珠海市建筑行业职业伤害研究

目的:了解珠海市建筑行业职业伤害情况,并进行原因分析,提出相关预防措施。为职业伤害系统资料的建立提供本底资料,也为政府决策和制订相应管理策略,增进劳动者健康,充分提高劳动效率提供科学依据。方法:根据珠海市劳动和社会保障局1 990～2 0 0 3年间的职业伤害(工伤)认定的资料进行分析。结果:1 990～2 0 0 3年间珠海市建筑行业职业伤害(工伤)人数为35 9人,以男性为主,占96 . 4 %。75 . 2 1 %的职业伤害者年龄<4 0岁。职业伤害者中30 . 6 4 %为四川籍,2 3 .6 8%为广东籍,1 4 .2 1 %为湖南籍。1 990年至2 0 0 3年间轻伤、重伤和死亡的构成比分别为2 8. 4 2 %、4 9 .30 %和2 2 . 2 8%。职业伤害主要类型为高坠(2 6 . 1 2 %)、碰撞伤(1 8. 82 %)和挤压(1 0 .39%)。职业伤害的主要部位为下肢(2 8. 70 %)、上肢(2 0 . 89%)和面部(1 2 . 5 3%)。职业伤害的主要原因为防护装置缺陷(30 . 92 %)、违反操作规程(2 5 . 0 7%)和缺乏安全操作知识(1 4 . 2 1 %)。结论:建筑业是珠海地区的高危险行业,建议改善工作场所安全设施和加强工人的安全教育和培训,从而有助于减少或杜绝建筑业职业伤害的发生。     

1997～2003年某铁路局职工工伤流行病学调查

[目的]研究某铁路局工伤的分布特点、发生原因及规律。[方法]对某铁路局所属4个分局1997年至2003年间发生的工伤事故进行回顾性调查，资料用Access 2000建立数据库，使用SPSS 11．5 for Windows统计分析。[结果]工伤粗发生率为23．68／10万，致死工伤粗发生率为3．17／10万。伤害的月份分布中以5月（13．4％）较高，1月份（4．2％）最低。不同时间段的工伤发生率以8：00～10：00最高（28．8％），其次为13：00～15：00（23．0％），有集中于上班后0～1h的倾向。工伤以车辆伤害（31．0％）和高处坠落（16．9％）为主，而违章操作（61.3％）是其主要原因。在调查的10个工种中，工伤在调车工人和机车车辆钳工中的发生率较高，分别为61／10万、59．8／10万。[结论]应加强生产安全教育和管理，采取切实可行的措施控制和减少工伤事故的发生。     

武汉某医院护理人员针刺伤害调查分析

目的了解护理人员针刺伤害暴露情况及其影响因素，为采取有效职业防护措施提供依据。方法问卷调查武汉某医院护理人员基本情况、针刺伤害防护知识及针刺伤害发生情况，统计分析针刺伤害暴露率及其影响因素。结果临床护士1年内针刺伤害暴露率为79．1％，针刺伤害发生率较高的科室主要见于外科和手术室，其发生率分别为84．4％和100％，是否正确处理医疗废弃物的针刺伤害发生率分别为84．2％和69．0％，两者差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论临床护士为职业针刺伤害高发人群；护理人员针刺伤害职业暴露主要与科室类别和医疗废弃物的处理方式有关；强化针刺伤害职业安全教育、提高针刺伤害防护知识、使用具有安全防护的医疗器具等可有效干预护理人员职业针刺伤害的发生。     

某钢铁企业职业伤害特点研究

目的了解钢铁企业职业伤害特点。方法收集四川某钢铁企业2001—01—01／2005—12—31职工伤亡事故登记资料进行回顾性调查分析。结果该企业5年期间共发生198起工伤事故,伤亡人数223人,男性201人（90．1％）、女性22人（9．9％）;职业伤害主要年龄段在30～39岁（109人,占48．9％）和40～49岁（62人,占27．8％）,男女职业伤害年龄构成差别无统计学意义（X^2=6．652,P〉0．05）;伤害部位四肢多见（94例,56．3％）;伤害类别主要为灼伤（50例,占22．4％）、机械伤（45例,占20．2％）、物体打击伤（34例,占15．2％）和起重伤（25例,占11．2％）;轧钢厂职业伤害主要工种是挂吊工（21人,20．1‰）,维修工（20人,16．3‰）和轧钢工（12人,11．8‰）;炼铁厂主要是炉前工（23人,22．33‰）,其次为维修工（14人,7．82‰）;炼钢厂主要为浇钢工（10人,8．73‰）、其次为炉前工（10人,6．89‰）和维修工（11,6．4‰）。结论钢铁企业不同工种职业伤害发生率不同,职业伤害发生有工种、类别、程度和部位等差别,职业伤害防治工作应根据企业职业伤害特点开展。     

