Analgesic,anti-inflammatory,and antipyretic activities of the ethanol extract from Desmodium caudatum

Context: In folk medicine in China, Desmodium caudatum (Thunb.) DC (Leguminosae) has been used to treat febrile diseases, rheumatic arthritis, and bacillary dysentery; nevertheless, there have been no reports on the analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects of this plant in animals.

Objective: To investigate the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activities of D. caudatum extract (DCE) in animals.

Materials and methods: The analgesic effect of DCE was measured in mice using the acetic acid-induced writhing test and the hot-plate test. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model and the dimethylbenzene-induced mouse inflammation model. The antipyretic effect was estimated using the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced rat fever model. In addition, the acute oral toxicity of DCE was studied.

Results: DCE significantly and dose-dependently inhibited the writhing responses in mice, increased reaction time in mice in the hot-plate test, reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and the dimethylbenzene-induced ear edema in mice, and attenuated LPS-induced fever in rats. Furthermore, no death was observed when mice were orally administered DCE up to 40?g/kg.

Discussion and conclusion: DCE possesses evident analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activities, and has a favorable safety, which supports the use of D. caudatum as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic drug in folk medicine.     

Analgesic,anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet activities of the methanolic extract of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia modesta</Emphasis> leaves

The current study was aimed to evaluate Acacia modesta for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-platelet activities. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects were assessed in rodents using acetic acid and formalin-induced nociception, hot plate and carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema tests. The intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of the methanolic extract (50 and 100 mg/kg) produced significant inhibition (P < 0.01) of the acetic acid-induced writhing in mice and suppressed formalin-induced licking response of animals in both phases of the test. In the hot plate assay the plant extract (100 mg/kg) increased pain threshold of mice. Naloxone (5 mg/kg i.p.) partially reversed the analgesic effect of the extract in formalin and hot plate tests. A. modesta (100 and 200 mg/kg i.p.) exhibited sedative effect in barbiturate-induced hypnosis test similar to that produced by diazepam (10 mg/kg i.p.). The plant extract (50–200 mg/kg i.p.) produced marked anti-inflammatory effect in carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema assay comparable to diclofenac and produced a dose-dependent (0.5–2.5 mg/mL) inhibitory effect against arachidonic acid induced platelet aggregation. These data suggest that A. modesta possesses peripheral analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, with analgesic effects partially associated with the opioid system.     

Anti-inflammatory,analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Pisonia aculeata: Folk medicinal use to scientific approach

Context: Pisonia aculeata leaves (Nyctagenaceae), a Folk medicinal plant used in the treatment of several inflammation, pain, and oxidative stress associated diseases.

Objective: To evaluate anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant potential of crude methanol extract of P. aculeata leaves (MEPA).

Materials and methods: Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of MEPA (250 and 500?mg/kg) were evaluated using writhing, formalin, hot plate, tail flick, carrageenan-induced paw edema test, and membrane stabilizing activity. Free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of MEPA were also determined using standard methods.

Results: Oral administration of MEPA showed significant (p < 0.001) inhibition of paw edema, pronounced at 4?h and 5?h after carrageenan injection, and at 200 µg/mL exerts 77.67 and 38.51% protective effect against hypotonic solution and heat induced hemolysis, respectively. MEPA (250 and 500?mg/kg) produced 35.21 and 79.14% inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing. Furthermore, MEPA (500?mg/kg) inhibited 49.19% early and 73.14% late phase of formalin-induced hypernociception. In contrast, a lower dose of MEPA did not prevent hot plate induced nociception, while in the tail immersion method, pronounced analgesic activity was observed between 1 and 4?h postdosing. The extract possesses significant in vitro antioxidant activity and a lipid peroxidation inhibition effect. Total phenolic and total flavonoid content in MEPA were 87.99?±?0.87?mg GAE/g and 58.98?±?0.01?mg QE/g, respectively.

Discussion and conclusion: Our findings confirmed the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Pisonia aculeata leaves. Contents of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in extract could be correlated with its observed biological activities.     

Anti-inflammatory studies on Adenanthera pavonina seed extract

A methanol extract of the seeds of Adenanthera pavonina was evaluated for pharmacological effects in animal models. The extract (50–200 mg/kg) produced statistically significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of the carrageenan-induced paw oedema in the rat, as well as the acetic-acid-induced vascular permeability in mice. At doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, pleurisy induced with carrageenan was also inhibited. The extract (50–200 mg/kg) exhibited a dose-dependent and significant (P < 0.05) analgesic activity in the acetic-induced writhing in mice. In addition, both early and late phases of the formalin-induced paw licking in mice was inhibited by the extract. Acute toxicity studies revealed that the extract produced reduced motor activity. The LD₅₀ value of the extract was found to be 1.36 g/kg. This study demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of A. pavonina extract.     

