The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Salvia officinalis leaf aqueous and butanol extracts

Context: The leaf of sage Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) is reputed in the folk medicine of Arabia, and Jordan in particular, to relieve pain associated with gastrointestinal disturbance.

Objectives: Evaluation of the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous and butanol extracts of S. officinalis leaf.

Materials and methods: The analgesic effects of the aqueous extract (10, 31.6, 100, 316, 1000?mg/kg) and butanol extract (10, 31.6, 100, 316?mg/kg) were studied using the hot-plate test for mice and the formalin-induced paw licking in rats. The effects were compared to those of morphine and the influence of naloxone on these effects was also evaluated. The same concentrations of both extracts were used to evaluate their anti-inflammatory effects using the cotton pellet granuloma and carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats.

Results: The aqueous extract (10, 31.6, 100, 316, 1000?mg/kg) and butanol extract (10, 31.6, 100, 316?mg/kg) caused analgesic effect in the hot-plate latency assay as well as in early and late phases of formalin-induced paw licking in rats. These effects were reduced by the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone (5?mg/kg). The same range of doses of both extracts caused dose-dependent inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats as well as inhibition of cotton pellet granuloma.

Discussion and conclusion: These observations suggest that the sage leaf aqueous and butanol extracts have analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, confirming the traditional use of this plant for pain alleviation.     

Comparison of the antinociceptive effects of intracerebroventricular injection of kyotorphin,cyclo (N-methyl-tyr-arg) and met-enkephalin in mice

Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of kyotorphin (l-Tyrosine-l-Arginine) or Met-enkephalin (Met-ENK) to conscious mice resulted in a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect as measured by three pain tests. Cyclo(N-methyl-l-Tyrosine-l-Arginine) (cyclo NMTA), an analogue of kyotorphin, increased the reaction time in the tail-pressure and tail-flick tests. Both dipeptides also decreased writhing induced by acetic acid. However, the antinociceptive activity of cyclo NMTA was substantially greater than that of kyotorphin or Met-enkephalin. At the maximum effective dose of 62.7 $\text{nmol}\text{mouse}$, this cyclic dipeptide produced a more long-lasting antinociceptive effect than did kyotorphin or Met-enkephalin. Antinociception induced by cyclo NMTA or kyotorphin was significantly reversed by pretreatment with naloxone (2 or 8 $\text{mg}\text{kg}$, i.p.), though naloxone was not as effective an antagonist of the antinociceptive action of these peptides as it was against Met-enkephalin. The results indicate that the antinociceptive effect induced by cyclo NMTA may in part involve the endogenous opioid system in mice.     

射干抗病毒口服液和射干抗病毒注射液抗炎作用的比较分析

目的 比较射干抗病毒口服液和射干抗病毒注射液的抗炎作用。 方法 通过二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀实验观察射干抗病毒口服液及射干抗病毒注射液的抗炎作用。 结果 口服液的高剂量组与注射液的中、高剂量组都可明显抑制二甲苯所致小鼠耳肿胀度(与空白组比较,P<0.05,其中口服液高剂量组P=0.006、注射液中剂量组P=0.004、注射液高剂量组P=0.010)。但射干抗病毒口服液和射干抗病毒注射液的抗炎作用差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。     

射干抗病毒口服液与注射液的镇痛作用比较

目的 比较射干抗病毒口服液和射干抗病毒注射液的镇痛作用.方法 采用电刺激疼痛实验观察射干抗病毒口服液及射干抗病毒注射液对小鼠的镇痛作用.结果 中、高剂量的射干抗病毒口服液与注射液都能显著增加用药后15 min和30 min的小鼠痛阈值(与给药前比较,P＜0.05;同时与空白组比较,P＜0.05).结论 射干抗病毒口服液及射干抗病毒注射液均具有明显的镇痛作用,且口服液与注射液的镇痛作用无显著差异.     

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the methanol root extracts of some selected Nigerian medicinal plants

Context: The roots of Alafia barteri Oliver (Apocynaceae), Combretum mucronatum Schumach (Combretaceae) and Capparis thonningii Schum (Capparaceae) are used in Traditional African Medicine to alleviate painful and inflammatory conditions.

