汉、藏、彝族青少年身体自我满意度比较

目的：探讨民族对青少年身体自我满意度的作用特点。方法：采用中学生身体自我量表测量了汉、藏、彝族739名中学生身体自我满意度的状况，并进行了不同层面的分析。结果：总体上汉、藏、彝族青少年对身体自我是满意的。在身体自我五个维度及总体身体自我上，藏族青少年的满意度均高于彝族青少年（P〈0．001）；在身体相貌特征、身体运动特征、身材特征和总体身体自我满意度上，藏族比汉族青少年更满意（P〈0．001）；除了负面特征外。汉族与彝族青少年体验到的满意度没有显著差异。女生对身体自我的满意度较男生更低（t=3．1-4．6，P〈0．001），肥胖者对身材特征尤其不满意。结论：此结果对于民族教育和有针对性的紊乱行为干预有指导意义。     

不同年龄段女性负面身体自我状况及相关因素

目的：探讨社会比较和社会支持对女性负面身体自我的影响.方法：通过班级集体施测的方法,采用负面身体自我量表（胖维度）（NPSS-F）、社会支持问卷（MSPSS）和身体外貌比较问卷（PACS）对980名12～22岁女性青少年进行调查（初中组295人,高中组381人,大学组304人）,同时搜集被试的体重、身高等人口学资料.结果：高中生负面身体自我胖维度量表评分高于初中生（13.5±9.3/11.0±9.0,P＜0.001）,大学生评分为12.3±8.8.身体外貌比较问卷评分大学高于高中和初中（13.2±3.3/12.4±3.6/11.5±3.5,P＜0.001）,肥胖组学生的NPSS-F评分大于体重正常和消瘦组（20.7±10.5/12.7±8.4/5.4±6.3,F=93.2,P=0.01）.女性负面身体自我胖维度与社会比较呈弱相关（r＝0.26,P＜0.01）,与社会支持的相关不显著.方差分析表明,社会比较对女性负面身体自我胖维度有显著性影响（F＝5.26,P＜ 0.01）,而社会支持无显著性影响,社会比较和社会支持之间无交互作用.回归分析表明,社会比较对女性负面身体自我胖维度有显著性影响（F=67.66,P=0.00＜0.01）.结论：社会比较是女性负面身体自我的影响因素之一,而社会支持无显著性影响.     

福州市区某校93名高中生自我中心状况的初步调查

目的：对高中生的自我中心状况进行初步调查。方法：采用自编的青少年自我中心量表对93名16-18岁的高中学生进行自我中心状况的调查。结果：假想观众的总体平均分是2.6±0.9,虚构自我的平均分是2.8±0.8;假想观众和虚构自我都不存在年龄差异（P〉0.05）;男生的假想观众分量表评分高于女生（2.8±1.0/2.4±0.6,t=0.6449,P=0.017）,虚构自我观念分量表评分低于女生（2.6±0.8/3.0±0.8,t=-2.219,P=0.029）;父母职业对假想评分没有影响（P〉0.05）,对虚构自我评分有显著影响（F父=5.329,P=0.000;F母=4.413,P=0.001）;母亲的受教育程度对虚构自我评分有显著影响（F=2.984,P=0.023）,母亲受教育程度为小学的学生其虚构自我评分均低于其他受教育程度者。结论：（1）高中学生存在一定程度的假想观众和虚构自我的观念,且没有年龄差异;（2）假想观众和虚构自我存在性别差异,表现为男生的假想观众观念比女生弱,而虚构自我观念比女生强;（3）父母职业和母亲的受教育程度对虚构自我观念有显著影响。     

