优质护理对重型颅脑损伤气管切开病人临床护理结局的影响

<正>重型颅脑损伤病人常伴有昏迷,病人的呼吸中枢受到抑制,咳嗽及吞咽反射减弱或丧失,容易出现误吸,加上呼吸道分泌物多,不能自行排除,利于病原体的黏附繁衍,导致肺部感染。为减少呼吸道并发症,降低重型颅脑损伤病人死亡率、致残率,气管切开是早期抢救的重要措施之一。1对象与方法1.1研究对象2013年1月—2014年3月我院神经外科重型     

重型颅脑损伤气管切开病人的护理进展

重型颅脑损伤（severe brain injary,SBI）是外科创伤中的一种严重损伤,病死率高达50％,伤后早期颅内压增高,中枢性呼吸功能不全,导致低氧血症的发生,气管切开给氧是不可少的救治步骤之一。作为有创气道,其气道的管理一直是护理人员研究和探讨的重要课题。尤其是近些年来这方面的研究进展迅速。本文主要针对气管内给药、吸痰、感染、低氧等方面进行综述。     

重型颅脑损伤患者气管切开的护理

重型颅脑损伤患者多数昏迷，常伴有舌后坠、咳嗽反射减弱或消失、痰不易吸出等现象，并有误吸的危险。实施气管切开术可以减少呼吸道无效腔，增加有效通气量，便于吸痰。正确有效的气管切开护理对提高抢救成功率、减少后遗症极为重要。现将护理体会报告如下。     

重型颅脑损伤病人气管切开的护理

上呼吸道梗阻，成人呼吸窘迫综合征和中枢性呼吸衰竭是重型颅脑损伤经常发生的呼吸系统并发症。为了避免和减少此类并发症的发生应尽早对病人行气管切开术，但气管切开的护理亦尤为关键。我院2000年来收治40例重型颅脑损伤病人，其中28例行早期气管切开术，收到良好效果。现将护理体会报道如下。     

60例重型颅脑损伤气管切开病人的护理

目的:总结重型颅脑损伤病人气管切开术后护理措施。方法:回顾性总结60例重型颅脑损伤气管切开病人的护理措施。结果:46例病人顺利拔管,4例持续昏迷带管出院,1例突发呼吸衰竭死亡,9例因颅脑损伤过重死亡,3例发生肺部感染(绿脓杆菌2例,鲍曼不动杆菌1例)。结论:气管切开术后精心的观察护理可有效降低重型颅脑损伤病人的并发症、致残率、死亡率,提高病人生活质量,对原发疾病的治疗和预后意义重大。     

重型颅脑损伤昏迷病人气管切开护理

目的总结昏迷伴气管切开患者的有效护理措施，以预防和减少呼吸道并发症的发生。方法对56例昏迷伴气管切开的患者，密切观察呼吸道分泌物情况，予充分的湿化气道，正确彻底的吸痰，气管切口的护理、及时堵管和拔管等措施。结果38例患者顺利拔管，4例因持续昏迷带管18个月，1例因突发呼吸衰竭死亡，13例因脑损伤过重死亡。结论重型颅脑损伤昏迷患者气管切开后采用正确的护理措施能有效保持患者呼吸道通畅，可以预防和减少昏迷伴气管切开患者呼吸道并发症的发生。     

重型颅脑损伤患者气管切开的护理

目的：探讨重型颅脑损伤患者气管切开后可能出现的护理问题并采取相应的护理措施．以减少气管切开术后的并发症，降低患者的死亡率。方法：对55例重型颅脑损伤患者气管切开后实施严格套管护理、吸痰的护理、气管切口的护理、及时堵管和拔管等措施进行观察和评价。结果：55例患者，5例因病情转重死亡．仅6例发生肺部感染，且经及时有效的治疗护理后治愈，所有患者均未发生并发症和不良反应。结论：重型颅脑损伤患者气管切开后采用上述护理措施得当、有效。     

重型颅脑损伤患者气管切开76例临床护理

目的：总结重型颅脑损伤（GCS≤8分）患者气管切开的护理措施。方法：对我院收治的76例气管切开重型颅脑损伤患者的护理措施进行回顾性分析。结果：采用COS预后评估标准,25例预后较好（33％）,其中恢复良好13例,中残12例;预后较差35例（45％）,其中重残21例,植物生存13例;死亡16例（22％）。抢救成功率78％。结论：重型颅脑损伤患者气管切开保持呼吸道通畅,及时扣背吸痰,有效的气道湿化,减少呼吸道损伤是治疗成功的关键。     

重型颅脑损伤患者气管切开76例临床护理

目的:总结重型颅脑损伤(GCS≤8分)患者气管切开的护理措施.方法:对我院收治的76例气管切开重型颅脑损伤患者的护理措施进行回顾性分析.结果:采用GOS预后评估标准,25例预后较好(33%),其中恢复良好13例,中残12例;预后较差35例(45%),其中重残21例,植物生存13例;死亡16例(22%).抢救成功率78%.结论:重型颅脑损伤患者气管切开保持呼吸道通畅,及时扣背吸痰,有效的气道湿化,减少呼吸道损伤是治疗成功的关键.     

