自体骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗兔缺血后肢的研究

目的研究自体骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗兔缺血后肢的作用。方法16只新西兰大白兔随机分为2组：注射干细胞培养液组（对照组）;移植自体骨髓间充质干细胞组（移植组）。抽取自体骨髓行干细胞体外培养,移植到兔缺血后肢,以ECT检测其血流变化。结果骨髓间充质干细胞成功移植到兔缺血后肢,ECT检测显示在2周后移植组兔后肢血流明显高于对照组。结论自体骨髓间充质干细胞移植能有效改善兔缺血后肢血供。     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植改善缺血心脏功能

目的 探讨骨髓间充质干细胞移植改善缺血心脏功能的机制.方法 以近交系F344大鼠为研究对象,结扎冠状动脉制作大鼠心肌梗死模型,1周后将BrdU标记的骨髓间充质干细胞移植于心梗缺血区,4周后缺血心肌切片,通过免疫组织化学染色检测BrdU、闰盘连接蛋白(connexin 43,Cx 43)、肌球蛋白重链β(MHC)、平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)的表达,了解移植细胞的分化情况,并应用超声检测大鼠心脏功能的变化.结果 超声检查显示治疗组心功能明显改善,心脏射血分数(EF)值增加了(27.85±4.00)%,而对照组减少了(1.98±2.87)%,差异有统计学意义.心肌缺血区内可见到BrdU标记的移植细胞,相当一部分移植细胞已分化为MHC和Cx 43染色阳性的心肌样细胞.同时,治疗组功能血管密度较对照组明显增加.结论 骨髓间充质干细胞移植于缺血心肌后可分化为心肌样细胞,参与改善缺血心脏的功能.     

蝮龙抗栓丸联合骨髓干细胞移植对大鼠缺血再灌注脑损伤的作用

目的本研究比较骨髓单个核细胞(BMSC)、骨髓间充质干细胞(BMNC)蛛网膜下腔移植以及中药蝮龙抗栓丸联合的方法治疗缺血再灌注脑损伤(MCAO)大鼠。移植后4、28 d神经功能损伤后的恢复情况。方法将分离纯化的BMSC和BMNC以蛛网膜下腔注射的方法移植到缺血再灌脑损伤大鼠颅内,同时进行中药联合治疗。移植后4、28 d评定大鼠神经功能损伤恢复情况。结果与治疗后第4天相比,模空组和各治疗组在治疗干预后第28天MMNSS神经功能评分降低均具有统计学意义。结论以相同剂量的细胞进行移植,骨髓间充质干细胞对神经功能的修复作用更好,中药联合骨髓间充质干细胞移植对缺血性脑梗死神经功能障碍的修复具有协同作用。     

CD34+细胞在急性心肌梗死周边区表达的研究

目的探讨动员骨髓干细胞后CD34 细胞在急性心肌梗死微环境周边区中的表达。方法制备大鼠心肌梗死模型,通过心肌病理组织学及免疫组织化学检测,评价动员的骨髓干细胞对心肌梗死后24h、7d及14d的治疗作用,并对其机制进行探讨。结果24h及7d动员组检测CD34 阳性心肌细胞(个/HP)与对照组相比,分别为(2.90±0.87比1.10±0.88;8.30±1.83比1.40±0.51,P<0.05),且动员组CD34 细胞数7d与24h比较(个/HP)(8.30±1.83比2.90±0.87,P<0.05)明显增加;7d时,动员组与对照组缺血周边区均有B r-dU免疫阳性细胞,与对照组比(个/HP),B rdU标记阳性细胞数明显增多(7.90±1.37比1.30±0.67,P<0.05);14d时,对照组可见大量心肌瘢痕组织;而动员组瘢痕组织面积明显小于对照组,部分血管壁上可见小核深染的细胞附着,并沿血管壁移行,14d时CD34 细胞均变为阴性反应。结论动员的骨髓干细胞对大鼠缺血心肌有治疗作用,其机制可能是在心肌微环境中,动员的骨髓干细胞(包括CD34 细胞)有向心肌细胞、血管内皮细胞分化的潜能。     

蛋白激酶D1在大鼠骨髓源性内皮祖细胞中的促血管新生作用

目的探讨蛋白激酶D1(PKD1)对大鼠骨髓源性内皮祖细胞(EPCs)黏附、迁移、增殖、血管形成能力及内皮型一氧化氮合成酶(e NOS)表达的影响。方法体外培养、分离和鉴定大鼠骨髓源性EPCs,观察PKD1及其特异性阻断剂CID755673对EPCs的黏附、迁移、增殖、血管形成能力的影响,以及对EPCs中e NOS的mRNA表达和蛋白表达的影响。结果 EPCs体外细胞培养实验表明,PKD1可明显促进EPCs的黏附、迁移和增殖,提升EPCs的血管形成能力,上调EPCs中e NOS的mRNA表达和蛋白表达水平。结论 PKD1具有调控EPCs促血管新生的作用,其促血管新生的作用可能以一种依赖e NOS的方式进行。     

骨髓干细胞动员对心肌病心衰大鼠的心功能影响

目的:探讨骨髓干细胞动员对心肌病心衰大鼠的心功能影响。方法:选取20只心肌病心衰模型,随机分成两组,骨髓干细胞动员组(G组)为皮下注入重组人粒细胞刺激因子,心衰组皮下注入生理盐水。治疗前后采静脉血测外周血白细胞计数和单个核细胞数,将治疗5d后外周血分离出单个核细胞用流式细胞仪测CD34。四周后由彩色超声心动图评价心功能参数。结果:骨髓动员组外周血白细胞计数和单个核细胞数明显增高,流试细胞仪检查CD34阳性。在治疗4周后G组在超声心动图与心衰组有差异明显。结论:骨髓干细胞动员动员出造血干细胞,G组对心肌病心衰大鼠的心功能有明显改善。     