Objective: This study investigated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the methanol root extracts of Alafia barteri (MeAB), C. mucronatum (MeCM), and Capparis thonningii (MeCT).

Materials and methods: Analgesic activity of the extracts (50, 100, and 200?mg/kg, p.o. 1?h) was evaluated using acetic acid-, formalin- and hot plate-induced pain while anti-inflammatory actions (100 or 200?mg/kg) were investigated using the carrageenan- and xylene-induced edema tests.

Results: MeAB, MeCM, and MeCT (200?mg/kg) inhibited acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction by 55.07, 46.67, and 47.25%, respectively. In the formalin test, the index of pain inhibition of early and late phases was, respectively, 47.83 and 81.98% for MeAB, 56.10 and 63.81% for MeCM, and 42.84 and 63.29% for MeCT (200?mg/kg). MeAB and MeCT pretreatments significantly increased the reaction time by 46.67 and 25.53%, respectively, 120?min post-treatment in the hot-plate test. Naloxone (5?mg/kg, s.c.) pretreatment 15?min before extract administration, significantly (p?MeAB, MeCM, and MeCT showed significant anti-inflammatory activity with 60.44 and 30.39%, 63.74 and 58.08%, and 50.55 and 77.84% (200?mg/kg, 4?h), respectively, inhibition of paw and ear edema.

Discussion and conclusion: The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of MeAB and MeCT involve an interaction with opioid pathway and/or inhibition of chemical mediators of pain and inflammation.     

Evaluation of the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oil of Nepeta pogonosperma Jamzad et Assadi in rats

Background and the purpose of study

Concerning the different effects of essential oils from Nepeta genus on the central nervous system including pain killing effect, this study was designed to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oil of Nepeta pogonosperma Jamzad et Assadi (NP), a recently identified species.

Methods

Air-dried aerial parts of NP were hydrodistillated and GC-MS analysis of obtained essential oil was conducted. Total 24 male Wister rats weighing 225 ± 25 gm were studied. Essential oil of NP was administered intraperitoneally at the doses of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg for the experimental groups. Control rats received equal volume (2 ml/kg) of normal saline. Antinociception was assessed by tail flick test (after 30 minutes) and formalin test (for further 60 minutes). Then the animal was sacrificed and the paw edema was measured using a water plethysmometer.

Results

4aα,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone and 1,8-cineole were found as the main concentrated components of NP essential oil. All the doses of NP showed antinociception. NP 200 mg/kg reduced the pain sensation in tail flick (p <0.01) and formalin test (p <0.001 in both phases). In paw edema test, NP 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly reduced the inflammation (p <0.01 and p <0.05).

Conclusion

This study reveals that the essential oil of NP may minimize both the acute and chronic forms of nociception and may have potent role against inflammation, but the dose should be maintained precisely to obtain the intended effect.     

Comparative study of the anti-edematogenic effects of anethole and estragole

BackgroundAnethole and estragole are monoterpene position isomers and constituents of essential oils from aromatic plants and were used in this study with the aim of analyzing their anti-inflammatory activity.MethodsThe anti-edematogenic effects of anethole and estragole were evaluated through plethysmometry in Swiss mice.ResultsAnethole inhibited carrageenan-induced edema at doses of 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg from 60 to 240 min after induction. However, the inhibitory effects of estragole were observed only from 60 to 120 min at the two highest doses. Anethole and estragole similarly inhibited edema elicited by substance P, bradykinin, histamine and TNF-α but were different in the inhibition of serotonin-elicited edema. In addition, only estragole inhibited sodium nitroprusside-induced edema.ConclusionsAnethole and estragole showed different profiles in the anti-inflammatory response to substance P, bradykinin, histamine, serotonin and TNF-α. NO is involved only in the inhibition mechanism of estragole.     