重型颅脑损伤病人气管切开的护理

对42例重型颅脑损伤气管切开病人的护理进行回顾性总结.认为保持呼吸道通畅、加强气管套管的护理是此类病人护理的重点.     

早期康复护理对重型颅脑损伤患者的影响

目的观察康复护理对重型颅脑损伤患者早期康复的影响。方法将142例重型颅脑损伤患者随机分为康复组72例和对照组70例,对照组行常规护理;康复组除行常规护理外,同时实施系统、规范的早期康复护理。比较两组Barthel指数评分及生活质量。结果康复组患者入院后30dBarthel指数评分和生活质量明显高于对照组(均P<0.01)。结论康复护理可降低颅脑损伤残疾率,提高患者生活质量。     

高压氧对重型颅脑损伤术后患者长期预后的影响

目的:探讨高压氧(HBO)对重型颅脑损伤开颅术后疗效及预后的影响。方法:重型颅脑损伤后行标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术后患者97例,术后接受HBO治疗3个月,按是否坚持完成HBO治疗分为完成组61例和未完成组36例。随访5年,观察2组并发癫痫的比率、癫痫发作周期、死亡人数、格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)及生存质量指数(QLI)评分。结果:2组术后24h及术后3个月GCS评分均明显高于术前(P<0.05),术后3个月完成组GCS及QLI评分明显高于未完成组(P<0.05),完成组出现继发癫痫及死亡例数明显低于未完成组(P<0.05);癫痫患者发作周期明显长于未完成组(P<0.05)。结论:重型颅脑损伤患者行标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术后配合标准疗程的HBO治疗可明显降低继发癫痫的比率,提高生存质量。     

优质护理在ICU重型颅脑外伤患者认知功能恢复及感染预防中的作用

目的探讨优质护理对改善ICU重型颅脑外伤患者认知功能障碍及预防感染的作用。方法选取120例重度颅脑外伤患者按随机数字表法分为常规护理组和优质护理组,各60例。常规护理组接受常规护理,优质护理组接受优质护理,比较2组的护理疗效、ICU治疗时间、住院时间、治疗费用以及护理前及护理7 d后各项认知功能评分、患者满意率、感染率。结果优质护理组的护理总有效率为93.33%,显著高于常规护理组的80.00%(P0.05);优质护理组的ICU治疗时间、住院时间和治疗费用均显著低于常规护理组(P0.05或P0.01);优质护理组护理后的MMSE、MBI和FMA评分显著高于常规护理组(P0.05),NFD评分显著低于常规护理组(P0.05);优质护理组的患者满意率为100%,显著高于常规护理组的88.33%(P0.01),优质护理组的感染率5.00%显著低于常规护理组的21.67%(P0.01)。结论 ICU优质护理可提升重型颅脑外伤患者认知功能恢复效果,有效抑制感染。     

血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶对重型颅脑损伤患者功能预后的评价

目的颅脑损伤后伤情及功能预后的评估目前尚缺乏一种可靠的生化指标。通过对重型颅脑损伤患者的血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)进行动态检测,旨在探讨NSE与重型颅脑损伤患者功能预后的关系。方法选择苏州大学附属第三医院神经外科2001-01/06重型颅脑损伤(GCS≤8)患者41例,男32例,女9例,年龄19～92岁,平均45岁。正常对照组20例,男10例,女10例,年龄20～52(平均33)岁,均经本院健康体检无异常。应用ELISA法测定41例重型颅脑损伤(GCS≤8)患者血清NSE并动态观察其变化的规律。结果预后不良的患者NSE初始值及峰值犤(66±10)μg/L,(94±14)μg/L犦均明显高于预后良好患者犤(32±4)μg/L,(34±4)μg/L犦,t值分别为3.090,4.207,P<0.01。初测NSE>60μg/L者,预后不良为75%(6/8),初测NSE<60μg/L者,预后良好为85%(28/33),χ2=22.586,P<0.001;初测NSE与预后负相关,r=-0.501,P<0.01。预后良好患者NSE值3d内迅速降至正常,而预后不良患者NSE值可持续高达5d以上;NSE持续高(初测NSE>60μg/L,下降缓慢)或继发性升高(初测NSE<60μg/L,NSE峰值>60μg/L)的患者预后不良占90%(9/10),NSE持续低(初测NSE<60μg/L)或迅速下降(初测NSE>60μg/L)的患者预后良好占94%(29/31),χ2=22.797,P<0.001。结论重型颅脑损伤后急性期血清NSE水平     

