Patterns of upstream antiplatelet therapy use before primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (from the CRUSADE National Quality Improvement Initiative)

We sought to determine the usage patterns and impact of upstream glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor and clopidogrel in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We studied trends in the use of upstream glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and clopidogrel in 3,895 patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI at 124 hospitals in the United States participating in the CRUSADE initiative from March 2005 to December 2006. Administration of these agents >15 minutes before PCI was considered pre-PCI use, and administration < or =15 minutes before, during, and after PCI was considered peri-PCI use. A total of 3,566 patients (91.6%) received glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors within 24 hours of presentation, of whom 1,225 (34.4%) received this medication before PCI. Similarly, 3,785 patients (97.2%) received clopidogrel within 24 hours of presentation, of whom 1,029 (27.2%) received this medication before PCI. From 2005 to 2006, pre-PCI glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor use decreased from 43.4% to 33.5%, whereas pre-PCI clopidogrel use increased from 21.2% to 31.5%. Clinical characteristics, risk of adverse outcomes, and bleeding events were similar in the pre- versus peri-PCI glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor and clopidogrel cohorts, respectively. In conclusion, most patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI receive glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and clopidogrel, but only (1/3) are treated upstream with these agents and this upstream use does not have a significant impact on outcomes. These results indicate that further studies are needed to determine the optimal dosing and timing of antiplatelet therapies for patients undergoing primary PCI.     

The efficacy and safety of CYP2C19 genotype-guided antiplatelet therapy compared with conventional antiplatelet therapy in patients with acute coronary syndrome or undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Abstract

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 genotype is closely associated with the metabolism and efficacy of clopidogrel, thereby having an important impact on clinical outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CYP2C19 genotype-guided antiplatelet therapy in patients with ACS or undergoing PCI. PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and clinicaltrials.gov were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing CYP2C19 genotype-guided antiplatelet therapy with conventional therapy in patients with ACS or undergoing PCI. Eight RCTs involving 6708 patients were included in this meta-analysis. CYP2C19 genotype-guided antiplatelet therapy was slightly superior to the conventional antiplatelet therapy in reducing the risk of MACE [RR(95%CI): 0.71(0.51–0.98), p = .04]. Meanwhile, the genotype-guided therapy group had significantly lower incidence of myocardial infarction [RR(95%CI): 0.56(0.40–0.78), p < .01], but similar risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, stent thrombosis, urgent revascularization and stroke compared to the conventional therapy group. Incidences of major/minor bleeding and major bleeding were comparable between the two groups. In patients with ACS or undergoing PCI, CYP2C19 genotype-guided antiplatelet therapy displayed benefit over conventional antiplatelet therapy in reducing the risk of MACE and myocardial infarction, without increasing bleeding risk. Further RCTs are needed to provide more evidences for CYP2C19 genotype-guided antiplatelet therapy.     

经皮冠状动脉介入术后氯吡格雷抵抗的临床观察

目的观察因急性冠脉综合征（ACS）行冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）患者应用氯吡格雷后血小板聚集率的变化及氯吡格雷抵抗的发生情况。方法ACS患者37例,予氯吡格雷负荷量300mg,继予75mg/d维持,在服用氯吡格雷前,服药后2、4、6、24、48h以及服药后30d取血,测定ADP诱导的血小板聚集率,观察血小板聚集率变化并根据抑制程度判断氯吡格雷抵抗发生率。结果给药后2、4、6、24、48h及30d时,氯吡格雷抵抗的发生率分别为62%、46%、32%、38%、49%和43%,氯吡格雷抵抗者用药后血小板抑制率明显低于反应者,其中1例抵抗者出现亚急性支架内血栓形成。结论PCI治疗的部分患者中存在氯吡格雷抵抗。     

Inhibition of the antithrombotic effects of clopidogrel by proton pump inhibitors: Facts or fancies?

Clopidogrel plus aspirin is considered the antiplatelet treatment of choice in patients with acute coronary syndrome, whether or not they are undergoing a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The same treatment is mandatory in all patients undergoing a PCI with stent implantation. Clopidogrel is a pro-drug that needs metabolic activation through a cytochrome P450-dependent pathway, with an extensive involvement of the CYP 2C19 isoenzyme. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy. In the past two years some scientific evidences have suggested a possible negative interference of PPIs on antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel because of the competitive inhibition of the CYP 2C19 isoenzyme. Few studies testing platelet reactivity in patients receiving both clopidogrel and a PPI have demonstrated a reduced inhibitory effect of the association on platelet aggregation. Moreover, results from retrospective observational studies have shown a higher incidence of major cardiovascular events in patients receiving both clopidogrel and PPIs. These data have not been confirmed neither by the only prospective randomized study comparing clopidogrel plus omeprazole with clopidogrel alone, nor by the retrospective analysis of the TRITON TIMI 38 trial, where PPIs did not affect the clinical outcome of patients given clopidogrel or prasugrel. Nevertheless both the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) have discouraged the concomitant use of clopidogrel and PPIs. Important questions concerning a true interference between the two classes of drugs still remain unanswered and need to be addressed by adequately powered studies.     

