Toxic effects induced by the repeat administration of Allium sativum L.]

Female and male rats were given 300 and 600 mg/kg/24 h of a Garlic bulb aqueous extract for 21 days. The results showed that garlic extract causes toxic effects affecting weight growth, biologic parameters and histologic structures.     

Comparative pharmacological investigations of Allium ursinum and Allium sativum.

Extracts of wild garlic (Allium ursinum) and garlic (A. sativum) with defined chemical compositions were investigated for their in vitro inhibitory potential on 5-lipoxygenase (LO), cyclooxygenase (CO), thrombocyte aggregation (TA), and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE). The inhibition rates as IC50 values of both extracts for 5-LO, CO, and TA showed a good correlation with the %-content of the major S-containing compounds (thiosulfinates and ajoenes) of the various extracts. In the 5-LO and CO test the garlic extracts are slightly superior to the wild garlic extracts whereas, in the TA test, no differences could be found. In the ACE test the water extract of the leaves of wild garlic containing glutamyl-peptides showed the highest inhibitory activity followed by that of the garlic leaf and the bulbs of both drugs. The comparative studies underline the usefulness of wild garlic as a substitute of garlic.     

大蒜有机硫化合物药理活性的研究进展

大蒜的主要药理活性成分是有机硫化合物.大蒜有机硫化合物能通过多种途径抑制肿瘤生长,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,并具有抗菌消炎、提高机体免疫力、预防和治疗心血管疾病等药理作用.本文对大蒜有机硫化合物药理活性的研究进展做一综述.     

Antihepatotoxic Actions of Allium sativum Bulbs1.

Garlic constituents, the volatile oil, alliin, S-allylmercaptocysteine (ASSC) and S-methylmercapto-cysteine (MSSC) were subjected to assay for their antihepatotoxic activity using the IN VITRO and IN VIVO liver damage models. Marked inhibitory activity was found with the volatile oil, ASSC and MSSC in carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4))- and galactosamine (GalN)-induced cytotoxicity in primary cultured rat hepatocytes as model systems. ASSC exhibited a remarkable inhibitory action and the volatile oil, alliin and MSSC showed tendencies to elicit protective actions in GalN-produced liver lesion in rats. The volatile oil inhibited CCl (4)-induced free radical formation and lipid peroxidation, indicating that anti-oxidative activity participates in the inhibitory effect of the volatile oil in CCl (4)-evoked liver damage.     

灵芝多糖粗提物对雌二醇诱导小鼠胸腺萎缩的改善作用研究

目的:研究灵芝多糖粗提物对雌二醇诱导小鼠胸腺萎缩的改善作用。方法:将60只雌性ICR小鼠随机分为正常对照组(生理盐水)、模型组(生理盐水)和灵芝多糖粗提物高、低剂量组(400、100 mg/kg,以生药量计),每组15只。除正常对照组外,其余各组小鼠均隔天腹腔注射雌二醇(0.1 mg/只,共6次)建立胸腺萎缩模型。造模结束后次日,小鼠灌胃给药,每天1次,连续给药14d。末次给药24 h后,测定小鼠脏器(胸腺、脾)指数以及血浆中丙二醛(MDA)含量和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)活性,采用苏木精-伊红染色法观察小鼠胸腺、脾组织的病理学变化,采用原位末端标记法检测小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡情况,并采用流式细胞术检测其外周血中T细胞亚群分类。结果:与正常对照组比较,模型组小鼠胸腺指数和外周血中CD3⁺CD4⁺T细胞比例、CD4⁺/CD8⁺T比值均显著降低(P<0.01),脾指数、血浆中MDA含量、胸腺细胞凋亡水平以及外周血中CD3⁺CD8⁺T细胞比例均显著升高(P&l...     