An evaluation of the anti-inflammatory,antipyretic and analgesic effects of hydroethanol leaf extract of Albizia zygia in animal models

Context: The leaves of Albizia zygia (DC.) J.F. Macbr. (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae) are used in Ghanaian traditional medicine for the treatment of pain, inflammatory disorders and fever (including malaria).

Objectives: The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effects of the hydroethanol leaf extract of Albizia zygia (AZE) in animal models.

Materials and methods: The anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of AZE were examined in the carrageenan-induced foot oedema model and the baker’s yeast-induced pyrexia test respectively. The analgesic effect and possible mechanisms of action were also assessed in the formalin test.

Results: AZE (30–300?mg/kg, p.o.), either preemptively or curatively, significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced foot edema in 7-day-old chicks (ED₅₀ values; preemptive: 232.9?±?53.33?mg/kg; curative: 539.2?±?138.28?mg/kg). Similarly, the NSAID diclofenac (10–100?mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced the oedema in both preemptive (ED₅₀: 21.16?±?4.07?mg/kg) and curative (ED₅₀: 44.28?±?5.75?mg/kg) treatments. The extract (30–300?mg/kg, p.o.) as well as paracetamol (150?mg/kg, p.o.) also showed significant antipyretic activity in the baker’s yeast-induced pyrexia test (ED₅₀ of AZE: 282.5?±?96.55?mg/kg). AZE and morphine (1–10?mg/kg, i.p.; positive control), exhibited significant analgesic activity in the formalin test. The analgesic effect was partly or wholly reversed by the systemic administration of naloxone, theophylline and atropine.

Conclusion: The results suggest that AZE possesses anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties, which justifies its traditional use. Also, the results show the involvement of the opioidergic, adenosinergic and the muscarinic cholinergic pathways in the analgesic effects of AZE.     

Xanthone-rich dichloromethane fraction of Securidaca inappendiculata,the possible antirheumatic material base with anti-inflammatory,analgesic, and immunodepressive effects

Context: Securidaca inappendiculata Hassk. is an traditional Chinese medicine curing rheumatoid arthritis, but there is a lack of reports on material base research.

Objective: To find the active fraction of S. inappendiculata contributing the most to antirheumatic activity.

Materials and methods: Prior to assays in vivo, mice were treated with different fractions from S. inappendiculata for 5?d at doses relative to 10, 5, and 2.5?g/kg of crude drug. Hot plate test and carrageenan-induced paw edema test were used to investigate analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. PGE₂ levels in inflammatory paws were determined by a colorimetric method. Carbon clearance test in vivo and lymphocyte transformation test in vitro were employed to assess the immune regulation activity. HPLC was used to explore the main compounds in the active fraction.

Results: All the fractions, especially the dichloromethane fraction (SID), alleviated inflammation. High dose of SID (112?mg/kg) inhibited paw swelling by 63.1%, and decreased PGE₂ level to 38?ng/mL. The ethyl acetate fraction (SIE) and SID suppressed the carbon clearance rate (K?=?0.044, 0.038 for high dose) efficiently. All fractions hindered the transformation and proliferation of lymphocyte, and prolonged the reaction time of rats in the hot plate test. The concentrations of two typical xanthones: 2-hydroxyl-1,7-dimethoxyl-xanthone and 1,7-dihydroxyl-xanthone in SID were 0.93% and 1.19%, respectively, by HPLC analysis.

Conclusion: SID exhibited significant anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and immunodepressive effects in vivo and vitro, and deemed as the main material base for the antirheumatic activity.     

A comparison of muscarinic cholinergic involvement in the antinociceptive effects of morphine and clonidine in the mouse

The antinociceptive effects (AE) of morphine and clonidine were examined in the mouse tail immersion test (48°C). The interactions of these two agents with cholinergic (muscarinic) and anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) drugs were examined with respect to antinociceptive effect. Physostigmine, administrative peripherally and intracerebro-ventricularly (i.c.v.) increased the AE of both morphine and clonidine. Atropine sulphate (but not atropine methylnitrate) antagonised the AE of both morphine and clonidine in a dose-dependent manner. Oxotremorine (OTMN) produced and AE that was additive with that of morphine and clonidine without being synergistic. These findings are discussed in terms of possible cholinergic mechanisms involved in the AEsp produced by morphine and clonidine.     