建筑工地农民工意外伤害的流行特征及预防对策

目的：了解建筑工地农民工伤害的流行特征及其影响因素，为农民工的伤害预防和控制提供理论依据。方法：采用自编的调查表对中铁某局合肥地区12个建筑工地881名农民工在2006年1月1日至2006年12月31日期间的伤害情况进行了回顾性问卷调查；运用负二项回归估计伤害因素的危险度。结果：农民工伤害的年发生率为17．18％，伤害的年事件发生率为28．96％，平均每位伤害者1年发生伤害1．69次，平均每次伤害花费506．39元。所调查的14种伤害中有13种伤害发生，前五位伤害分别为：跌伤（21．61％）、碰撞伤（19．42％）、钝／锐器伤（17．37％）、交通伤（10．59％）、动物／昆虫咬伤（8．47％）与环境／自然伤害（8．47％）。性别、年龄、在外打工时间、工种和建筑类型是伤害发生的影响因素。结论：建筑工地农民工伤害发生问题较严重，急需有针对性地采取一些措施，降低伤害的发生率。     

涉外电子行业职业伤害人群流行病学特征

目的了解涉外电子企业职业伤害患者的性别、年龄、职业、伤害类别、伤害程度以及部位等人群流行病学特征，探讨影响职业伤害的有关因素，为制定有效的干预措施提供理论依据。方法采用分层随机整群抽样方法，在深圳市宝安区西乡镇分层随机抽取12家电子行业的工厂共6041名员工作为样本，调查2003年1月1日-12月31日期间职业伤害情况，对其伤害情况进行描述性统计分析。结果职业伤害发生率为16．44％，标化伤害发生率为17．18％；死亡率为33．11／10万。其中男职业伤害发生率为23．76％，女为14．83％。职业伤害主要以16-20岁组男性的伤害率最高（35．80％）；工龄为0-1a和3-4a组的职业伤害发生率居一、二位，分别为25．87％、19．32％；职业伤害发生率的前3位依次是：搬运工（39．85％）、切割工（23．22％）、啤压工（21．43％）；伤害类型前2位是：刺割伤（36．66％）、灼烫（32．62％）。结论涉外电子行业职业伤害发生率较普通人群高，应引起相关部门的重视并采取相应的预防及控制措施。     

上海市虹口区一、二级医院护理人员职业伤害调查

[目的]了解虹口区一、二级医院护理人员的主要职业伤害和防护现状，为建立医务人员职业伤害防护体系提供科学依据。[方法]采用问卷调查方法调查虹口区7所医院412名护理人员的职业安全和防护情况。数据采用SPSS统计软件处理。[结果]目前护理人员面临的主要职业伤害是针刺伤、锐器损伤、消毒剂灼伤，被损伤者比例分别为92．7％，45．11％，48．45％；在调查的职业伤害中二级医院锐器损伤情况、受病人责难的情况比一级医院严重（χ^2=24．381，P〈0．05；χ^2=21．174，P〈0．05）；一级医院护理人员职业防护相对较差（χ^2=55．186，P=0．000）。[结论]医院管理者要重视对护理人员的防护教育，加强防护措施的落实，建立职业伤害报告、监测、治疗体系。     

浙江省绍兴市603名农民工职业卫生知识认知及需求调查

目的了解浙江省绍兴市部分外来农民工对职业卫生知识的认知与需求情况。方法采用方便取样方法对603名外来农民工进行职业卫生相关问题问卷调查。结果职业卫生知识知晓率77．12％,其中职业卫生法规知识知晓率（80．54％）高于职业病防治知识知晓率（73．69％）;中型企业职工职业卫生知识知晓率（79．27％）高于小型企业（72．80％）,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。铅中毒特征表现（57．05％）和高温作业饮食补充方法（8．29％）知晓率较低。职业卫生知识获取途径以广播电视节目最高（76．95％）。97．84％的农民工有职业健康教育需求。发放资料读本（69．98％）及在厂区开辟宣传专栏,张贴宣传小报教育（55．56％）方式需求较高。结论外来农民工对职业卫生知识有一定的知晓率,对职业健康教育需求较高,应继续加强企业职业健康教育与促进工作。     

2006年厦门市医院伤害监测

目的了解厦门市伤害的流行特征。方法采用分层随机抽样方法，抽取一家二级医院、一家三级医院作为哨点监测医院。2006年1—12月到哨点医院首次就诊的所有被诊断为伤害的病例作为调查对象，用统一的《全国伤害监测报告卡》进行监测。结果共报告伤害病例总人数14017人，前5位发生原因依次为钝器伤（28．69％）、跌倒／坠落（21．12％）、刀／锐器伤（18．41％）、机动车车祸（10．70％）及其他（9．21％）；发生地点主要在工业和建筑场所最高（32．58％），其次公路／街道（19．75％），家中（17．86％）；发生时的活动以有偿工作占的最高（41．76％），其次是休闲活动（37．29％）；以非故意伤害（81．58％）及轻度伤害（56．60％）为主；伤害发生高峰时间主要集中在10、16、17、18及20时。结论职业伤害是厦门市伤害预防控制的重点领域，加强安全生产保障是主要的预防措施，应引起有关部门的重视。     