大蒜多糖体外抗柯萨奇病毒B3作用

目的研究大蒜多糖体外抗柯萨奇病毒B3(Coxsackievirusg roup B type 3,CVB3)作用。方法观察大蒜多糖A,B,C的细胞毒性、对CVB3直接灭活作用、抗CVB3吸附作用及对CVB3生物合成抑制作用。结果大蒜多糖A,B,C对Hep-2细胞的半数中毒浓度(TC50)分别为1000,800,4000μg／mL;均无直接灭活CVB3及抗CVB3吸附作用;除A外,B和C均可剂量依赖性抑制CVB3生物合成。结论大蒜多糖B和C在体外通过抑制CVB3生物合成而发挥抗CVB3的作用。     

苦瓜水提物对实验性糖尿病小鼠血糖、血脂的影响

目的：研究苦瓜水提物对实验性2型糖尿病模型小鼠体重和血清中血糖值（GLU）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）和游离脂肪酸（NEFA）的影响。方法：雄性昆明小鼠喂以高脂饲料（10％蛋黄。10％猪油,1％胆固醇,0．2％胆盐,78．8％基料）1个月,诱发胰岛素抵抗,继以低剂量四氧嘧啶（90mg·kg～,腹腔注射）,使之产生高血糖症,建立2型糖尿病小鼠模型。以苦瓜水提取物10g·kg^-1（相当于生药材重量）的剂量通过灌胃给药,30d后测定小鼠空腹血糖、糖耐量、血液各项生化指标。结果：显著降低了2型糖尿病小鼠的GLU、NEFA、TC、TG和MDA值（P〈0．05）;显著升高了2型糖尿病小鼠SOD值（P〈0．05）。结论：苦瓜水提物能够显著降低2型糖尿病小鼠的血糖值,并可调节其血脂代谢。     

大蒜中蒜氨酸的分离与鉴定

目的 蒜氨酸的分离与鉴定。方法 采用硅胶色谱柱分离，物理、化学和光谱学方法鉴定结构。结果 确定了蒜氨酸的结构。结论 第一次利用1D-NMR和2D-NMR技术完整地确定了蒜氨酸中所有碳氢的信号归属。     

Phytotoxic and genotoxic effects of ZnO nanoparticles on garlic (Allium sativum L.): a morphological study

The effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on the root growth, root apical meristem mitosis and mitotic aberrations of garlic (Allium sativum L.) were investigated. ZnO NPs caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of root length. When treated with 50 mg/L ZnO NPs for 24 h, the root growth of garlic was completely blocked. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) was estimated to be 15 mg/L. The mitosis index was also decreased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. ZnO NPs also induced several kinds of mitotic aberrations, mainly consisted of chromosome stickiness, bridges, breakages and laggings. The total percentage of abnormal cells increased with the increase of ZnO NPs concentration and the prolongation of treatment time. The investigation provided new information for the possible genotoxic effects of ZnO NPs on plants.     

Protection Afforded by Crude Spinach-Beet Leaf Extract and Equivalent Amounts of Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin Against Clastogenic Effects of Potassium Dichromate in Mice In Vivo

The comparative efficacy of crude extract of spinach-beet leaves (Beta vulgaris var. benghalensis Hort. Chenopodiaceae) and equivalent amounts of chlorophyll and chlorophyllin in reducing clastogenic activity of a hexavalent chromium compound, potassium dichromate (K 2 Cr 2 O 7), was tested in mouse bone marrow cells in vivo. The endpoints monitored were chromosomal aberrations (CA). Mice were fed the crude leaf extract by gavage for 7 consecutive days and then treated with the metallic salt on day 7. In separate sets, chlorophyll extracted from the spinach-beet leaves and a synthetic compound chlorophyllin were administered simultaneously with, before, or after exposure to the chromium compound. Chromosomes were studied from bone marrow cells 24 h after the treatment. Crude leaf extract and chlorophyllin did not induce chromosomal aberrations when given alone. Priming with the crude extract reduced the clastogenic effects of potassium dichromate to the control level. Similar protection was afforded by chlorophyllin when given simultaneously. Chlorophyll, on the other hand, induced significantly higher number of chromosomal aberrations when given alone as compared to distilled water and did not reduce the clastogenic activity of the metal when administered in combination.     

Antifertility Effects of Sapindus trifoliatus L. Fruit Extract in Rats

Abstract

A saponin rich fraction was isolated from the fruit pulp of Sapindus trifoliatus L. It was tested for postcoital antifertility effects in female albino rats on different days of pregnancy. When injected intraperitioneally (20 mg/rat) on days 6–9 or on days 1–14, it impaired fertility in 7/10 and 10/10 animals, respectively. However, no significant fertility impairment occurred when this dose was administered on Days 1–3, 1–7 or 4–7. This fraction also appeared to be antiestrogenic when tested with 1 μg 170-estradiol.     

