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目的 了解我国当前对医源性胆管损伤外科治疗概况及胆管损伤治疗效果。方法 通过检索解放军医学图书馆中文生物医学期刊数据库（CMCC）从1995年1月至2000年1月全国各级期刊关于胆管损伤的论文,统计来自165个医疗单位2742例医源性胆管损伤。结果 统计显示胆管损伤的94％来自与胆囊有关的手术,以胆管横断伤为多（47％）,损伤类型时要为胆总管（44％）和肝总管（36％）,有40％为术中及时发现处理,胆管损伤修复手术因狭窄再手术占总数的23％,术中发现和术后发现及胆管修复的方式有明显的差异。结论 胆管损伤后期的修复防止狭窄是较困难的,调查修复方式显示术中发现的作胆管修补＋T管支撑引流,术后发现手术作胆管空肠吻合＋长期支撑的手术方式效果较好。     

683例胆管损伤的外科治疗

目的 总结胆管损伤的外科治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析1990年8月至2008年12月湖南省人民医院手术治疗的683例胆管损伤患者的临床资料.全组患者中,行肝叶切除+T管引流7例、肝修补+T管引流2例、窑洞式胆道外引流+肝叶切除4例、肝叶切除或修补+硅胶管支撑27例、肝门临时阻断+明胶海绵压迫止血233例、胆管修补+T管引流72例、肝胆管盆式Roux-en-Y吻合248例、胆管外引流22例、长臂T管引流61例、胰头十二指肠切除2例、肝叶切除+T管引流5例.通过随访复查评定患者手术效果.结果 根据术后患者的自觉症状、生活和劳动状况以及影像学检查结果将手术效果分为优、良、差3个等级.612例患者术后随访8个月至19年,手术效果优者337例(55.1%),良者214例(35.0%),差者61例(10.0%).结论 只要手术方式选择恰当,胆管损伤采用手术治疗可以取得令人满意的效果.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the experience in surgical management of bile duct injury. Methods The clinical data of 683 patients with bile duct injury who were admitted to the Hunan People's Hospital from August 1990 to December 2008 were retrospectively analyzed. Of all the patients, seven received hepatectomy +T tube drainage, two received liver repair + T tube drainage, four received external biliary drainage + hepatectomy,27 received liver repair or hepatectomy + silicone support, 233 received temporary portal triad clamping + gelatin sponge hemostasis, 72 received biliary repair + T tube drainage, 248 received hepatobiliary basin Roux-en-Y anastomosis, 22 received external biliary drainage, 61 received long arm T tube drainage, two received pancreaticoduodenectomy and five received hepatectomy + T tube drainage. The surgical outcomes were evaluated by analyzing the results of the follow-up. Results The surgical outcomes were ranked excellent, good and poor according to the condition of patients and the results of imaging examination. Six hundred and twelve patients were followed up for 8 months to 19 years, and the surgical outcomes were excellent in 337 patients (55.1%), good in 214 patients (35.0%) and poor in 61 patients ( 10.0% ). Conclusion The surgical outcome of bile duct injury could be satisfactory if the approach of the surgery is properly selected.     

Laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy as an alternative procedure designed to prevent bile duct injury: Experience of a hospital in northern China

Purpose  Experience and advances in laparoscopic techniques have made laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy (LSTC) a feasible option even in complex procedures. We report our experience of performing LSTC in the management of complicated cholecystitis. Methods  Among 1558 patients scheduled to undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in our institute between July 2004 and December 2007, 48 underwent LSTC for complicated cholecystitis. We describe our tailored approach and the techniques we used to accomplish this. Results  All 48 patients underwent retrograde cholecystectomy. Twenty (41.6%) required an additional port (the fourth port) to obtain adequate exposure of the hilum, 39 (81.3%) required suturing of the gallbladder infundibular remnant, and 4 (8.33%) experienced local complications. The mean operative time of LSTC was 61.7 ± 17.5 min, the estimated operative blood loss was 72.0 ± 32.8 ml, the time to resume oral intake was 27.8 ± 14.9 h, and the mean postoperative hospital stay was 4.5 ± 1.3 days. There was no bile duct injury or mortality in this series. Conclusion  Laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy is a safe and feasible alternative to conversion to open surgery during difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy for patients with complicated cholecystitis. However, we emphasize that only experienced laparoscopic surgeons should perform this procedure when complete removal of the gallbladder is not possible.     