Impact of non-neurological complications in severe traumatic brain injury outcome

ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Non-neurological complications in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) are frequent, worsening the prognosis, but the pathophysiology of systemic complications after TBI is unclear. The purpose of this study was to analyze non-neurological complications in patients with severe TBI admitted to the ICU, the impact of these complications on mortality, and their possible correlation with TBI severity. METHODS: An observational retrospective cohort study was conducted in one multidisciplinary ICU of a university hospital (35 beds); 224 consecutive adult patients with severe TBI (initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) < 9) admitted to the ICU were included. Neurological and non-neurological variables were recorded. RESULTS: Sepsis occurred in 75% of patients, respiratory infections in 68%, hypotension in 44%, severe respiratory failure (arterial oxygen pressure/oxygen inspired fraction ratio (PaO2/FiO2) < 200) in 41% and acute kidney injury (AKI) in 8%. The multivariate analysis showed that Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) at one year was independently associated with age, initial GCS 3 to 5, worst Traumatic Coma Data Bank (TCDB) first computed tomography (CT) scan and the presence of intracranial hypertension but not AKI. Hospital mortality was independently associated with initial GSC 3 to 5, worst TCDB first CT scan, the presence of intracranial hypertension and AKI. The presence of AKI regardless of GCS multiplied risk of death 6.17 times (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.37 to 27.78) (P < 0.02), while ICU hypotension increased the risk of death in patients with initial scores of 3 to5 on the GCS 4.28 times (95% CI: 1.22 to15.07) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Low initial GCS, worst first CT scan, intracranial hypertension and AKI determined hospital mortality in severe TBI patients. Besides the direct effect of low GCS on mortality, this neurological condition also is associated with ICU hypotension which increases hospital mortality among patients with severe TBI. These findings add to previous studies that showed that non-neurological complications increase the length of stay and morbidity in the ICU but do not increase mortality, with the exception of AKI and hypotension in low GCS (3 to 5).     

Early ventilation and outcome in patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury

OBJECTIVES: An increase in mortality has been reported with early intubation in severe traumatic brain injury, possibly due to suboptimal ventilation. This analysis explores the impact of early ventilation on outcome in moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. DESIGN: Retrospective, registry-based analysis. SETTING: This study was conducted in a large county trauma system that includes urban, suburban, and rural jurisdictions. PATIENTS: Nonarrest trauma victims with a Head Abbreviated Injury Score of > or =3 were identified from our county trauma registry. INTERVENTIONS: Intubated patients were stratified into 5 mm Hg arrival PCO(2) increments. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios for each increment, adjusting for age, gender, mechanism of injury, year of injury, preadmission Glasgow Coma Scale score, hypotension, Head Abbreviated Injury Score, Injury Severity Score, PO(2), and base deficit. Increments with the highest relative survival were used to define the optimal PCO(2) range. Outcomes for patients with arrival PCO(2) values inside and outside this optimal range were then explored for both intubated and nonintubated patients, adjusting for the same factors as defined previously. In addition, the independent outcome effect of hyperventilation and hypoventilation was assessed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 890 intubated and 2,914 nonintubated patients were included. Improved survival was observed for the arrival PCO(2) range 30-49 mm Hg. Patients with arrival PCO(2) values inside this optimal range had improved survival and a higher incidence of good outcomes. Conversely, there was no improvement in outcomes for patients within this optimal PCO(2) range for nonintubated patients after adjusting for all of the factors defined previously. Both hyperventilation and hypoventilation were associated with worse outcomes in intubated but not nonintubated patients. The proportion of arrival PCO(2) values within the optimal range was lower for intubated vs. nonintubated patients. CONCLUSIONS: Arrival hypercapnia and hypocapnia are common and associated with worse outcomes in intubated but not spontaneously breathing patients with traumatic brain injury.     