Anti-inflammatory Properties of Entada abyssinica. Leaves

Abstract

The effects of the defatted methanol extract of Entada abyssinica. Steud. ex A. Rich leaves on some models of inflammation were investigated. The analgesic property of the plant extract was also tested on acetic acid–induced writhing, as well as formalin-induced paw licking, in mice. The antipyretic effect was evaluated using yeast-induced hyperpyrexia in mice. At doses of 50–200 mg/kg, the extract produced significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of leukocyte migration after intraperitoneal injection of carrageenan in rats. A topical anti-inflammatory effect was produced by 20 mg/ear of the extract, as demonstrated by inhibition of croton oil–induced ear edema in mice. The analgesic property of the plant extract was observed by inhibition of acetic acid–induced writhing and paw licking induced by formalin in mice. The extract, however, exhibited no antipyretic activity. This study further established the anti-inflammatory activity of E. abyssinica., in addition to its analgesic effect.     

Phytochemical screening and anti-inflammatory properties of Algerian Hertia cheirifolia methanol extract

Context: Hertia cheirifolia L. (Asteraceae) is traditionally used in Northern Africa to treat various inflammatory infections. However, few studies on this plant have been reported.

Objective: The anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of H. cheirifolia leaves was investigated using different experimental models.

Materials and methods: Phytochemical analysis was performed to determine phenolic compounds. Acute toxicity of the extract (2000?mg/kg) was examined in Swiss albino mice for 14 days, before croton oil-induced ear oedema in mice, carrageenan-induced paw oedema in Swiss albino rats, cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats and carrageenan-induced air pouch in mice were conducted. The IL-1β and TNF-α release from concanavalin A-stimulated monocytes was measured by ELISA.

Results: Methanol extract of H. cheirifolia is rich in polyphenols and flavonoids. Cinnamic acid and rutin represent the major constituents. Methanol extract up to 2000?mg/kg did not produce any toxic effects. Topical application of 2?mg/ear of the extract produced 78.7% of inhibition on ear swilling. Oral pre-treatment of rats with 200 and 400?mg/kg of the extract inhibited paw oedema by 70% and 89%, respectively. At 200?mg/kg, granuloma dry and wet weights were reduced by 41.85% and 61.72%, respectively. Moreover, the treatment with methanol extract at 1?mg/kg exerted 62.7% of inhibition on leucocytes migrated into the ear pouch. TNF-α and IL-1β release was reduced by 69% and 78%, respectively, with 1?μg/mL of the extract.

Conclusion: Methanol extract of H. cheirifolia possesses a strong anti-inflammatory activity and may be considered an interesting source of effective anti-inflammatory compounds.     

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the methanol root extracts of some selected Nigerian medicinal plants

Context: The roots of Alafia barteri Oliver (Apocynaceae), Combretum mucronatum Schumach (Combretaceae) and Capparis thonningii Schum (Capparaceae) are used in Traditional African Medicine to alleviate painful and inflammatory conditions.

Objective: This study investigated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the methanol root extracts of Alafia barteri (MeAB), C. mucronatum (MeCM), and Capparis thonningii (MeCT).

Materials and methods: Analgesic activity of the extracts (50, 100, and 200?mg/kg, p.o. 1?h) was evaluated using acetic acid-, formalin- and hot plate-induced pain while anti-inflammatory actions (100 or 200?mg/kg) were investigated using the carrageenan- and xylene-induced edema tests.

Results: MeAB, MeCM, and MeCT (200?mg/kg) inhibited acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction by 55.07, 46.67, and 47.25%, respectively. In the formalin test, the index of pain inhibition of early and late phases was, respectively, 47.83 and 81.98% for MeAB, 56.10 and 63.81% for MeCM, and 42.84 and 63.29% for MeCT (200?mg/kg). MeAB and MeCT pretreatments significantly increased the reaction time by 46.67 and 25.53%, respectively, 120?min post-treatment in the hot-plate test. Naloxone (5?mg/kg, s.c.) pretreatment 15?min before extract administration, significantly (p?MeAB, MeCM, and MeCT showed significant anti-inflammatory activity with 60.44 and 30.39%, 63.74 and 58.08%, and 50.55 and 77.84% (200?mg/kg, 4?h), respectively, inhibition of paw and ear edema.

