偏振光游标式调节检测仪的研制

介绍一种根据Scheiner氏盘原理研制的偏振光游标式调节检测仪 ,专用于人眼张力性调节、调节反应和远、近点的测量。通过临床检测 ,该仪器参数稳定 ,重复性好 ,反应灵敏 ,为与眼动参数有关的近视眼研究领域提供了可靠的实验方法和设备。     

测量眼张力性调节的激光散斑仪的研制

本文介绍了一种可以测量人眼张力性调节的激光散斑仪及其光学原理,经临床测试,证实该仪具有较高的准确性和实用性。     

视觉中枢感觉阶段CSF测量装置的建立与研究

利用衍射光栅法建立一种测量人眼对比敏感度的装置,与用CSV-1000测量人眼对比敏感度结果比较,结果表明两种装置对人眼对比敏感度测量结果无明显差异.衍射光栅法对比敏感度测量装置在临床应用中具有更大意义.     

EQ-5D在农村医疗保障模式评价中的应用研究

利用新型农村合作医疗与互助医疗试点地区3年的基线调查和随访数据,将主观健康测量指标与客观健康测量指标相结合,建立结构方程模型,在探讨健康的测量指标体系的基础上,对互助医疗和新型农村合作医疗这两种具有代表型的农村医疗保障模式改善健康的效果进行比较评价.结果发现,EQ-5D所测量的主观健康与传统健康测量指标所测量的客观健康...     

耳眼平面定位仪

作者研制的耳眼平面定位仪,是用来协助拍摄活体头面部X线片,以进行多项非接触性活体头面部测量(也广泛用于要求头部保持在耳眼平面位置的多项活体体部测量)的定位装置.应用它可以保证被测量头部位置的正确性和统一性,从而使根据X线片所获得的测量数据更加准确和可靠.     

混合式血压计研制及其数据处理方法

目的：研制一种能够替代汞柱式血压计的医用诊断级无汞血压测量装置。方法：使用电子压力测控技术替代水银柱式的压力显示模式,设计出一种将柯氏音听诊法与电子压力测控技术相结合的＂混合式＂血压计,并运用数据处理算法提高人工柯氏音听诊法的整体测量准确性。结果：在0~300 mmHg（1 mmHg=133.322 Pa）测量范围内,平均示值误差〈3.00 mmHg,最大实验标准偏差〈2.00 mmHg。结论：测量装置达到欧盟EN1060-3医用诊断级血压计测量标准,可对整个血压测量过程中容易引入操作者主观误差的环节进行误差控制,提高了测量系统的测量精度与可靠性。     

基于数字影像技术的视网膜检影验光装置的实验研究

目的：搭建基于数字影像技术的检影验光装置,并实验比较分析其与传统检影镜的测量准确性。方法：制作金属接口,连接传统检影镜和数码相机,组装成具有屏幕显示功能的检影验光装置。使用实验镜片,在模拟眼上设置球镜为0-＋6.00 DS,柱镜为0-＋3.00 D,球镜每1.00 D变化一档,柱镜每0.50 D变化一档,共有49种不同屈光状态。由同一名高级验光技师分别用传统检影镜和新装置检测,工作距离为0.67 m,实验检查结果运用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计学分析,分别对比两种检影镜准确度上的差异以及分别与模拟眼实际度数间的差异。结果：1在球镜和柱镜轴向测量结果中,传统检影镜与新型检影装置相比较均无显著性差异,准确度一致;2在柱镜度数测量结果中,具有显著性差异,新型检影装置准确度更高。结论：基于数字影像技术的新型检影装置与传统检影镜的检查相比其准确度更高,且应用方便,该技术在今后临床与教学工作中具有一定的应用价值。     

动态血压监测技术

动态血压监测技术对了解患者的血压的平均水平优于常规的测量方法.动态血压记录装置有袖带式和指套式两种,指套式优于袖带式,但目前国内临床上常用的是袖带式装置.本文以袖带式为例,分析了血压的测量原理,袖带的大小、病人的体位、测量的频率、病人的活动对测量结果的影响,以及测量结果的重复性的好坏.     

柯氏音信号拾取装置的研制

目的：设计血压柯氏音信号采集装置,用该装置实现基于柯氏音方法的血压测量。方法：通过传音器采集柯氏音信号,根据柯氏音信号出现和消失对应的袖带压力得到收缩压和舒张压,将该装置的血压测量结果与人工听诊法测量结果对比,验证结果的可信性。结果：2种方式得到的血压结果差别很小,用该装置测量血压结果是可信的。结论：用该装置可实现测量血压,进一步可以研究用该方法实现基于柯氏音原理的血压自动测量。     

如何降低张力性水疱的发生率

目的:减少张力性水疱的发生,防止医疗纠纷,提高患者满意度.方法:研究我院2016年急诊科换药室换药280例,按部位及创面情况相似分为2组,即对照组和观察组.对照组按常规粘贴方法粘贴,观察组按改良方法粘贴,同时记录伤口敷料周围皮肤情况,班班交接.结果:观察组胶布粘贴处发生张力性水泡,明显低于对照组,结论:通过改良粘贴方法,可减少张力性水疱的发生.     