共患强迫障碍的Tourette综合征儿童的家庭环境及父母养育方式

目的：探讨共患强迫障碍（OCD）的Tourette综合征（TS）儿童的父母养育方式及家庭环境特点。方法：以33例共患OCD的TS儿童、40例单纯TS儿童和40例正常儿童为研究对象,采用家庭环境量表中文版及父母养育方式问卷中文版对所有受试者的家庭环境及其父母的养育方式进行评定。结果：共患OCD的TS儿童家庭的亲密度和情感表达因子分低于单纯TS组和正常对照组（5.7±1.4/7.1±1.4,7.6±1.2,P〈0.05）,矛盾性和控制性得分则高于单纯TS组和对照组（4.3±1.2/2.8±1.04,1.4±1.0,P〈0.05;4.8±1.7/4.1±1.4,3.5±1.2,P〈0.05）,共患病儿童组父亲的惩罚严厉和过分干涉（19.9±4.3,21.9±3.3）、过度保护分量表得分（12.8±2.4）高于单纯TS组（17.1±4.2,20.1±3.2,11.4±3.0）和正常儿童组（16.2±5.2,18.7±3.9,10.1±2.6）,情感温暖分量表得分低于正常儿童组（43.2±7.3/49.2±8.9,F=5.81,P=0.004）,拒绝否认得分高于正常儿童组（10.4±2.5/8.3±2.4,F=6.21,P=0.003）,但与单纯TS组差异无显著性。共患OCD的TS儿童组母亲的过分干涉保护和拒绝否认两个分量表得分高于其他两组（F=8.12、10.22、P=0.001,0.000）,其惩罚严厉分量表得分高于正常儿童组（F=3.37,P=0.038）,而两病例组间无差异。结论：共患OCD的TS儿童生活的家庭环境欠佳,其父母的养育方式存在问题。     

大学生的择业价值取向与求职自我效能感

目的：了解大学生择业价值取向和求职效能感的特点以及二者之间的关系。方法：运用择业价值取向调查问卷和求职效能感量表对189名大学生进行了调查。结果：（1）男大学生的个人价值取向得分高于女大学生（93．0±5．3／91．7±4．7，P=0．029），而社会价值取向得分低于女大学生（80．6±5．1／82．1±4．0，P=0．043）；（2）男大学生求职效能感得分高于女大学生（60．3±8．3／57．7±11．0，P=0．048）；大城市大学生求职效能感得分高于小城镇、农村大学生（62．4±8．5／58．3±9．0、57．2±11．2，P=0．009）；（3）择业价值取向变式对求职效能感各维度的解释比例为1．0％、1．1％，而求职效能感变式对择业价值取向各维度的解释为1．9％、0．6％。结论：（1）男大学生倾向于个人价值的择业价值取向，女大学生则倾向于社会价值；（2）男大学生的求职自我效能感总体评价高于女大学生，来自农村、小城镇大学生的求职自我效能感总体评价低于来自大城市的大学生；（3）典型变式能够较好地解释求职效能感和择业价值取向的观测变量，但是择业价值取向与求职效能感之间并不存在好的解释力。     

支气管哮喘患者的生存质量及相关因素

目的：探讨成年哮喘患者生存质量及相关因素.方法：采用支气管哮喘生存质量评估表,激惹、抑郁和焦虑自评量表,正性负性情绪量表,自尊量表,安全感量表对51例哮喘患者和40例正常对照组进行现场调查.结果：患者的抑郁得分、负性情绪得分均高于正常组（5.5±2.1/3.5±2.0,t=2.45,P=0.017;26.4±6.1/18.9±5.9,t=3.47,P=0.002）,患者的自尊得分和人际安全感得分均低于正常组（15.5±3.2/21.0±2.7;24.0±6.7/29.6±4.3;t=2.18,2.61,P=0.031、0.014）,而感情孤独得分高于正常组（15.5±2.6/10.0±4.2;t=2.37,P=0.023）.生存质量总分与职业、病程、内向性激惹得分呈负相关（r=-0.358,-0.308,-0.355,-0.342,P＜0.05）,与受教育程度、一秒钟用力呼气量、PANAS测量的正性情绪、自尊得分呈正相关（r或rs值分别为0.314,0.337,0.343,0.347,0.356,P＜0.05）,与抑郁、负性情绪得分呈负相关（r=-0.382,-0.435,P＜0.01）.结论：成年哮喘患者存在心理问题,生存质量与基本情况、不良情绪、心理状况等诸多因素有关.     

