS分析

目的对比研究A、C两种妈咪宝保健帖中药基质挥发油成分及含量.方法水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油,GC/MS/DS联用方法检测结果.结果A、C两种妈咪宝保健帖中药基质挥发油含有10种相同成分,其中三甲基肼、桂醛、夹竹桃麻素三种成分的百分含量较高.结论挥发油主成分中的桂醛、夹竹桃麻素是A、C妈咪宝保健帖的有效成分.     

小茴香挥发油化学成分的GC/MS研究

目的　用气相色谱-质谱对小茴香挥发油化学成分进行分析。方法　采用水蒸汽回流法提取挥发油,用毛细管气相色谱-质谱联用程序升温方法对小茴香挥发油化学成分进行鉴定。结果　共分离出5 1个化学组分,鉴定了4 1个化学成分,占挥发油相对含量的93%以上。结论　本实验方法可靠,重现性好,易于操作。