高危急性冠状动脉综合征介入治疗早期和即刻应用替罗非班改善冠状动脉血流和心肌灌注的临床疗效比较

目的:了解高危非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征(NSTE-ACS)冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)时,术前早期和术前即刻应用替罗非班改善冠状动脉血流和心肌灌注的疗效.方法:将2006-07-2007-07入院、备行PCI的160例高危NSTE-ACS患者随机分配到PCI前早期应用组(A组,冠状动脉造影前4～6 h应用替罗非班)和PCI前即刻应用组(B组,导丝通过冠状动脉病变后应用替罗非班).观察2组在常规使用阿司匹林和氯吡格雷基础上,PCI术前和术后即刻靶血管TIMI血流分级和TIMI心肌灌注分级(TMPG),以及血小板聚集率.记录使用替罗非班治疗期间的出血并发症和血小板减少症的发生率.结果:A组冠状动脉造影前的血小板聚集率显著低于B组(8.5%∶42.0%,P<0.05).A组PCI前即刻靶血管TIMI血流2～3级(81%)、TMPG灌注2～3级(62%)的比率以及PCI后TMPG灌注2～3级比率(89%),均显著高于B组(62%、33%、64%),均P<0.05.A、B组PCI后靶血管TIMI血流3级比率差异无统计学意义(99%∶98%,P>0.05),使用替罗非班治疗期间,A、B组重度出血、中度出血及血小板减少症发生率分别为2.5%∶1.25%、1.25%∶1.25%及1.25%∶1.25%,2组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:在阿司匹林、氯吡格雷抗血小板治疗的基础上,高危NSTE-ACS患者PCI前早期应用替罗非班比PCI前即刻应用,能及早抑制血小板聚集功能,显著改善术前靶血管血流和术前、后心肌灌注.     

Optimizing antiplatelet therapy in acute coronary syndrome and percutaneous coronary intervention

Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel is the standard of care for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and those undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). It is well established that inhibition of platelet aggregation reduces the risk of recurrent thrombotic events and stent thrombosis. However, some patients show a reduced antiplatelet response to standard clopidogrel loading (300 mg) and maintenance (75 mg day^?1) doses, which has been associated with poorer patient outcomes. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies show that higher‐than‐standard clopidogrel dosing strategies facilitate more rapid platelet inhibition of a greater intensity as a result of greater plasma concentrations of the clopidogrel active metabolite. Recently completed studies suggest that in patients with ACS undergoing PCI, higher‐than‐standard clopidogrel dosing regimens provide greater inhibition of platelet function and improved clinical outcomes with a small but significant increase in major bleeding. Newer, more potent antiplatelet agents such as prasugrel and ticagrelor are other alternative strategies that result in more rapid, greater inhibition of platelet function and better outcomes than standard‐dose clopidogrel. Whether platelet reactivity‐guided therapy or genotyping for cytochrome P450 polymorphisms is useful in managing patients needs to be further defined. Most importantly, early and effective antiplatelet therapy results in the best short‐ and long‐term outcomes for patients with ACS or those undergoing PCI. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

介入治疗联合应用腺苷对不稳定型心绞痛患者冠状动脉血流和临床预后的影响

目的评价经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)联合静脉应用腺苷对不稳定型心绞痛(UA)患者冠状动脉血流和近期临床预后的影响。方法 2009年3～12月,60例准备行PCI的UA患者按随机数字表法分配到腺苷组(PCI术前10 min应用腺苷,30例)和对照组(PCI术前10 min应用生理盐水,30例)。观察两组在常规使用阿司匹林和氯吡格雷的基础上,PCI术前和术后即刻靶血管TIMI血流分级和校正的TIMI帧数(CTFC)。随访PCI术后3个月内两组患者主要不良心血管事件(MACE)的发生率。记录使用腺苷治疗期间不良反应的发生情况。结果两组PCI术前即刻靶血管TIMI血流2～3级发生率和CTFC差异无统计学意义(76.2%比72.5%,41.60±13.76比42.13±14.30,均为P>0.05)。两组PCI术后即刻靶血管TIMI血流3级发生率差异无统计学意义(97.6%比92.9%,P>0.05);腺苷组靶血管CTFC则显著优于对照组(23.03±8.38比28.50±10.24,P<0.05)。结论在阿司匹林、氯吡格雷抗血小板治疗的基础上,PCI联合静脉应用腺苷能改善UA患者术后靶血管冠状动脉血流。     

One-year clinical outcomes with abciximab vs. placebo in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention after pre-treatment with clopidogrel: results of the ISAR-REACT 2 randomized trial.