Recurrent bile duct stricture: causes and long-term results of surgical management

Background/Purpose The management of recurrent bile duct strictures is a challenge for surgeons. This study reports the experience of revision surgery in patients referred following the failure of primary repair, and compares the outcome with that in patients who underwent management of recurrent stricture following primary repair at our institution. Methods Over a period of 15 years, 300 patients with postcholecystectomy benign biliary stricture underwent surgical repair at our institution; 36 patients (12%) were referred after a failed primary repair. Results In 25 (69%) patients, the primary repairs were done at peripheral hospitals. Twelve (33%) had had an early repair, at the time of cholecystectomy while 24 (67%) had a delayed repair at a later date; 83% and 67% of the patients who had undergone early and delayed repair, respectively, had not had a preoperative cholangiogram. Primary repairs performed were a bilioenteric anastomosis (22; 61%) or an end-to-end bile duct repair (14; 39%). Twenty-seven (75%) patients presented within 90 days after the primary repair, and the median interval to recurrent symptoms was 45 days (range, 1 day to 6.1 years). The median delay in referral after the development of symptoms of restricture was 175 days (range, 30 days to 22 years). Twenty-three (64%) patients had high strictures (Bismuth types III-V). All patients underwent a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. At a median follow-up of 37 months (range, 12–144 months), 33 of 35 evaluable patients (94%) with recurrent stricture had an excellent/good outcome compared to 223 of 242 evaluable patients (92%) who had had their primary repair at our institution. Ten (4%) patients had a poor result following primary repair at our center. There was a significant difference in the stricture repair-to-recurrence interval between those patients referred to us with recurrent strictures and those who failed after primary repair at our institution (median interval, 1.5 vs 20 months; P = 0.001) Conclusions Patients referred with recurrent strictures had had their primary repair at peripheral settings; the failures were technical, presenting early (median, 1.5 months) with recurrent symptoms, compared to findings in patients with recurrent strictures following primary repair at our center. The long-term outcome following the repair of the primary and the recurrent strictures was no different in our experience.     

围手术处理因素对胆道损伤的预后影响

目的 探讨围手术因索在处理胆道损伤时的重要辅助影响.方法 分析收集四川省达州市中心医院自1987-2006年收治处理的66例胆道损伤病人的临床资料,结合随访结果 ,总结非手术因素对处理胆道损伤的重要预后影响.结果 48例经B超、CT、MRCP、ERCP等影像学检查证实.术中发现胆道损伤经影像学等方法 准确诊断后立即施行修复或吻合手术者44例,9例因损伤后时间较长或病情较重,经有效外引流、支持抗感染等非手术措施治疗在3～6个月后获得二期胆道重建术手术机会,2例死于胆漏所致的全腹膜炎及全身衰竭.1例因十二指肠大小乳头开口于憩室内在切除憩室后致胆胰管损伤行胆肠、胰肠吻合术后死于并发症.3例胆道吻合术后出现吻合口狭窄经球囊扩张治疗近期症状明显缓解.1例胆肠吻合病人因反复发生胆管炎在多次手术后死于全身衰竭.结论 除了手术治疗之外,胆道损伤后的围手术期处理对于胆道损伤后预后有着重要影响.胆道损伤宜及时发现并处理,术中胆道造影可增加诊断正确率并对选择处理方式有重要指导作用,对于合并有严重腹腔感染者,应在良好引流、全身支持、控制感染后择期手术,支撑管的恰当放置和胆道扩张器对降低狭窄率仍有一定作用.     