小学生同伴接纳、教师接纳、学业成绩与心理健康的关系

目的：探讨同伴接纳、教师接纳、学业成绩与小学生心理健康的关系。方法：采用分层随机抽样的方法从福州市三所小学二、四、五年级的2200名学生中抽取445名学生，通过社会测量法和儿童行为量表来测量小学生心理健康状况，结合方差、相关等统计分析方法探讨这四者的关系。结果：小学男生Achebach儿童行为量表评分位于前3位的依次为：攻击性（8．45±6．05）、多动（4．82±3．51）、强迫性（4．56±4．18）。小学女生评分位于前3位的依次为：攻击性（7．79±6．03）、抑郁（5．05±4．20）、多动（4．69±3．67）；心理健康和同伴接纳、教师接纳、学业成绩之间呈负相关（r=-0．22、-0．26、-0．17，均P〈0．01）；不同同伴接纳、教师接纳和学业成绩水平小学生的心理健康存在显著的差异（F=11．610、11．34、6．147，P〈0．01）。进一步两两比较发现：高同伴接纳组的Achebach儿童行为量表总分低于中等接纳组和低接纳组[（25．3±17．2）vs．（30．7±21．7）、（42．4±22．2），P〈0．001]，中等接纳组得分低于低接纳组（P〈0．001）；低教师接纳组的Achebach儿童行为量表总分高于高接纳组和中等接纳组[（46．6±24．9）vs．（25．7±25．4）、（30．7±21．7），P〈0．001]，中等接纳组得分高于高接纳组（P〈0．001）；高成绩组的Achebach儿童行为量表总分低于中等成绩组和低成绩组[（25．3±17．9）vs．（31．1±21．9）、（38．4±22．0），P〈0．001]，中等成绩组低于低成绩组（P〈0．05）。结论：教师接纳程度低的学生心理健康水平也低。学业成绩好的学生同伴接纳水平和教师接纳水平也高。同伴接纳、教师接纳和学业成绩对小学生的心理健康会产生一定的影响。     

情绪障碍研究用汉语情绪词分类系统的初步建立

目的：建立一套情绪障碍研究用汉语情绪词分类系统，为异常情绪的研究提供标准化刺激材料。方法：54名不同受教育程度的被试对344个双字汉语情绪词（包括115个正性词、114个负性词、115个中性词）的愉悦度、唤醒度和熟悉度三个维度进行9级的情绪等级评定。结果：三类词语在三个维度上的ANOVA结果显示，分别存在愉悦度主效应（F=2514．96，P=0．000）、唤醒度主效应（F=147．43，P=0．000）和熟悉度主效应（F=106．81，P=0．000）。两两比较后发现正性词的愉悦度得分（7．29±0．41）高于负性和中性词（2．81±0．30、5．47±0．66），中性词得分高于负性词；正性词的唤醒度得分（6．57±0．39）高于负性词和中性词（5．33±0．41、5．23±0．67）；正性词的熟悉度得分（5．98±0．57）高于负性和中性词（4．63±0．53、5．21±0．93），中性词得分高于负性词。结论：初步建立的情绪障碍研究用汉语情绪词分类系统较好，为以后的异常情绪的研究提供词语刺激材料。     

冀南地区城乡青少年痤疮患病率与焦虑状况调查

目的：调查冀南地区城乡青少年面部寻常痤疮的患病率和焦虑状况。方法：采用分层整群随机抽样法，对冀南地区城乡2891名青少年进行流行病学问卷调查；采用Zung氏焦虑自评量表（SAS）评定该地区青少年的焦虑状况。结果：将年龄构成标准化后，城市青少年痤疮的患病率高于农村（45．0％vs．32．8％，P〈0．001）；城市青少年的焦虑得分为45．0±8．2，农村为43．9±9．2，城乡间差异有统计学意义（P=0．003）；痤疮患者的焦虑得分高于正常者[（47．0±9．2）傩．（42．9±8．0），P〈0．001]。结论：冀南地区青少年痤疮的患病率城市高于农村；痤疮患者的焦虑心理更明显。     

藏汉大学生羞怯心理调查研究

比较成都市某民族高校藏、汉族大学生羞怯、社交焦虑、抑郁状况的差异,为高校开展民族学生的心理适应教育提供依据。采用Cheek&Buss害羞量表、自评抑郁量表、Liebowitz社交焦虑量表和中国大学生害羞问卷,以167名藏族大学生和101名汉族大学生为研究对象进行调查。藏族大学生抑郁得分显著高于汉族大学生,自我苛责得分显著低于汉族大学生;藏族女生社交焦虑、社交害怕感受及回避行为、顾虑人意、暴露焦虑、自我苛责得分显著高于藏族男生;而在汉族大学生中,男女生各量表得分差异无统计学意义,在自我苛责维度上男生显著高于女生;高低羞怯的藏汉族大学生在抑郁、社交焦虑上差异有统计学意义。藏、汉族大学生羞怯、社交焦虑及抑郁状况存在差异,应根据各民族特点开展有针对性的特色民族心理健康教育。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.