Discussion and conclusion: The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of MeAB and MeCT involve an interaction with opioid pathway and/or inhibition of chemical mediators of pain and inflammation.     

Anticholinesterase,antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity assessment of Xeranthemum annuum L. and isolation of two cyanogenic compounds

Context: Xeranthemum annuum L. (Asteraceae) (XA) is an ornamental and medicinal species with limited bioactivity and phytochemical data.

Objective: Identification of anticholinesterase, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the flower and root–stem (R-S) extracts of XA.

Materials and methods: Anticholinesterase (at 100?μg mL^?1) and antioxidant (at 1000?μg mL^?1) effects of various extracts were evaluated via microtiter assays, while anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the R-S extracts were tested using carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema (100 and 200?mg kg^?1) and p-benzoquinone (PBQ) writhing models (200?mg kg^?1) in male Swiss albino mice. The R-S ethanol extract of XA was subjected to isolation studies using conventional chromatographic methods.

Results: Most of the extracts showed inhibition over 85% against butyrylcholinesterase and no inhibition towards acetylcholinesterase. The flower chloroform and the R-S ethyl acetate extracts were most effective (97.85?±?0.94% and 96.89?±?1.09%, respectively). The R-S ethanol extract displayed a remarkable scavenging activity against DPPH (77.33?±?1.99%) and in FRAP assay, while the hexane extract of the R-S parts possessed the highest metal-chelating capacity (72.79?±?0.33%). The chloroform extract of the R-S caused a significant analgesic effect (24.4%) in PBQ writhing model. No anti-inflammatory effect was observed. Isolation of zierin and zierin xyloside, which were inactive in anticholinesterase assays, was achieved from the R-S ethanol extract.

Discussion and conclusion: This is the first report of anticholinesterase, antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities and isolation of zierin and zierin xyloside from XA. Therefore, XA seems to contain antioxidant and BChE-inhibiting compounds.     

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the aerial parts of Artemisia dracunculus in mice

Context: Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L., Asteraceae) is an ancient herb, which is widely used as a medicine, flavoring, or fragrance.

Objective: To determine the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of aerial parts of tarragon, we investigated the effects of ethanolic extract of the plant in adult male Balb/c mice.

Materials and methods: Antinociceptive activity was determined using formalin, hot-plate, and writhing tests. The effect of the ethanolic extract on acute inflammation was evaluated by xylene-induced ear edema in mice. The ethanolic extract was administered at doses of 5, 10, 50, and 100?mg/kg, i.p. The control group received saline as vehicle of ethanolic extract.

Results: Our results showed that the ethanolic extract (50 and 100?mg/kg) decreased both phases of pain in the formalin test (ED₅₀?=?109.66 and 87.13?mg/kg, respectively). In the hot-plate test, the extract (50 and 100?mg/kg) increased pain threshold during 60?min (ED₅₀?=?81.03?mg/kg). The extract (50 and 100?mg/kg) exhibited antinociceptive activity against acetic acid-induced writhing (ED₅₀?=?66.99?mg/kg). The extract (50 and 100?mg/kg) showed significant activity in the xylene ear edema test (ED₅₀?=?78.20?mg/kg). Pretreatment of the animals with naloxone decreased the analgesia induced by the extract in hot-plate and formalin tests; therefore, opioid receptors may be involved, at least partly, in the analgesic effect of tarragon extract.

Discussion and conclusion: The results suggested that tarragon have significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in mice, and, therefore, further studies are required to evaluate these effects and additional potential of the plant.     

Study of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Schima wallichii bark

Hydroalcoholic extract of Schima wallichii Choisy. (Ternstroemiaceae) bark (HESW) was investigated for its anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antipyretic activities. The anti-inflammatory effects of the HESW were assayed by using carrageenan and dextran (acute model) induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma assay (chronic model) in experimental rats. Oral administration of HESW at the doses of 150 and 300?mg/kg caused dose-dependent inhibition of carrageenan and dextran induced inflammation. HESW at the doses of 150 and 300?mg/kg caused significant dose-dependent reduction of the granuloma tissue formation in experimental rats. The extract at the oral doses of 50 and 100?mg/kg body weight exhibited significant central and peripheral analgesic activity in acetic acid induced writhing test and hot-plate test respectively in experimental mice. Treatment with HESW at the oral doses of 150 and 300?mg/kg body weight significantly reduced the yeast-provoked elevated body temperature in experimental rats in a dose-dependent manner.     

In vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Rosmarinus officinalis aqueous extracts,rosmarinic acid and its acetyl ester derivative

Abstract

Context: Despite several pharmacological applications of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae), studies on its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties have been scarce.

Objective: The aim of this work was to use in vivo models to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extracts obtained from leaves (AEL) and stems (AES) of Rosmarinus officinalis, as well as its isolated compound – rosmarinic acid (RA). We also prepared and assessed the acetyl ester derivative of RA.

Materials and methods: The analgesic activity was evaluated using abdominal constriction and formalin tests. For the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effects, carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats were used. The extracts were used at doses of 100, 200 and 400?mg?kg^?1 compounds were tested at 10, 20 and 40?mg?kg^?1.

Results: Orally administered AEL, AES and RA were not significantly active at any of the doses tested during the abdominal constriction test; the acetyl ester derivative of RA displayed significant analgesic activity. In the carrageenin-induced paw edema assay, the acetyl derivative of RA at all the tested doses produced significant anti-inflammatory effects and reduced the number of paw licks in the second phase of the formalin test.

Discussion and conclusion: The results suggest that the analgesic effects of the acetyl derivative of RA operate via a peripheral-mediated mechanism. The acetyl ester derivative of RA is potentially applicable as a new lead compound for the management of pain and inflammation.     

Antinociceptive activity of Ligusticum porteri preparations and compounds

Context: The roots and rhizomes of Ligusticum porteri Coulter &; Rose (Apiaceae) are widely used in Mexican folk medicine for several purposes, including painful complaints.

Objective: The main goal of this work was to demonstrate the analgesic action in mice of some preparations and major compounds from L. porteri.

Materials and methods: The extracts, aqueous (AE) and organic (OE), the essential oil (EO) and major compounds (10–316?mg/kg) from L. porteri were evaluated as potential antinociceptive agents using the acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests in ICR mice.

Results: All preparations tested exhibited significant antinociceptive effect in the two animal pain models selected. AE and EO were more effective in the writhing test while OE had a better effect in the hot-plate model. On the other hand, Z-ligustilide (1) provoked an increment in the latency period to the thermal stimuli in the hot-plate test at a dose of 31.6?mg/kg, and a decrease in the number of abdominal writhes at 10?mg/kg. Z-3-butylidenephthalide (2) induced a dose-dependent antinociceptive action in the hot-plate assay; this compound was also effective for controlling the pain provoked by chemical irritation at the doses of 10 and 31.6?mg/kg. Finally, diligustilide (3) inhibited the number of writhing responses at all doses tested but was inactive in the hot-plate model.

Conclusion: The present investigation provides in vivo evidence supporting the use of L. porteri to treat painful conditions in folk medicine.     

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity of aqueous extract of fresh leaves of Coccinia indica

This study was aimed to evaluate both post- and pre-treatment anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of fresh leaves of Coccinia indica in rats using the carrageenan-induced paw oedema method at various dose levels. Analgesic and antipyretic properties were evaluated using tail flick model and yeast-induced hyperpyrexia, respectively. Ceiling effect of the extract was observed at 50 mg/kg in pre-treatment carrageenan test. In post-treatment studies, a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect was observed in the dose range of 25–300 mg/kg. The effect was equivalent to diclofenac (20 mg/kg) at 50 mg/kg but it was significantly pronounced at higher doses. Effectiveness of extract in the early phase of inflammation suggests the inhibition of histamine and serotonin release. The extract produced marked analgesic activity comparable to morphine at 300 mg/kg, which suggests the involvement of central mechanisms. A significant reduction in hyperpyrexia in rats was also produced by all doses of extract with maximum effect at 300 mg/kg comparable to paracetamol. In conclusion, this study has established the anti-inflammatory activity, analgesic and antipyretic activity of C. indica and, thus, justifies the ethnic uses of the plant.     

In vitro immunomodulatory activity and in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential with gastroprotective effect of the Mediterranean red alga Laurencia obtusa

Context: Red algae have been recognized as a rich natural source of compounds possessing interesting biological and pharmacological activities.

Objective: This work investigates anti-inflammatory, analgesic and gastroprotective activities of MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ crude extract and its fractions F1 (50% MeOH) and F2 (80% MeOH) from the whole alga plant Laurencia obtusa Hudson (Rhodomelaceae).