AIMS: The aim of this study is to investigate whether the benefit of abciximab in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACSs) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) after pre-treatment with 600 mg clopidogrel is sustained at 1 year. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed 1-year follow-up of 2022 high-risk patients with NSTE-ACS undergoing urgent PCI, who were randomized to abciximab or placebo after pre-treatment with 600 mg clopidogrel in the Intracoronary Stenting and Antithrombotic Regimen: Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment 2 trial. The combined incidence of death, myocardial infarction, or target vessel revascularization at 1 year was the primary outcome analysis. At 1 year, the primary outcome was reached in 23.3% of patients allocated to abciximab vs. 28.0% of patients allocated to placebo [relative risk (RR) 0.80, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67-0.95, P = 0.012]. The combined incidence of death or myocardial infarction was 11.6% in patients allocated to abciximab vs. 15.3% in patients allocated to placebo (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.59-0.94, P = 0.015). CONCLUSION: In high-risk patients with NSTE-ACS undergoing a PCI after pre-treatment with 600 mg clopidogrel, adverse events occurred less frequently with abciximab and the early benefit was maintained at 1 year after administration.     

普拉格雷在冠心病介入治疗中的研究进展

口服双重抗血小板药物阿司匹林加噻吩吡啶,已获准在经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）中使用。第二代噻吩吡啶类衍生物氯吡格雷是给予PCI患者双重抗血小板治疗的选择性药物。但是,氯吡格雷存在两个缺陷:①氯吡格雷需要代谢产生其活性的形式,故抗血小板活性延迟;②已证明不同患者给予氯吡格雷后的反应存在很大差异性。为了克服氯吡格雷的上述缺陷,新一代更有效的普拉格雷（即第三代噻吩吡啶类衍生物）,临床评价其可以快速起效。本文对第三代口服噻吩吡啶普拉格雷进行了综述,旨在总结普拉格雷的利弊并概述该药在临床使用中最谨慎的方案。     

经皮冠状动脉介入术患者的氯吡格雷抵抗和心血管事件

目的：观察因急性冠脉综合征（ACS）行冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）出现氯吡格雷抵抗及心血管事件的发生情况。方法：因ACS入院患者42例，予氯吡格雷负荷量300mg，继予75mg／d维持，在服用氯吡格雷前，服药后2h、4h、6h、24h、48h和服药后30d取血，测定ADP诱导的血小板聚集率，根据其抑制程度判断是否为氯吡格雷抵抗，观察氯吡格雷抵抗者心血管事件的发生情况。结果：给药后2h、4h、6h、24h、48h和30d时，氯吡格雷抵抗的发生率分别为59．5％、52．4％、38．1％、38．1％、47．6％和41．5％，16例24h时存在氯吡格雷抵抗者有3例出现心血管事件，虽未达统计学差异，但发生率明显高于无抵抗组。结论：PCI治疗的部分患者中存在氯格雷抵抗，并可能与心血管事件发生有关。     

冠脉支架术后阿托伐他汀联用氯吡格雷两药相互作用的随访研究

目的研究在冠脉支架术后随访患者中不同剂量的阿托伐他汀与氯吡格雷长期联用产生的药物相互影响。方法105例冠心病患者,入院第2天随机服用阿托伐他汀和普伐他汀,66例行PC I术者入院当日加服氯吡格雷。共分为5组,A组23例,阿托伐他汀20 mg/d+氯吡格雷,B组20例,阿托伐他汀40 mg/d+氯吡格雷,C组23例,普伐他汀20 mg/d+氯吡格雷,D组20例,单用阿托伐他汀20 mg/d,E组19例,单用阿托伐他汀40 mg/d。分别在入院第1天及出院随访1、3月测定A、B、C组患者的血小板功能指标,并进行比较,测定各组的血脂等指标,分别比较A和D组、B和E组血脂等指标的差异。结果各组患者临床特征基线资料比较,差异无统计学意义;A、B、C组患者首次及随访1、3月测定的血小板功能指标CD62P、CD63、MPAR,组间差异无统计学意义,3组中各指标1、3月比基线均略有所下降（P<0.05）,但1月和3月比较差异无统计学意义,CD62P、CD63、MPAR互为正相关（P<0.05）;A和D组、B和E组在首次及治疗1、3月后相比较,血脂等在两对应组间差异均无统计学意义。结论冠脉支架术后40 mg/d以下的阿托伐他汀与常规剂量氯吡格雷较长时间联用,两药之间相互无明显影响,合用是安全的。     