外伤性胆道损伤的处理

目的 探讨外伤性胆道损伤的处理方法.方法 回顾性分析2009年7月至2014年5月华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院收治的26例外伤性胆道损伤患者的临床资料.26例患者均有外伤史.根据损伤控制原则,行剖腹探查术明确诊断后,根据术中探查情况,采用Mattox损伤分型标准对患者进行分型.在抗休克治疗的同时,根据损伤部位和程度,选择胆囊切除术、胆管修补术、胆管对端吻合术、胆肠吻合术和肝方叶切除＋肝门部胆管整形＋肝肠吻合术等手术方式.合并其他脏器的损伤者均行相应的手术治疗.术后辅以抗炎、补液等对症支持治疗.记录患者院内死亡情况.出院患者定期门诊或电话随访,随访时间截至2014年10月.结果 26例患者行剖腹探查术,术中发现胆囊损伤15例、胆总管损伤5例、肝总管损伤3例、左肝管损伤2例、右肝管损伤1例;合并肝破裂11例、脾破裂1例、肾破裂5例、小肠破裂4例.Mattox损伤分型：Ⅰ型11例,Ⅱ型4例,Ⅲ型0例,Ⅳ型8例,Ⅴ型3例.15例胆囊损伤患者中,5例Ⅰ型胆囊挫伤较轻者未行胆囊切除术,6例Ⅰ型胆囊挫伤较重者和4例Ⅱ型患者行胆囊切除术;11例肝胆管损伤患者中,5例Ⅳ型较轻者行胆管修补＋T管引流术,3例Ⅳ型较重者根据损伤部位采用不同手术方案（1例行胆管对端吻合术＋T管引流术、1例行胆肠吻合术、1例行肝方叶切除＋肝门部胆管整形＋肝肠吻合术）,3例Ⅴ型患者均行胆肠吻合术.合并其他脏器损伤的患者均行相应的手术治疗：11例联合肝破裂修补术或肝段切除术,1例联合脾切除术,5例联合肾切除术,4例联合小肠部分切除＋端端吻合术.26例患者中,术后1例因失血性休克经抢救无效于住院期间死亡;3例出现胆汁漏,1例出现伤口感染,经对症支持治疗后痊愈.25例患者治愈出院.25例患者获得随访,随访时间为术后1、3、6、12个月,无一例患者发生迟发性胆?     

An angulated common bile duct predisposes to recurrent symptomatic bile duct stones after endoscopic stone extraction

Background Endoscopic sphincterotomy and stone extraction are standard procedures for the removal of bile duct stones. Stone recurrence can, however, occur in up to 25% of cases. Risk factors have been poorly defined, but are believed to be related to bile stasis. This study investigated whether an angulated common bile duct (CBD) that may predispose to bile stasis influences symptomatic stone recurrence after successful endoscopic therapy. Methods This study included 232 consecutive patients (mean age, 64.1 years; 86 men) who had undergone therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for bile duct stones. Data from the follow-up period (36 ± 17 months) were obtained from medical records and patient questioning. Common bile duct angulation and diameter were measured from the cholangiogram after stone removal. Results Symptomatic bile duct stones recurred in 16% of the patients (36/232). Three independent risk factors were identified by multivariate analysis: an angulated CBD (angle, ≤145°; relative risk [RR], 5.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2–12.5; p = 0.0002), a dilated CBD (diameter, ≥13 mm; RR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.2–5.7; p = 0.017), and a previous open cholecystectomy (RR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.3–5.9; p = 0.0117). Gender, age, urgency of procedure, or a periampullary diverticulum did not influence the recurrence rate. Conclusions Angulation of the CBD (≤145°) on endoscopic cholangiography, a dilated CBD, and a previous open cholecystectomy are independent risk factors for symptomatic recurrence of bile duct stones. The findings support the role of bile stasis in stone recurrence. Further studies using these data prospectively to identify high-risk patients are warranted. Part of this work was presented at the Digestive Disease Week in New Orleans, 16–20 May 2004, and published in abstract form in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2004;59: AB197     

Traumatic bile leaks from blunt liver injury in children: A multidisciplinary and minimally invasive approach to management

Background

Selective non-operative management (NOM) of hemodynamically stable pediatric patients with blunt hepatic trauma is the standard of care. Traumatic bile leaks (TBL) are a potential complication following liver injury. The use of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the diagnosis and treatment of TBL is described in adults, but limited in the pediatric literature. We report our experience with a multidisciplinary and minimally invasive approach to the management of TBL.

Methods

This was an IRB-approved 13-year retrospective review (January 1999-December 2012) of an institutional pediatric trauma registry; 294 patients (≤ 17 years old) sustained blunt hepatic injury. Those with TBL were identified. Patient demographics, mechanism of injury, management strategy and outcomes were reviewed.