肝细胞生长因子基因修饰的骨髓问充质干细胞对糖尿病大鼠下肢缺血肌肉损害的保护作用

目的观察携带人肝细胞生长因子（hepatocytegrowthfactor,HGF）基因的重组腺病毒（Ad—HGF）修饰后的骨髓间充质干细胞（mesenchymalstemcells,MSCs）对糖尿病大鼠下肢缺血肌肉组织的影响。方法体外分离、培养大鼠骨髓MSCs,以最佳感染强度转染Ad—HGF后备用。健康Wistar大鼠,给予高脂、高糖饲料饲养加小剂量STZ腹腔注射建立实验性2型糖尿病大鼠模型,经1％戊巴比妥钠麻醉后无菌手术暴露左侧后肢股动脉起始端及其分支并完全结扎,造成急性后肢缺血。并将模型大鼠随机分为Ad-HGF修饰的骨髓MSCs治疗组（A组）,溶剂对照组（B组）,每组8只。制备缺血模型后A组将Ad—HGF修饰的骨髓MSC、B组将PBS于术后10min内行手术部位多点肌内注射。2组于手术注射后6周,取结扎后肢内与外侧肌肉组织。常规组织病理切片染色,在光学显微镜下观察其组织病理学变化。结果B组大鼠因股动脉被结扎而使血运严重受到干扰的患肢肌肉组织都发生了显著的病理改变,肌纤维变性、断裂、肌束内水肿、脂肪性变,肌束间动脉管壁变厚,管腔变小甚至消失,少见新生的小血管;A组上述病变不明显。结论Ad—HGF修饰的骨髓MSCs的局部应用可减轻或改善糖尿病大鼠下肢缺血后肌肉组织损伤,提示Ad—HGF修饰的骨髓MSCs对糖尿病大鼠下肢缺血性肌肉损伤具有明显的保护作用。     

SDF 1α对大鼠骨髓源性内皮祖细胞克隆形成能力及增殖的影响

目的观察基质细胞衍生因子-1α（SDF-1α）对体外培养的大鼠骨髓源性内皮祖细胞（EPCs）动员和增殖的影响。方法微孔法获取大鼠骨髓EPCs并采用荧光显微镜和流式细胞术鉴定EPCs特异性标记物。不同浓度SDF-1α处理EPCs后,采用细胞培养、MTT检测EPCs的克隆形成、细胞增殖。结果通过MTT法检测,对照组与（1、10、100μg/L）SDF-1α处理组的OD值分别为0.311±0.054、0.587±0.072、0.813±0.056、1.029±0.078,通过统计学方法分析,对照组与SDF-1α处理组比较差异均有统计学意义（n=5,P〈0.05）;100μg/LSDF-1α处理组次级内皮祖细胞集落单位数目是对照组近3倍（4.67±1.577比14.33±3.055,n=5,P〈0.01）。结论SDF-1α剂量依赖性地促进EPCs增殖,并显著增强EPCs克隆形成能力。     

骨髓间充质干细胞和骨髓单个核干细胞移植治疗大鼠心肌梗死的对比研究

目的观察髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）和骨髓单个核干细胞（BMMNCs）移植对急性心肌梗死后大鼠左心功能的影响及存活情况,比较两种干细胞移植的优劣性。方法雌性Lewis大鼠45只按随机抽签法分3组：对照组、MSCs组、BMMNCs组。结扎前降支制备心肌梗死模型,MSCs组和BMMNCs组均注射等数量（2×10^6）雄性MSCs和BMMNCs,对照组注射等体积的培养基。4周后超声检测左心功能、左心室前壁厚度,免疫原位杂交检测雄性鉴别基因sry片段的表达。结果MSCs组和BMMNCs组与对照组相比：左心室射血分数分别增加22．57％、24．09％（P=0．000）,MSCs组和BMMNCs组之间比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;左心室前壁厚度增加（2．6±0．5）mm和（2．5±0．3）mm对（1．8±0．4）mm（P=0．000）;免疫原位杂交显示MSCs组与BMMNCs组sry表达阳性,对照组阴性。阳性细胞的数量相比较,BMMNCs组高于MSCs组（66．50±6．59比46．67±4．64,P=0．000）。结论MSCs和BMMNCs移植均能改善大鼠急性心肌梗死后左心功能,减轻左心室重构;移植4周后在受体心肌内存活干细胞数量BMMNCs优于MSCs。     

激活Notch信号的骨髓间充质干细胞心肌移植促进血管新生

目的探讨干预Notch信号骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)移植对心肌梗死(MI)大鼠心肌的治疗性血管新生作用及其机制。方法 60只Wistar大鼠经结扎冠状动脉前降支建立MI模型后2周进行相应处理后,随机分为激活Noth信号的BMSCs移植实验组(D组)、BMSCs移植对照组(E组)、培养液移植对照组(C组)、MI模型对照组(B组),每组15只;另选取10只为假手术对照组(A组)。4周后观察细胞生长及增殖情况,测定缺血心肌中血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)蛋白的表达及缺血区心肌毛细血管密度的改变。结果 BMSCs在梗死区中可增殖分化为内皮细胞。与B组、C组及A组相比,D组、E组缺血心肌中VEGF蛋白的表达增多及毛细血管密度均明显增高(P<0.01),D组较E组更明显(P<0.05)。结论 Notch信号促进心肌梗死区BMSCs向内皮细胞分化,促进缺血心肌中毛细血管新生。     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.