236例横结肠代食管术的经验

对２３６例横结肠代食管术治疗食管烧伤瘢痕狭窄８９例及食管癌１４７例的临床经验进行报道。总并发症率１１％，吻合口瘘发生率４．７％，吻合口狭窄发生率２．５４％。横结肠是全食管的理想替代物。横结肠有足够的长度，利用左结肠动脉升支能提供良好血运，横结肠段顺蠕动移植更符合生理要求而易游离。行食管、结肠套入式吻合可减少吻合口瘘发生。对食管瘢痕狭窄病例应尽早进行手术。     

横结肠代食管术治疗小儿食管化学烧伤后瘢痕狭窄

目的 了解横结肠代食管术治疗小儿食管严重化学烧伤后瘢痕狭窄的应用价值.方法 回顾分析1972年11月-2008年9月笔者单位收治的46例食管严重化学烧伤患儿的临床资料.患儿均采用保留左结肠动脉升支、经胸骨后隧道顺蠕动方向间植横结肠的方法重建食管,其中行颈食管-横结肠吻合32例、咽-横结肠吻合14例.结果 46例患儿术后无一例死亡,其中7例出现并发症:颈部吻合口瘘4例、吻合口狭窄2例、术后呼吸困难1例.均经再次处理后痊愈.39例患儿随访1～26年,生长、发育、进食情况与同龄儿童无异.结论 左结肠动脉升支供血、横结肠顺蠕动方向、经胸骨后径路作结肠与下咽或颈食管吻合术,是治疗小儿食管化学烧伤后瘢痕狭窄的较佳方法.     

252例结肠代食管的临床经验

报告２５２例结肠代食管术的临床经验。总并发症率１７．４６％，吻合口瘘发生率１０．３１％。死亡率１．９８％。提高存活率、降低并发症率和死亡率的关键在于：根据结肠血管解剖特征，首选结肠左动脉作结肠段供血管；将结肠段作顺蠕动向移植较符合生理要求；食管和结肠一层吻合安全可靠，炎性反应轻，愈合快；根据病种、病人心肺功能和年龄，选择结肠段的移植径路。     

食管化学烧伤后狭窄的手术治疗

目的 探讨食管化学烧伤后狭窄的外科治疗及横结肠代食管手术的应用价值。方法 106例食管化学烧伤后狭窄的病人均采用横结肠代食管手术、保留结肠左动脉升支、胸骨后顺蠕动吻合，除横结肠咽腔吻合32例外，均横结肠食管颈部吻合。结果 无手术死亡。手术后发生颈部吻合口瘘12例、吻合口狭窄8例、气管切开3例，经治疗后均痊愈。结论 食管化学烧伤后应积极采取胸骨后横结肠代食管术，行横结肠食管颈部吻合或结肠咽腔吻合都是适宜的。     

食管癌切除结肠代食管术44例

我们于１９８９年３月至１９９３年８月间，为４４例食管癌病人行食管癌切除、结肠代食管术。包括上段癌２３例，中段癌１８例，下段癌３例；其中上段癌病变长于７ｃｍ者６例，中段癌病变长于８ｃｍ者５例及下段癌中２例既往曾行胃大部切除术且病变长于９ｃｍ者均先行术前放疗，放疗剂量为３０～４０Ｇｙ。４０例（９０．９％）以结肠左动脉升支供血的横结肠行顺蠕动方向吻合，结果手术死亡１例，颈部吻合口瘘９例（２０．４５％）。我们认为本术式对中、上段癌病人疗效较满意，建议多采用以结肠左动脉为血供的横结肠作为移植段行顺蠕动方向吻合，为减少术后并发症，应注意加强病人围手术期的处置和护理。     

胸骨后横结肠代食管260例报告

报告260例胸骨后横结肠代食管术的临床经验,总并发症率14.2％,死亡率2.3％。根据结肠血管解剖特征,常规选用横结肠作移植肠段,首选左结肠动脉升支供血,行顺蠕动吻合,移植肠段置于胸骨后进行食管重建利于术后放疗。我们认为横结肠长度足够、血运良好、基础代谢率低、体积较小、易游离,足以代替食管全长,且使胃能保持正常生理位置,是食管理想的替代物。文中也对手术操作体会及并发症的预防进行了探讨。     