Objective evaluation of visual fatigue in VDU workers

Prolonged work with visual display units (VDUs) may result ina wide range of subjective complaints of visual fatigue andsomatic disorders. Accepted tests for measuring the physiologicalcorrelates of eye discomfort are lacking. In this study, wetested accommodation and convergence, which are most often linkedexperimentally with VDU work. The tests were carried out on16 VDU and 13 control workers aged 24 to 43 years, before workat the beginning of the week (first examination) and again fourdays later at the end of the work day (second examination).The results in VDU workers showed that both accommodation andconvergence range significantly decreased. In addition, thoseworkers with powerful accommodative or convergence ranges atthe initial examination had a higher decrease. We suggest thataccommodation and convergence measurements can be used to evaluatevisual fatigue objectively in VDU workers.     

L-theanine and caffeine in combination affect human cognition as evidenced by oscillatory alpha-band activity and attention task performance

Recent neuropharmacological research has suggested that certain constituents of tea may have modulatory effects on brain state. The bulk of this research has focused on either L-theanine or caffeine ingested alone (mostly the latter) and has been limited to behavioral testing, subjective rating, or neurophysiological assessments during resting. Here, we investigated the effects of both L-theanine and caffeine, ingested separately or together, on behavioral and electrophysiological indices of tonic (background) and phasic (event-related) visuospatial attentional deployment. Subjects underwent 4 d of testing, ingesting either placebo, 100 mg of L-theanine, 50 mg of caffeine, or these treatments combined. The task involved cued shifts of attention to the left or right visual hemifield in anticipation of an imperative stimulus requiring discrimination. In addition to behavioral measures, we examined overall, tonic attentional focus as well as phasic, cue-dependent anticipatory attentional biasing, as indexed by scalp-recorded alpha-band (8-14 Hz) activity. We found an increase in hit rate and target discriminability (d') for the combined treatment relative to placebo, and an increase in d' but not hit rate for caffeine alone, whereas no effects were detected for L-theanine alone. Electrophysiological results did not show increased differential biasing in phasic alpha across hemifields but showed lower overall tonic alpha power in the combined treatment, similar to previous findings at a larger dosage of L-theanine alone. This may signify a more generalized tonic deployment of attentional resources to the visual modality and may underlie the facilitated behavioral performance on the combined ingestion of these 2 major constituents of tea.     

A short note on measuring subjective life expectancy: survival probabilities versus point estimates

Understanding subjective longevity expectations is important, but measurement is not straightforward. Two common elicitation formats are the direct measurement of a subjective point estimate of life expectancy and the assessment of survival probabilities to a range of target ages. This study presents one of the few direct comparisons of these two methods. Results from a representative sample of the Dutch population indicate that respondents on average gave higher estimates of longevity using survival probabilities (83.6 years) compared to point estimates (80.2 years). Individual differences between elicitation methods were smaller for younger respondents and for respondents with a higher socioeconomic status. The correlation between the subjective longevity estimations was moderate, but their associations with respondents’ characteristics were similar. Our results are in line with existing literature and suggest that findings from both elicitation methods may not be directly comparable, especially in certain subgroups of the population. Implications of inconsistent and focal point answers, rounding and anchoring require further attention. More research on the measurement of subjective expectations is required.     

Question order in the assessment of misperception of physical activity

Background  

People often have misperceptions (overestimation or underestimation) about the health-related behaviours they engage in, which may have adverse consequences for their susceptibility to behavioural change. Misperception is usually measured by combining and comparing quantified behavioural self-reports with subjective classification of the behaviour. Researchers assume that such assessments of misperception are not influenced by the order of the two types of measurement, but this has never been studied. Based on the precaution adoption model and the information processing theory, it might be expected that taking the subjective measurement after a detailed quantified behavioural self-report would improve the accuracy of the subjective measurement because the quantified report urges a person to think more in detail about their own behaviour.     

Issues in the use of psychophysiology to assess female sexual dysfunction.

The viability of psychophysiology as an assessment approach for female sexual function and dysfunction revolves around physiological measurement issues, subjective measurement issues, and the nature of the sexual difficulty. Recent data are presented and discussed as are the potentials and limitations inherent in a psychophysiological study of human sexuality. A case is made for the use of vaginal pressure pulse as a primary measure, vaginal blood volume as a secondary measure, correlations between subjective and objective measures of sexual arousal, and intercorrelations between various subjective affect scales.     