黄浦区499例随访肿瘤患者需求调查

目的了解社区随访肿瘤患者的需求,从而有针对性地进行宣传和指导,更好地开展肿瘤随访工作。方法采用随机整群抽样的方法,对上海市黄浦区某社区随访管理的肿瘤患者进行无记名问卷调查。问卷分为基本情况和患者需求两部分,用EPIDATA3．02建立数据库,用SPSS统计软件进行分析。结果收到有效问卷499张,需要心理支持者占94．0％;对健康教育内容的需求依次为转移复发知识（53．9％）、肪癌知识（40,7％）和癌症诊疗知识（27．7％）。对随访医生指导服务需求依次为饮食指导（52．3％）、康复指导（38．7％）、用药指导（32．3％）。对饮食方面的需求依次为治疗期间的饮食要求（69．7％）,食物的营养成分（54．5％）,饮食结构（30．3％）对康复方面的需求不同年龄、职业、文化程度和病种的患者所需求的健康教育内容无差异。结论绝大多数患者及其家属需从不同方面了解与疾病有关的知识,同时对随访人员提出要求。     

汽车制造业不同工种工伤事故分布特征的研究

目的 探索汽车制造不同工种工人工伤事故发生的种类,特征及影响因素,为劳动安全部门制定防治对策。方法 对３６５１例工伤档案资料按种类和分布特征进行描述和分析。结果 受伤者中机加工、冲压工、特种工、辅助工、铸造工分别占２０．３％、１６．１％、１６．９％、２０．２％、８．６％。男女工伤人数分别为３０６１人和５９０人,工伤率分别为４．０‰和１．５‰。冲压工工伤率和致残率最高,达２２．４％和３６．５％。结论     

某大型钢铁企业工伤事故原因分析

目的：了解钢铁企业工伤事故的分布规律和影响因素，为企业开展有效的危险辩识、发现安全管理中存在的问题和制定预防措施提供依据。方法：收集四川某大型钢铁企业2001-2004年的伤亡事故登记资料，建立数据库，进行统计分析。结果：工伤事故发生的年龄以30-40岁组最高。事故类型以机械伤害为主，占25％。事故发生的原因主要是劳动者的不安全行为，占47．7％；其次为机械、物质或环境不安全状态占27．9％；两种因素都存在占19．8％。结论：伤亡事故的发生是多方面的因素，通过原因分析可以有针对性的采取防制措施，促进企业安全管理的改善。     

Nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses--United States, 2004

Data collected through a National Electronic Injury Surveillance System occupational supplement (NEISS-Work) provide information on persons treated for nonfatal work-related injuries and illnesses in U.S. hospital emergency departments (EDs). CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health uses these data to monitor injury trends and aid prevention activities. This report summarizes 2004 NEISS-Work injury and illness surveillance data. In 2004, an estimated 3.4 million nonfatal ED-treated injuries and illnesses occurred among workers of all ages, with a rate of 2.5 cases per 100 full-time equivalent (FTE) workers aged > or =15 years. Workers aged <25 years had the highest injury/illness rates. More than three fourths of all nonfatal workplace injuries/illnesses were attributed to contact with objects or equipment (e.g., being struck by a falling tool or caught in machinery), bodily reaction or exertion (e.g., a sprain or strain), and falls. No substantial reduction was observed in the overall number and rate of ED-treated occupational injuries/illnesses during 1996-2004. To reduce occupational injuries/illnesses, interventions should continue to target workers at highest risk and reduce exposure to those workplace hazards with the greatest potential for causing severe injury or death. More emphasis should be placed on prevention-effectiveness studies and dissemination of successful interventions to reduce work-related injuries and illnesses.     

Adolescent occupational injuries requiring hospital emergency department treatment: a nationally representative sample.

Data from a nationally representative sample of emergency departments for the 6-month period July through December 1992 were used to examine nonfatal occupational injuries sustained by adolescents aged 14 through 17 years. There were 679 occupational injuries, corresponding to an estimated 37,405 injuries nationwide. Males constituted 65.8% of the injury victims. The injury rate for males was 7.0 per 100 full-time employees, compared with 4.4 for females. Lacerations to the hand or finger accounted for 25.6% of all injuries. The majority of injuries occurred in retail trades (53.7%), which also had the highest rate (6.3 per 100 full-time employees). Seventy-one percent of the injuries in retail trade occurred in eating and drinking establishments.     