横结肠代食管在食管化学烧伤后狭窄手术中的应用

目的 探讨食管化学烧伤后狭窄的外科治疗经验及横结肠代食管的手术操作体会。方法 本组106例均采用横结肠代食管、保留结肠左动脉升支、胸骨后顺蠕动吻合，其中横结肠咽腔吻合32例，余行横结肠食管颈部吻合。结果 无手术死亡。手术后颈部吻合口瘘12例、吻合口狭窄8例、气管切开3例，经治疗后痊愈。结论 食管化学烧伤后狭窄应积极采取胸骨后横结肠代食管，行横结肠食管颈部吻合或结肠咽腔吻合。     

食管开口以下狭窄的外科治疗

报道1978～1996年应用保留结肠左动脉升支间置横结肠顺蠕动行结肠下咽腔吻合治疗食管开口以下狭窄14例(其中婴幼儿6例)的结果,旨在探讨食管开口以下狭窄的外科治疗方法。本组病例均一期手术成功,未发生吻合口瘘及其他并发症。随访3～5年,无吻合口狭窄,病儿发育正常。作者认为,横结肠重建食管,结肠下咽腔吻合是治疗食管开口以下狭窄较理想的手术方法。     

结肠代食管术吻合口瘘及肠段缺血的防治

目的探讨降低结肠代食管术（ERC）后吻合口瘘和肠段缺血发生率的有效措施。方法回顾分析1966年3月至2006年3月间实施ERC术的572例患者的临床资料。在实施ERC时．掌握移植结肠段的长度比预测需要再长3-4cm,并维护移植结肠段的主要供血血管充分供血的原则,保证肠段上提通道宽畅无阻,尽量采用顺蠕动向移植;1996年以后,术中常规首选左结肠动脉和肝曲的边缘血管作为移植肠段主要供血管。结果本组患者以食管癌和食管瘢痕狭窄为主（92．5％）。食管切除重建占55．6％,食管改道占44．4％。全组吻合口瘘发生率为11．9％．其中1996年后的吻合口瘘发生率为5．6％,低于此前的13．6％（P〈0．05）：术中采用顺蠕动向移植者其吻合121瘘发生率为6．2％．低于逆蠕动向移植者的65．5％（P〈0．01）。全组无1例出现结肠段缺血坏死。结论实施ERC时．采用移植结肠段的足够长度和维护充分供血是预防肠段缺血和吻合121瘘的主要措施。移植肠段通道通畅有利于肠段存活。顺蠕动向移植有利于降低吻合口瘘的发生率。     

食管腐蚀性烧伤后严重狭窄的外科治疗

目的探讨食管腐蚀性烧伤后狭窄的外科治疗经验及胃或横结肠代食管重建手术的应用价值。方法对98例食管腐蚀性烧伤后狭窄的患者中72例广泛食管狭窄、病变超过食管中段以上者采用横结肠代食管、保留结肠左动脉升支、胸骨后顺蠕动吻合,其中横结肠咽腔吻合18例,横结肠食管颈部吻合54例,胸段食管旷置不切除;26例狭窄位于中下段,经胸切除瘢痕段食管用胃重建食管,胃食管胸内吻合。结果结肠食管重建72例中,术后死亡4例（5．56％）,发生颈部吻合口瘘14例（19．44％）,后期出现颈部吻合口狭窄7例,经治疗后均痊愈。胃重建食管26例无手术死亡,术后发生胸内吻合口狭窄3例,经扩张治愈。结论食管腐蚀性烧伤后狭窄在伤后20～24周可积极采取食管重建术,根据食管狭窄段严重程度及位置决定是否行狭窄段食管切除、选择食管重建替代物及吻合的位置。可采用横结肠食管颈部吻合或结肠咽腔吻合术,胸内胃食管吻合术。     

结肠间置术治疗胃切除术后食管癌

目的 探讨结肠间置术治疗胃切除术后食管癌的疗效。方法 对26例胃切除术后食管癌患的手术方式、并发症、治疗结果及术后胃肠功能进行分析。结果 1例移植段结肠颈段坏死，4例颈部吻合口瘘，1例术后8d死于急性心肌梗死。结肠顺蠕动间置18例，1年生存率77．8％，2年生存率44．5％；结肠逆蠕动间置8例，1年生存率62．5％，2年生存率37．5％。胃肠功能等级评定显示，结肠顺蠕动间置术后胃肠功能优于结肠逆蠕动间置。结论 胃切除术后腹膜腔的严重粘连和胃空肠吻合口的压迫可导致横结肠短缩和结肠左动脉分支变细。手术中应力争行结肠顺蠕动间置。     