Comparative study of the respiratory effects of two beta1-selective blocking agents atenolol and bevantolol in asthmatic patients

Summary Seven asthmatic patients were given a single placebo tablet in a first test session and then in two subsequent double blind sessions they randomly received 400 mg bevantolol or 100 mg atenolol, with at least 2 days between each of the sessions. Neither beta-blocker had any significant effect on FVC as compared to the placebo. FEV 1, however, was significantly lower 2 and 3 h after atenolol or bevantolol; there was no significant difference between the effects of the two drugs on FEV 1. Peak expiratory flow rate was reduced by bevantolol but not by atenolol, the difference reaching significance after 3 h. Fenoterol inhalation at the end of each test session always enhanced pulmonary performance, but to a lesser extent after bevantolol than after placebo or atenolol. A slower heart rate was recorded 2, 3, and 4 h after bevantolol and 3 and 4 h after atenolol; the mean 2-h value was significantly lower with atenolol than with bevantolol. No patient suffered any adverse effect. Bevantolol may be slightly less selective than atenolol.     

银杏总黄酮与银杏总内酯对亚急性期卒中小鼠神经功能恢复促进作用的比较研究

舒血宁注射液作为一种银杏叶提取物制剂,在脑卒中急性期和亚急性期防治上表现出独特优势,但其主要活性部位尚不明晰.本研究旨在基于前期构建的小鼠脑卒中亚急性期模型,进一步探讨舒血宁的两个主要组分银杏总黄酮和银杏总内酯对促进脑卒中小鼠神经功能恢复的贡献度及作用机制.主要通过神经及行为学变化、脑梗死体积、血脑屏障渗透和脑水肿进行...     

新法加工川乌与附片抗炎镇痛作用的比较研究

目的比较新法加工川乌在总生物碱高于附片13倍时,其抗炎、镇痛的效果是否有差异;方法通过小鼠热板法、扭体法、小鼠耳廓肿胀法和大鼠足趾肿胀法进行镇痛和抗炎作用比较;结果二者对热板法小鼠的痛阈值均无提高,均能减少醋酸所致小鼠扭体次数;对二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓肿胀和角叉菜胶所致大鼠足趾肿胀具有抑制作用,但二者之间比较差异无显著性;结论新法加工川乌与附片抗炎镇痛差异无显著性,与总生物碱无量效相关性,其中是否有新的活性成份,有待进一步研究探讨。     

Comparative study of dissolved and nanoparticulate Ag effects on the life cycle of an estuarine meiobenthic copepod,Amphiascus tenuiremis

Many nanotoxicological studies have assessed the acute toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) at high exposure concentrations. There is a gap in understanding NP chronic environmental effects at lower exposure concentrations. This study reports life-cycle chronic toxicity of sublethal exposures of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles (PVP-AgNPs) relative to dissolved silver nitrate (AgNO₃) for the estuarine meiobenthic copepod, Amphiascus tenuiremis, over a range of environmentally relevant concentrations, i.e., 20, 30, 45, and 75?µg-Ag?L^?1. A concentration-dependent increase in mortality of larval nauplii and juvenile copepodites was observed. In both treatment types, significantly higher mortality was observed at 45 and 75?µg-Ag?L^?1 than in controls. In AgNO₃ exposures, fecundity declined sharply (1.8–7 fold) from 30 to 75?µg Ag?L^?1. In contrast, fecundity was not affected by PVP-AgNPs exposures. A Leslie matrix population-growth model predicted sharply 60–86% of decline in overall population sizes and individual life-stage numbers from 30–75?µg-Ag L^?1 as dissolved AgNO₃. In contrast, no population growth suppressions were predicted for any PVP-AgNPs exposures. Slower release of dissolved Ag from PVP-AgNPs and/or reduced Ag uptake in the nanoform may explain these sharp contrasts in copepod response.