Influence of definition and location of hypotension on outcome following severe pediatric traumatic brain injury

OBJECTIVE: To examine the influence of definition and location (field, emergency department, or pediatric intensive care unit) of hypotension on outcome following severe pediatric traumatic brain injury. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Harborview Medical Center (level I pediatric trauma center), Seattle, WA, over a 5-yr period between 1998 and 2003. PATIENTS: Ninety-three children <14 yrs of age with traumatic brain injury following injury, head Abbreviated Injury Score > or = 3, and pediatric intensive care unit admission Glasgow Coma Scale score <9 formed the analytic sample. Data sources included the Harborview Trauma Registry and hospital records. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The relationship between hypotension and outcome was examined comparing two definitions of hypotension: a) systolic blood pressure <5th percentile for age; and b) systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg. Hospital discharge Glasgow Outcome Score <4 or disposition of either death or discharge to a skilled nursing facility was considered a poor outcome. Pediatric intensive care unit and hospital length of stay were also examined. Systolic blood pressure <5th percentile for age was more highly associated with poor hospital discharge Glasgow Outcome Score (p = .001), poor disposition (p = .02), pediatric intensive care unit length of stay (rate ratio 9.5; 95% confidence interval 6.7-12.3), and hospital length of stay (rate ratio 18.8; 95% confidence interval 14.0-23.5) than systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg. Hypotension occurring in either the field or emergency department, but not in the pediatric intensive care unit, was associated with poor Glasgow Outcome Score (p = .008), poor disposition (p = .03), and hospital length of stay (rate ratio 18.7; 95% confidence interval 13.1-24.2). CONCLUSIONS: Early hypotension, defined as systolic blood pressure <5th percentile for age in the field and/or emergency department, was a better predictor of poor outcome than delayed hypotension or the use of systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg.     

Employment outcome four years after a severe traumatic brain injury: results of the Paris severe traumatic brain injury study

Objective: To describe employment outcome four years after a severe traumatic brain injury by the assessment of individual patients’ preinjury sociodemographic data, injury-related and postinjury factors.

Design: A prospective, multicenter inception cohort of 133 adult patients in the Paris area (France) who had received a severe traumatic brain injury were followed up postinjury at one and four years. Sociodemographic data, factors related to injury severity and one-year functional and cognitive outcomes were prospectively collected.

Methods: The main outcome measure was employment status. Potential predictors of employment status were assessed by univariate and multivariate analysis.

Results: At the four-year follow-up, 38% of patients were in paid employment. The following factors were independent predictors of unemployment: being unemployed or studying before traumatic brain injury, traumatic brain injury severity (i.e., a lower Glasgow Coma Scale score upon admission and a longer stay in intensive care) and a lower one-year Glasgow Outcome Scale–Extended score.

Conclusion: This study confirmed the low rate of long-term employment amongst patients after a severe traumatic brain injury. The results illustrated the multiple determinants of employment outcome and suggested that students who had received a traumatic brain injury were particularly likely to be unemployed, thus we propose that they may require specific support to help them find work.

• Implications for rehabilitation

• Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of persistent disablity and can associate cognitive, emotional, physical and sensory impairments, which often result in quality-of-life reduction and job loss.

• Predictors of post-traumatic brain injury unemployment and job loss remains unclear in the particular population of severe traumatic brain injury patients.

• The present study highlights the post-traumatic brain injury student population require a close follow-up and vocational rehabilitation.

• The study suggests that return to work post-severe traumatic brain injury is frequently unstable and workers often experience difficulties that caregivers have to consider.

     

重型颅脑外伤患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的因素分析与护理干预

目的:探讨重型颅脑外伤患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的因素分析和护理方法,减少机械相关性肺炎的发生。方法:将2009年1月～2011年12月入住我院重型颅脑外伤65例患者随机分为干预组33例和对照组32例,分别采用综合护理干预方法和常规护理方法,比较其机械相关性肺炎发生情况。结果:影响重型颅脑外伤患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的因素有年龄、住院天数、呼吸机应用天数、气管切开、休克患者、心肺基础病;采用综合护理干预方法的患者VAP发生率低于采用常规护理的患者(P<0.05)。结论:对机械通气患者行综合护理干预,能有效减少重型颅脑外伤患者机械通气相关性肺炎的发生率,有一定的临床意义,值得普遍推广。     

经皮气管切开术在重型颅脑损伤中的应用

目的 总结经皮气管切开术在重型颅脑损伤患者中的应用经验。方法 采用导丝扩张钳法行经皮气管切开术，对46例重型颅脑损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 45例成功，1例改行正规的气管切开术。手术时间平均7．8分钟。5例术中少量渗血，无严重并发症及与手术操作有关的死亡发生。结论 经皮气管切开术具有安全、简单、快速、损伤小的特点，可选择性应用于重型颅脑损伤患者。