Extended left colon interposition for pharyngoesophageal reconstruction using distal-end arterial enhancement

In pharyngoesophageal reconstruction with colon interposition, the oral segment of colon graft suffers from high incidence of ischemia necrosis. This leads to increased rate of fistula formation and hence increased mortality. This study described an arterial enhancement procedure for uncomplicated colon interposition. Five patients who had undergone pharyngoesophageal reconstruction with extended left colon interposition were reviewed, all of whom had advanced hypopharyngeal cancer with cervical esophagus invasion. Insufficient blood supply of the distal colon was noted following pharyngocolostomy. Arterial enhancement from the distal end of the sigmoid artery branch to the superior thyroid artery (four cases) or facial artery (one case) was performed. All patients displayed good circulation and peristalsis of colon interposition graft perioperatively. The pharyngocolostomy junction was free of leakage and colon graft necrosis. Barium study revealed a wide patent anastomosis postoperatively. Patients tolerated regular diet without problems following discharge. This demonstrated distal arterial enhancement procedure during extended colon interposition is a feasible technique for preventing serious complications for pharyngoesophageal reconstruction.     

Colon interposition for esophageal replacement: an alternative technique based on the use of the right colon

OBJECTIVE: To describe the technique and results of an alternative colon interposition procedure in which the ascending and transverse colon is used as graft, but that still relies on the left colonic artery for blood supply. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The standard procedure to obtain a left colon interposition graft requires ligation of the middle colic artery and mobilization of the left and right flexure. This approach carries a risk because preparation of the left flexure may damage arterial or venous collaterals located at this site that are crucial for graft perfusion. METHODS: The authors modified the standard technique so that mobilization of the left flexure is no longer necessary. To obtain a colon interposition graft that is long enough, the ascending colon was included into the graft by ligating the middle and the right colic artery. The left colic artery remained the blood-supplying vessel. From January 1997 to June 1998, 15 patients underwent modified colon interposition with a cervical anastomosis (12 esophagectomies, 3 esophagogastrectomies). RESULTS: In all cases, intraoperative blood supply from the left colic artery to the proximal ascending colon was sufficient. After surgery, four major complications occurred (27%). Endoscopy demonstrated a vital graft in all patients. In one patient a leakage of the cervical anastomosis was observed. One patient died of herpes pneumonia. Postoperative artificial ventilation was required for an average of 2.8 +/- 4.6 days, the average intensive care unit stay was 6.9+/-4.5 days, and the average total hospital stay was 24.1 +/- 15.1 days. CONCLUSION: An intact left colic artery, including its collaterals at the splenic flexure, supplies sufficient blood to the proximal ascending colon after central ligation of the middle and right colic artery. Even without mobilization of the left flexure, a sufficient graft length can be obtained. Preliminary complication rates with the use of this technique for colon interposition are in the range of those found for the standard colon interposition technique. These modifications may represent an alternative to established procedures for creating a colon interposition graft.     

Oesophagusersatz durch Interposition des an der A. mesenterica inferior gestielten Colon ascendens

OBJECTIVE: Colon interposition for esophageal replacement is indicated in patients with benign esophageal disease, in patients who require an esophago gastrectomy for a potential cure and in patients in whom the stomach is no longer available for replacement because of preceding surgery. METHODS: In 30 patients we performed colon interposition grafts for esophageal replacement using a modified technique. This technique includes ligation of the middle and right colic artery, thereby creating an interposition graft of the whole ascending colon which receives blood exclusively from the left colic artery. The main advantage of this procedure is the length of the interposition graft. Preparation of the left colic flexure is no longer required. Nineteen patients had an esophagectomy, 11 patients an esophago-gastrectomy. RESULTS: Minor complications in this unselected patient group occurred six times (20%), and major complications were observed in seven patients (23.3%). Frequency of anastomotic leakage amounted to 13.3%, hospital mortality to 10%. CONCLUSION: Frequency of postoperative complications and hospital mortality of patients in whom a modified colon interposition was done is comparable with published data of unselected patient groups, which had either a standard colon interposition graft for esophageal replacement or a gastric pull-through procedure.     

Transhiatal esophagectomy and colonic interposition for caustic esophageal stricture.