Materials and methods: Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in vitro using cytometric bead array (CBA) technology to follow up the secretion of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in lipopolysaccharide activated THP-1 monocytic cells at doses of 10–250?μg/mL and in vivo using carrageenan-induced paw oedema in Wistar rats at doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200?mg/kg. Crude extract and fractions were tested at the doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200?mg/kg for peripheral and central analgesic activity by acetic acid-induced writhing test and hot-plate method, respectively, in Swiss albino mice. Gastroprotective activity was evaluated using HCl/ethanol-induced gastric ulcer test in rats at doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200?mg/kg.

Results: Crude extract, F1 and F2 showed an interesting inhibition of TNF-α secretion with IC₅₀ values of 25, 52 and 24?μg/mL, respectively, and a significant anti-inflammatory activity in vivo (p?< 0.01), 3?h after carrageenan injection, the oedema inhibition was 55.37%, 52.18% and 62.86%, respectively, at the dose of 100?mg/kg. Furthermore, they showed a significant peripheral analgesic activity with 53.79%, 55.92% and 57.37% (p?< 0.01) of writhing inhibition, respectively. However, no significant activity was found in the hot-plate test. An interesting gastroprotective effect was observed with crude extract and its fractions F1 and F2 with a gastric ulcer inhibition of 65.48%, 77.42% and 81.29%, respectively, at the dose of 50?mg/kg.

Discussion and conclusion: These results suggest that L. obtusa might be used as a potential source of natural anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents with gastroprotective effect.     

Antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities of Artemisia copa extracts.

The aqueous extract from aerial parts of Artemisia copa Phil. (Compositae), was evaluated for antinociceptive activity using writhing, formalin, and hot-plate tests in mice. A dose-related antinociceptive response was obtained in the writhing test at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg p.o. (percentage of inhibition 23.3 and 52.70, respectively). The extract also inhibited the second phase of formalin test (38.81%) and this effect was not antagonized by pretreatment with naloxone 5mg/kg i.p. Furthermore, no significant effect was obtained in the hot-plate test. Dichloromethane and ethanolic extracts, were analyzed for antiinflammatory activity with the carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and the ear edema induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate (TPA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in mice. Both extracts showed antiinflammatory activity in the TPA (88 and 54%), and the ethanolic extract showed a 37% inhibition in AA test. No effects were seen at doses of 300 mg/kg p.o. and 100 mg/kg i.p. in the carrageenan test. The results obtained indicate that A. copa has analgesic and topical antiinflammatory activities that supports the folk medicinal use of the plant.     

Evaluation of Moringa oleifera Aqueous Extract for Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities in Animal Models

Moringa oleifera L. (Moringaceae) is known to possess high nutritional value and is used in a folklore medicine to treat various ailments related to pain and inflammation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of the leaves of M. oleifera in laboratory animals, using the writhing, hot-plate and formalin tests as the antinociceptive assays, and carrageenan-induced paw edema test as the anti-inflammatory assay. The extract (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg) exhibited significant (P < 0.05) antinociceptive activity, which occurred in a dose-dependent manner, in all tests used. The extract also exhibited significant (P < 0.05) anti-inflammatory activity in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the extract antinociceptive activity was suggested to be modulated via opioid receptors at the central, but not peripheral, antinociceptive level, based on the ability of 5 mg/kg naloxone to reverse the extract activity in the hot-plate, but not the writhing test. In conclusion, M. oleifera leaves possess peripherally non-opioid mediated and centrally opioid mediated antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. This study also confirms the traditional uses of M. oleifera in the treatment of ailments, particularly those related to pain and inflammation.     

Anti-inflammatory activity of Justicia prostrata gamble in acute and sub-acute models of inflammation

In this study, the aqueous (AQJP) and alcoholic (ALJP) extracts of the whole plant of Justicia prostrata Gamble (Acanthaceae) were screened for their acute and subacute anti-inflammatory activities using carrageenan-induced acute inflammation and cotton-pellet-induced granuloma (subacute inflammation), respectively, in rats. In the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema model, both extracts were found to exhibit maximum reduction in paw volume at the first hour in a dose-dependent manner. At the dose of 500 mg/kg p.o., both extracts AQJP and ALJP showed maximum inhibition (51.39% and 62.5%, respectively) in rat paw oedema volume at the first hour of carrageenan-induced acute inflammation. In the cotton pellet granuloma assay, AQJP and ALJP at the dose of 500 mg/kg p.o. suppressed the transudative, exudative and proliferative phases of chronic inflammation. These extracts were able to (i) reduce the lipid peroxide content of exudates and liver and (ii) normalize the increased activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases in serum and liver of cotton pellet granulomatous rats. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of lignans, triterpenes and phenolic compounds in ALJP, whereas phenolic compounds and glycosides in AQJP. The anti-inflammatory properties of these extracts may possibly be due to the presence of phenolic compounds. The anti-inflammatory effects produced by the extracts at the dose of 500 mg/kg, p.o. was comparable with the reference drug diclofenac sodium (5 mg/kg p.o.).     