Results

Eleven patients were identified with TBL. Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic scan (HIDA) was diagnostic. Combinations of peri-hepatic drain placement, ERCP with biliary stenting and/or sphincterotomy were performed with successful resolution of TBL in all cases. No child required surgical repair or reconstruction of the leak. Cholangitis developed in one child. There were no long-term complications.

Conclusions

A multidisciplinary and minimally invasive approach employing peri-hepatic external drainage catheters and ERCP with sphincterotomy and stenting of the ampulla is a safe and effective management strategy for TBL in children.     

肝管空肠吻合术治疗医源性胆管损伤伴狭窄

医源性胆管损伤是胆囊切除术严重的并发症之一.在LC迅速发展的今天,LC导致医源性胆管损伤的发生率较开腹胆囊切除术更高.2006年10月至2011年8月我中心采用肝管空肠吻合术治疗14例医源性胆管损伤患者,取得了良好的疗效,现报道如下. 1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料 本组医源性胆管损伤患者14例,男6例,女8例;年龄28～62岁,平均年龄46岁.5例胆管损伤发生于开腹胆囊切除术,9例发生于LC.14例患者中,修复手术距胆囊切除术时间4个月至6年.4例患者带有T管.所有患者有急、慢性胆管炎表现,包括腹痛,伴或不伴发热,症状发作时均伴有黄疸.     

单中心腹腔镜胆囊切除术预防胆管损伤的体会

目的:探讨如何预防腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)胆管损伤。方法:回顾分析37 781例LC的临床资料。结果:胆管损伤25例(0.066%),其中术中发现8例,术后发现17例。胆管横断伤12例,其中离断+缺损8例(1例是中转开腹损伤),钛夹夹闭无胆管缺损4例;胆总管部分剪切伤4例;肝总管电损伤2例,分离损伤2例;右肝管损伤3例;副肝管损伤2例。胆管修补(端端吻合)+T管支撑引流5例、胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合16例,腹腔穿刺+鼻胆管引流1例(ENBD)、损伤胆管修复,置管引流3例。无死亡病例。结论:熟悉肝门解剖,仔细处理Calot三角,适时中转开腹,避免盲目自信可以有效的降低胆管损伤的发生率。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤修复术后的远期效果观察

目的探讨LC胆道损伤修复术后的远期效果。方法回顾我院1993至2002年收治的27例LC胆管损伤病人的临床资料，结合部分病人随访结果进行分析总结。结果27例病人中，6例经介入方法治愈；21例行手术治疗，其中16例同时进行肝穿刺组织活检；术后1例在20个月时出现轻度吻合口狭窄并发胆管炎，1例在T管拔除之前吻合口近端节段性狭窄，均经气囊扩张治愈；16例行肝穿刺活检的病人中，5例肝组织显著纤维化，其中4例已发展为肝硬化。结论本组平均46个月的随访的病例中，胆肠吻合术的近期有效率为90．5％，远期有效率达100％。反复的盲目修复手术使延误收治的时间平均在16个月后，将导致肝组织损害。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的诊治体会

【摘要】 目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy, LC）致胆道损伤的原因、预防及处理。 方法 回顾性分析2004年-2011年外院转入（16例）及本院发生的（7例）LC致胆道损伤23例患者的临床资料。结果 术中发现胆管小裂口损伤或胆管横断伤,予经裂口放置T管支撑引流或对端一期缝合并放置T管支撑引流（7例）;术后诊断胆管小裂口或横断伤,可行腹腔置管引流+内镜下鼻胆管引流（endoscopic nasobiliary drainage,ENBD)（3例）、择期行胆管断端对端吻合或胆肠吻合并留置支撑管引流（13例）,术后支撑管安放6-12个月（中位时间8个月）,随访时间1-6年。其中19例恢复良好,3例术后偶发胆管炎,1例胆道狭窄。 结论 术前把握LC指征、术中辨认胆囊三角关系、操作轻柔是防止医源性胆道损伤的关键。及时发现胆道损伤、选择适宜的修复时机、修复方式及请经验丰富的胆道医师实施手术可降低术后胆道狭窄的发生率。     