Uptake and accumulation and oxidative stress in garlic (Allium sativum L.) under lead phytotoxicity

The effects of different concentrations of Pb on growth of Allium sativum L, Pb uptake and accumulation, antioxidant enzyme activity and malondialdehyde content were investigated. The results indicated that shoot growth at high concentration of Pb (10⁻³ M) and roots growth at 10⁻³ M and 10⁻⁴ M Pb were significantly inhibited. Lead ions were accumulated mainly in the roots and only small amounts were translocated to bulbs and shoots. SOD activities in shoot and roots exposed to 10⁻³ M Pb were observed to be high. Plants exposed to 10⁻³ M Pb showed a significant increase in POD activity in roots versus the control and other Pb treatments. In roots, CAT activity and MDA concentration at 10⁻³ M Pb is high significantly. The mechanisms of Pb toxicity and tolerance in garlic are briefly discussed.     

The bioactivity of processed garlic (Allium sativum L.) as shown in vitro and in vivo studies on rats.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is widely used as an obligatory part in many cooked dishes loosing during this process a certain part of its bioactivity. Antioxidant capacity measured by the ferric-reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) method and by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical assay was the highest in raw and in a short time processed garlic samples by cooking. 70 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 10 diet groups, each of seven. They were named Control, NPG, PG1, PG2, PG3, Chol, Chol/NPG, Chol/PG1, Chol/PG2 and Chol/PG3. The rats of the Control group were fed basal diet (BD), which included wheat starch, casein, soybean oil, cellulose, mineral and vitamin mixtures. To the BD of the nine other groups were added 25mg of lyophilized non processed garlic equivalent of 500 mg non processed garlic/kg body weight (NPG), the same quantity of processed garlic for 20, 40 and 60 min for PG1, PG2 and PG3, respectively, 1% of cholesterol (Chol), 1% of cholesterol and 25mg/kg body weight of lyophilized non processed garlic (Chol/NPG), 1% of cholesterol and the same quantity of processed garlic for 20, 40 and 60 min for Chol/PG1, Chol/PG2 and Chol/PG3, respectively. The dose of 500 mg (25mg of lyophilized garlic/kg body weight) was chosen as the most effective (Banerjee, S.K., Maulik, M., Mancahanda, S.C., Dinda, A.K., Gupta, S.K., Maulik, S.K., 2002. Dose-dependent induction of endogenous antioxidants in rat heart by chronic administration of garlic. Life Sciences 70, pp. 1509-1518). Plasma lipid profile and the total antioxidant capacity in rats significantly differed in diet groups with addition of garlic samples cooked for a long time. In summary, garlic cooked for a short time preserves a high bioactivity of non processed garlic. The diet supplemented with these samples and cholesterol improved lipid indices, decreased fibrinogen and increased antioxidant activity in plasma of rats. Therefore, for preservation of garlic bioactivity optimal regime has to be used.     

星宿菜提取物对小鼠免疫性肝损伤的保护作用

目的：观察星宿菜水提取物及醇提取物对小鼠免疫性肝损伤的保护作用。方法：105只小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、联苯双酯组、星宿菜水提取物高剂量组、星宿菜水提取物低剂量组、星宿菜醇提取物高剂量组、星宿莱醇提取物低剂量组,每组15只。小鼠尾静脉注射卡介苗（BCG）联合脂多糖（LPS）建立免疫性肝损伤模型。连续给药12d后,测定小鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）活性及肝组织匀浆超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、谷胱甘肽一过氧化物酶（GSH．Px）水平。结果：与模型组相比,星宿菜提取物可显著降低免疫性肝损伤模型小鼠血清中ALT、AST活性、肝组织MDA含量,升高肝组织SOD、GSH—Px活性（P〈0．05）;高剂量组效果优于低剂量组（P〈0．05）;星宿菜醇提取物效果最佳。结论：星宿莱提取物对小鼠免疫性肝损伤具有保护作用,其机制与抗脂质过氧化有关。