Antioxidant,anti-inflammatory activities and acute toxicity of the polyherbal formulation: Romix®

Context: Polyherbal formulations containing different plants are used for the treatment of various diseases. Romix^® powder is a polyherbal formulation consisting of 14 traditionally used herbs and is used as a food supplement. There is no information about pharmaceutical activities of Romix^®.

Objective: This study determined the total phenolic and total flavonoid content, and investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and acute toxicity of Romix^®.

Material and methods: The total phenolics in the extracts were determined colorimetrically by using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The total flavonoid content of the extracts was evaluated by a spectrophotometric method. The quercetin content of the extract was analyzed using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by the carrageenan-induced paw edema test in the rat.

Results: The flavonoid and phenolics contents of Romix^® were 50.58 and 265.83?mg/g in ethanol extract and 18.60 and 222.50?mg/g in water extract, respectively. Total quercetin content of Romix^® was determined as 2.857?mg/g. Antioxidant activity results showed that ethanol extract in 1?mg/mL concentration (4.49775 µg/mL) had moderate antioxidant activity than water extract in the same concentration (4.28191 µg/mL). Intraperitoneal administration of 25?mg/kg Romix^® extract exhibited anti-inflammatory activity and inhibited paw swelling at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6?h in rats with no acute toxicity.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that Romix^® due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities may be useful in the prevention or treatment of aging-related and inflammatory diseases.     

An evaluation of the anti-inflammatory,antipyretic and analgesic effects of hydroethanol leaf extract of Albizia zygia in animal models

Context: The leaves of Albizia zygia (DC.) J.F. Macbr. (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae) are used in Ghanaian traditional medicine for the treatment of pain, inflammatory disorders and fever (including malaria).

Objectives: The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effects of the hydroethanol leaf extract of Albizia zygia (AZE) in animal models.

Materials and methods: The anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of AZE were examined in the carrageenan-induced foot oedema model and the baker’s yeast-induced pyrexia test respectively. The analgesic effect and possible mechanisms of action were also assessed in the formalin test.

Results: AZE (30–300?mg/kg, p.o.), either preemptively or curatively, significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced foot edema in 7-day-old chicks (ED₅₀ values; preemptive: 232.9?±?53.33?mg/kg; curative: 539.2?±?138.28?mg/kg). Similarly, the NSAID diclofenac (10–100?mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced the oedema in both preemptive (ED₅₀: 21.16?±?4.07?mg/kg) and curative (ED₅₀: 44.28?±?5.75?mg/kg) treatments. The extract (30–300?mg/kg, p.o.) as well as paracetamol (150?mg/kg, p.o.) also showed significant antipyretic activity in the baker’s yeast-induced pyrexia test (ED₅₀ of AZE: 282.5?±?96.55?mg/kg). AZE and morphine (1–10?mg/kg, i.p.; positive control), exhibited significant analgesic activity in the formalin test. The analgesic effect was partly or wholly reversed by the systemic administration of naloxone, theophylline and atropine.

Conclusion: The results suggest that AZE possesses anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties, which justifies its traditional use. Also, the results show the involvement of the opioidergic, adenosinergic and the muscarinic cholinergic pathways in the analgesic effects of AZE.     

Evaluation of the Anti-inflammatory Properties of Chlorophora excelsa. Stem Bark Extract

ABSTRACT

A methanol extract of the stem bark of Chlorophora excelsa. (Welw.) Benth and Hook was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity in different models. Acute inflammatory effects were studied in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, and the effect of the extract in chronic inflammation was evaluated using the cotton pellet granuloma test. The effect of the extract on topical inflammation induced with croton oil was also tested in mice. The extract produced a significant (p < 0.05) and dose-dependent inhibition of the carrageenan-induced pedal edema, as well as granuloma tissue formation in rats. Topical anti-inflammatory effect was only evident with 400 mg/kg of the extract. This study demonstrated acute, chronic, and topical anti-inflammatory properties of the methanol extract of C. excelsa..