An experimental study of work load on VDT performance. Part 1. Effects of polarity of screen and color of display

Study were made on the effects of polarity of screen and color of display on work load of VDT tasks. The subjects of the present experiment were eight healthy male college students (age: 21-23 yr) having a naked binocular vision of not less than 0.7 and no astigmatism nor hyperopia. The test consisted of an experimental word processing task in which the subjects visually searched e's in given sequences of alphabetical letters displayed on the CRT and converted them to 5's through keyboard operation. As for experimental conditions, four levels of screen image, that is, positive and negative screens and green and white colored displays were adopted and 2 hr were given for each operation time. Critical flicker fusion (CFF), near point distance, accommodation time, subjective fatigue symptoms, heart rate, electromyogram in upper limbs and performance score were measured. The following results were obtained. Decrease in C.F.F. and extension of near point distance were observed in all experimental conditions during the operating time. Increase in complaints of subjective fatigue related to visual function was observed in all experimental conditions after two hour VDT task. Greater extension of near point distance and larger complaints of subjective fatigue were observed in subjects using the green colored display than in those using the white colored display. This suggests that the visual load using the green colored display is larger than that using the white colored display. A larger decreased in C.F.F. and greater complaints of subjective fatigue were demonstrated in subjects using negative screen than those using positive screen. This suggests that the visual load using the negative screen is larger than that using the positive screen.     

Pitfalls in the pursuit of objectivity: issues of validity, efficiency and acceptability

In a previous article the distinction is made between objectivity and objectification. Objectivity is considered a generic goal of measurement, marked by freedom of subjective influences in general, whereas the latter term is used to describe strategies to reduce measurement error. A survey of several studies indicated that objectified methods are not intrinsically more reliable than subjective measures. In this paper the consequences of objectification are analysed for issues related to validity, efficiency, transparency, and effect of these methods on students and teachers. Several studies comparing objectified and subjective methods are surveyed for this propose. The studies indicate that--as in the previous article on reliability--objectification and objectivity are not identical, and that there are many pitfalls in the objectification of measurement procedures. As a consequence, it is argued that objectified methods should not exclusively be chosen on the basis of their unconditional appeal to objectivity, but that the application of measurement methods should follow the specific purpose of the testing situation. In the context of the testing situation, arguments against and in favour of objectification should be weighted, and trade-offs are to be evaluated. The outcome of this evaluation may vary from situation to situation, and from institution to institution.     

Pitfalls in the pursuit of objectivity: issues of reliability

Objectivity has been one of the hallmarks in the assessment of clinical competence in recent decades. A consistent shift can be noticed in which subjective measures are being replaced by objective measurement methods. In the transition from subjective to objective methods trade-offs are involved, both in the effort expended and in the range of behaviours assessed. The issue of the presumed superiority of objective measures is addressed in two successive papers. In this paper a distinction is made between objectivity as a goal of measurement, marked by freedom of subjective influences in general, and objectivity as a set of strategies designed to reduce measurement error. The latter has been termed objectification. The central claim of this paper is that these two approaches to assessment do not necessarily coincide. By reviewing a number of studies comparing subjective and objectified measurement methods, the claim of the supremacy of the latter with respect to reliability is discussed. The results of these studies indicate that objectified methods do not inherently provide more reliable scores. Objectified methods may even provide unwanted outcomes, such as negative effects on study behaviour and triviality of the content being measured. The latter issues, related to validity, efficiency and acceptability, are discussed in a second paper.     

The last resort? Bed and breakfast accommodation for mentally ill people in a seaside town

There have been few studies about the seaside hotel accommodation provided for mentally ill people in the United Kingdom, despite its extensive use. This paper reports the findings of a survey in Southend, which compared living conditions and residents in bed and breakfast accommodation with those in sheltered accommodation for mentally ill adults. The results show that the mentally ill residents of bed and breakfast accommodation were living in less attractive and less well maintained surroundings. They were not only more likely to have been recently discharged from a psychiatric unit, but also had less contact with the range of community mental health services. Residents in bed and breakfast accommodation were, however, closer to local amenities, such as day centres and parks, than the control group. Staff practices were less restrictive in bed and breakfast accommodation than in the majority of sheltered homes; homes employing psychiatric nurses allowed residents the most freedom. These findings support the need for more accommodation of an acceptable standard for those people discharged from psychiatric units. Local liaison schemes between health workers responsible for the continuing care of mentally ill people and the landlords of bed and breakfast accommodation could improve the quality of life for these residents.