From January 1986 through 1990, 70 children (42 boys, 28 girls) with esophageal stricture resulting from ingestion of caustic potash underwent simultaneous esophagectomy and colonic interposition utilizing the transhiatal esophageal approach. At the time of the procedure, their ages ranged from 14 months to 6 years (mean, 3.2 years). Thoracotomy was needed in one patient due to accidental injury to the tracheal during esophageal mobilization. There were 3 deaths from respiratory failure. Otherwise, morbidity was low, and there were satisfactory long-term functional results. The use of isoperistaltic left colon based on both ascending and descending branches of the left colic vessels resulted in survival of all grafts. End-to-side esophagocolic anastomosis decreased the incidence of both postoperative leak (2 instances) and late stenosis (1 case needed surgical revision). Construction of a length of colonic graft equal to the gap between the esophagus above the stricture and the stomach and fixation of the graft to the edge of the esophageal hiatus reduced the incidence of late colonic redundancy in the chest; this did occur in 4 cases but was not associated with dysphagia. Routine pyloroplasty and anterior cologastric anastomosis to the gastric antrum contributed to the absence of gastrocolic reflux and peptic ulceration in this series.     

婴幼儿食管化学烧伤后狭窄的外科治疗

报告１９８０年至１９９４年应用保留结肠左动脉升支顺蠕动间置横结肠，行结肠下咽腔吻合治疗婴幼儿食管开口以下化学烧伤后狭窄６例的结果，旨在探讨婴幼儿食管良性狭窄的外科治疗方法。本组病例全部一期手术成功，无吻合口瘘及其他并发症发生。随访３～５年，无吻合口狭窄，病儿发育正常。作者认为，横结肠重建食管，结肠下咽腔吻合是治疗婴幼儿全食管良性狭窄较理想的手术方法。     

食管良性狭窄的治疗

目的 探讨食管良性狭窄外科治疗的效果与经验。方法 1982年2月至2001年2月，治疗食管良性狭窄45例。手术治疗42例中局限性狭窄段食管纵切横缝1例。食管部分切除食管胃吻合术5例，结肠代食管术36例，单纯扩张治疗1例，保守治疗2例，全组中胃或空肠造瘘21例，经食管镜或胃造瘘顺行或逆行扩张11例次。结果 43例痊愈，2例保守治疗者均死亡。结论 食管良性狭窄可运用机械扩张缓解，食管腐蚀性狭窄持续扩张1年以上者，应积极手术治疗，在食管重建术中以结肠代食管术为好。     

Arterial supply in the left colonic flexure

The authors study the behaviour of the middle colic, left colic superior, middle and inferior and the first sigmoidal arteries in the territory of the terminal portion of the transverse colon, the left colonic flexure and the descending colon. The study was carried out on 1200 angiographies of the superior and inferior mesenteric aa. and on 150 anatomical specimens, surgically extirpated in the course of left emicolectomy operations. Contrary to what is believed by most authors, the left flexure is a colonic tract very well supplied by blood while the descending colon results to be poorly supplied, being served only by one artery (the left sup. colic a.) often of limited caliber and with branches (the middle and the inf. left colic aa.) sometimes totally or partially lacking. In this last colonic tract the vascular continuity, represented by the arterial arcades, is often interrupted. The Riolan's arcade, variously shaped, is to be considered a constant vascular structure (only once it was lacking in this study). Sometimes it is doubled by a second more internal arcade which must not be confused with the intermesenteric arcade. In four of the observed cases, the Riolan's arcade resulted strengthened by a second retroperitoneal arcade, derived from a branching of the middle colic a., whose branches of division went to the two colonic flexures and descended along the postero-lateral walls of the ascending and descending colon, often parallel to the regular abdominal branches. Exceptionally the colonic flexure is supplied by the only left colic a., which behaves as a specific artery, by us called "dominant artery". The central branches of the artery go to the flexure while the lateral ones join the branches of the middle colic and the first sigmoidal aa., effecting tenuous connections, surgically unreliable. In this case the arterial continuity of the Riolan's arcade can be considered interrupted, at least for the surgical practice. The intermesenteric arcade, in its three forms (direct, mixed and indirect), was observed in 20% of the cases. The colic marginal a. is considered by the authors a tier of arches formed by the colic aa. The left colonic flexure is also supplied by particular vessels originated from the middle colic and the left colic aa. (angular branches and arcades and bridge-branches) or from the superior mesenteric a. (angular artery of Donati) and from other sources, particularly from the splenic a. These vessels then join the colic "vasa recta" through the phrenocolic ligament and the marginal omental vessels. This research shows that the vascular continuity of the left colon is not a constant element, able to reassure the surgeon, for possible interruptions that may occur in its composition.