医源性胆管损伤的诊断和治疗

目的 总结医源性胆管损伤的诊治经验.方法 对1994年1月至2007年12月收治的92例医源性胆管损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 医源性胆管损伤的诊断主要依靠临床症状、体征、腹部穿刺和影像学检查.本组16例因经济困难未作治疗;2例未经手术治疗即死亡;48例行胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合胆道重建术;14例行内镜治疗;2例行胆管修补+T管引流术;3例行开腹置管充分引流术;1例行胆总管十二指肠吻合术;4例行PTCD;2例行B超引导下经皮穿刺引流术.术后62例患者随访4个月至10年(平均3.6年),效果满意.结论 术中及时发现,立即予以修复是治疗胆管损伤的有效措施.对于出现月口管损伤并发胆管狭窄,应行胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术.内镜及PTCD等应作为胆管损伤治疗的重要辅助措施,以提高手术治疗的成功率.     

胆囊切除术致胆管损伤12例分析

目的　探讨胆囊切除术致胆管损伤的原因及处理。方法　对 12例胆囊切除术中胆管损伤的病例进行回顾性分析。结果　本组 12例皆痊愈出院 ,无手术死亡。结论　胆囊切除术处理原则、方法和操作很重要 ,胆管损伤按不同情况和时间选择不同方法手术治疗。     

胆囊床胆管的损伤与处理对策

目的　提高对胆囊床胆管及其损伤的认识和处理对策。方法　回顾性分析了胆囊切除后胆囊床胆管损伤 37例的诊治情况。结果　 37例中 ,证实为Luschka胆管 17例、胆囊肝管 4例、右前叶肝管及其分支 3例 ;其余 13例仅发现胆瘘而未见损伤胆管。本组 30例经胆瘘处缝合引流或单纯引流治愈 ,4例未置引流者因局限性胆汁积聚经皮置管或穿刺引流治愈 ,另 3例因病情恶化而再次剖腹手术。结论　胆囊切除时易致胆囊床胆管损伤 ,术中仔细检查裸露胆囊床有无胆瘘应列为常规步骤 ,一旦发现有胆瘘 ,不论对胆漏处如何处理均应放置引流     

医源性胆管损伤的治疗现状

Iatrogenic bile duct injury (IBDI) is a severe complication in general surgery, especially during laparos-eopic cholecystectomy. Many factors may cause IBDi, in which the conscientiousness, skill and experience of the surgeons play a more important role than the abnormal anatomy and patholo-gical changes of the patient. The Bismuth's classification, which originated from the era of open surgery, does not cover the whole spectrum of bile duct injuries. Strasberg's classification made a supplement by including other types of extrahepatie bile duct injuries. The variation of opportunities leads to different thera-peutic strategies. When the injuries are diagnosed intraopera-tively, a conversion to open surgery is the option of choice, and the prosthesis should be performed by a more experienced surgeon. If the bile duct injury is diagnosed in the early stage after operation, therapeutic principles are as follows: biliary peritonitis often required an emergency reoperation, while extra-peritoneal drainage is taken for patients with simple biliary leak. The most serious postoperative complication after IBDI is steno-sis, sometimes followed by fistula. Sufficient preoperative prepa-ration is essential, which includes controlling the biliary tract infection, improving the liver and renal function and nutritional state of the patient.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的防治

目的 :探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC)致胆管损伤的原因及预防。方法 :回顾分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术 192 0例的临床资料。发生胆管损伤 6例 ,发生率为 0 31%。分析损伤的部位、类型、发生时间、原因、手术方法及采取的预防措施体会。结果 :本组 6例全部治愈 ,随访 1～ 6年 ,除 1例胆管狭窄及胆管炎外 ,余 5例健康状况良好。结论 :预防胆管损伤是关键 ,加强对LC操作训练及规范LC操作的重视。应根据发现胆管损伤的时间、部位、类型等选择不同的处理方法     

复杂型胆管狭窄及其外科治疗

目的 探讨复杂型胆管狭窄外科治疗方法与手术适应证选择。方法 总结分析了1984年6月到2001年5月期间治疗的复杂型胆管狭窄357例。结果 术后死亡9例，手术死亡串2．5％。治愈出院的348例获l—12年随访，随访串80．7％。其中217例获6-12年随访，长期随访串62．4％。随访中14例死亡，总死亡串6．4％。随访优良串83．3％。结论 复杂型胆管狭窄是外科治疗中的难题，只有根据病人的不同情况来选择多种不同方法的联合手术，方可获满意效果。