Fatal occupational injuries among workers in Kocaeli, Turkey, 1990-1999

The authors evaluated occupational accidents in Kocaeli, Turkey, using epidemiologic criteria. Data were derived from the registries of the service on Occupational Injuries and Diseases of the Social Insurance Institution's District Authority in Kocaeli. The analysis was based on data from 387 deaths. The rates of occupational injuries and mortality and fatalities from them were 5.1%, 30.6 per 100,000 workers, and 6.0%, respectively, compared with 2.8%, 35.2 per 100.000 workers, and 12.7% in Turkey. Sectors with the highest rates of fatal occupational injuries were construction (30.2%), transportation (13.2%), basic metal industry (9.0%), manufacturing of metal products (5.9%), and heating with electricity, gas, and steam (5.9%). 38.2% of these workers were 25-34 years old. Nearly all were male, most were married, and three fourths had children. Of all deaths due to occupational injuries, 121 (31.3%) were caused by traffic injuries, 93 (24.1%) by falling from high places, and 43 (11.1%) by electrocution; 89% occurred at workplaces, 42% of the workplaces were small, and 45.9% of the deceased workers had been working there for less than three months. Although the situation was better than that in the rest of Turkey in terms of epidemiologic criteria, the death rates, as in other developing countries, are higher than those in the world in general.     

黑龙江省2014—2018年伤害发生特征分析*

目的了解黑龙江省伤害监测病例分布特征,为制订黑龙江省预防控制策略提供科学依据。方法利用SPSS 20.0软件分析黑龙江省2014—2018年在哨点医院就诊的伤害首诊患者。结果 2014—2018年共收集伤害病例29 479例,男女性别比为2.0∶1;年龄构成主要集中在25～54岁(59.02%)之间;伤害发生的原因以机动车车祸(45.62%)和跌倒/坠落(25.40%)为主;伤害主要发生公路/街道(52.55%)和家中(23.94%);伤害发生时活动主要是驾乘交通工具(37.15%)、家务(18.78%)和休闲活动(16.76%);伤害性质以挫伤、擦伤(69.84%)为主;伤害部位主要在头部(36.09%)、上肢(28.77%)和下肢(21.39%)。结论黑龙江省伤害监测的病例主要集中在社会主要劳动力的青壮年,该人群是应该在伤害预防控制中最先关注的人群,应针对不同人群制定相关综合干预措施,以减少伤害发生。     

Analysis of the mechanisms of minor occupational injuries in the construction industry in Spain

OBJECTIVES: The construction industry produces the highest number of occupational injuries in Spain (25.6%). Of these, 98.5% were minor injuries with 5 million workdays lost in 2000. This occurred even after the recent introduction of numerous health and occupational safety regulations. The objective of the present study was to identify the specific mechanisms of minor occupational injuries in the construction sector. METHODS: In 2000, there were 235,853 minor occupational injuries in the construction industry. From these, injuries in general construction and civil engineering were selected (n = 155,044). These injuries affected both the total number of workers in the sector as well as bricklayers and unskilled construction workers. Insurance and financial activities (n = 2,019) were selected as a reference economic sector. Minor occupational injuries due to nontraumatic processes (heart attack, etc.) were taken as a control group (n = 167), assuming that the risk of nontraumatic processes was independent of economic activities. Odds ratios (OR) were adjusted by age, sex, years of work experience, type of employment and company size through nonconditional logistic regression models. RESULTS: The mechanisms with the highest risk of minor occupational lesions in construction workers as a group compared with employees in the financial sector were projection of fragments (OR = 33.0; 95% CI, 15.3-70.8) and being struck by objects (OR = 18.2; CI 95%, 9.7-34.1). These were also the most specific mechanisms of injury in the subgroup of bricklayers and unskilled construction workers. CONCLUSIONS: Activities aimed at preventing minor occupational injuries in the construction sector should be orientated towards these mechanisms, especially projection of fragments despite the low frequency of this mechanism compared with that of other mechanisms. Case-control design is a useful alternative approach for research into occupational injuries.     

Occupational fatalities during trenching and excavation work--United States, 1992-2001

Fatalities associated with trench collapses and other excavation hazards continue to occur despite Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards that specify safe work practices to reduce such hazards to workers. To assess the hazards of trenching and excavation work in the United States, CDC reviewed data from national occupational fatality records and investigative reports of fatal injuries. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated that 76% of the deaths were caused by cave-ins and 47% of the deaths occurred among employees of companies with < or =10 workers. Employers can reduce the risk for future deaths by adhering to OSHA standards and by using education and training resources on safe excavation and trenching practices offered by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), OSHA, and labor and trade organizations.