Efficacy and Safety of Ticagrelor and Clopidogrel in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Aim: The efficacy and safety of ticagrelor and clopidogrel in patients with stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remain uncertain. Thus, this study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of ticagrelor and clopidogrel in patients with SCAD treated with PCI. Methods: A total of 9,379 patients with SCAD undergoing PCI who received dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) were consecutively enrolled in two groups, namely, ticagrelor ( n =1,081) and clopidogrel ( n =8,298) groups. Major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) and bleeding events according to ticagrelor or clopidogrel use were compared. Results: After propensity matching ( n =1,081 in each group), ticagrelor was associated with fewer MACCEs compared with clopidogrel (3.6% vs. 5.7%, hazard ratio [HR]=0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.41–0.93, p =0.019), and the difference between ticagrelor and clopidogrel for bleeding events was nonsignificant (4.0% vs. 3.2%, HR=1.24, 95% CI 0.79-1.93, p =0.356). On the other hand, the difference between ticagrelor and clopidogrel for net adverse clinical events was significant (4.1% vs. 6.0%, HR=0.67, 95% CI 0.46–0.98, p =0.039). In a multivariate analysis, the use of ticagrelor, number of stents, previous history of diabetes, previous history of smoking, and ACC/AHA type B2 or C lesions were considered independent predictors of MACCEs, while radial artery access, previous history of stroke, and weight ＜60kg were independent predictors of bleeding events. Conclusions Ticagrelor was associated with a lower incidence of MACCEs without an increased risk of bleeding events in patients with SCAD receiving PCI.     

Comparison of higher clopidogrel loading and maintenance dose to standard dose on platelet function and outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention using drug-eluting stents

Adequate antiplatelet therapy is paramount for good clinical outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The purpose of this study was to determine whether a high-dose regimen of clopidogrel in patients undergoing PCI is superior to standard dosing. A total of 119 patients undergoing PCI were blindly randomized in 2:1 fashion to receive clopidogrel loading 600 mg on the table immediately before PCI and 75 mg 2 times/day for 1 month (high-dose group) versus standard dosing (300 mg loading and 75 mg/day; low-dose group). Platelet aggregation was measured using light transmission aggregometry at baseline, 4 hours, and 30 days. The composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization was studied at 30 days in addition to major and minor bleeding. Baseline characteristics and baseline platelet aggregation were similar in the 2 groups. Percent inhibitions of platelet activity were 41% and 27% in the high-dose group versus 19% and 10% in the low-dose group at 4 hours and 30 days (p = 0.046 and 0.047, respectively). Composite clinical end points were 10.3% in the high-dose group and 23.8% in the low-dose group (p = 0.04). No difference was noted in major or minor bleeding. In conclusion, a higher loading and maintenance dose of clopidogrel in patients undergoing PCI results in superior platelet inhibition and decreased cardiovascular events without increasing bleeding complications.     

合并糖尿病的冠心病患者PCI治疗后氯吡格雷抵抗的影响因素

目的探讨合并糖尿病的冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（冠心病）患者经皮冠状动脉介入（percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI）治疗后氯吡格雷抵抗的影响因素。方法159例行PCI治疗的冠心病患者,其中糖尿病患者56例,非糖尿病患者103例,术前予氯吡格雷300mg负荷剂量治疗,术后予75mg／d持续治疗。测其服药前、术后24h和术后5d以5μmol／L的二磷酸腺苷诱导的血小板最大聚集率。以血小板聚集抑制率≤10％定义为氯吡格雷抵抗。比较两组临床基线资料、相关常规检查、手术资料。Logistic回归分析糖尿病患者氯吡格雷抵抗的独立危险因素。结果糖尿病组发生氯吡格雷抵抗的比例为48．2％,显著高于非糖尿病组的20．4％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。糖尿病组三酰甘油浓度显著高于非糖尿病组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组其他基线资料比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。Logistic回归分析结果显示糖尿病史（年）（β=0．243,OR=1．184,P=0．028）是糖尿病患者氯吡格雷抵抗的独立危险因素。结论合并糖尿病的冠心病患者存在更高的氯吡格雷抵抗比例。糖尿病史（年）是糖尿病患者PCI治疗后发生氯吡格雷抵抗的独立危险因素。     

Antiplatelet Strategies: Evaluating Their Current Role in the Setting of Acute Coronary Syndromes

Numerous clinical trials have established the value of antiplatelet therapies for acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Aspirin (ASA), thienopyridines (i.e., clopidogrel and ticlopidine) and GP IIb/IIIa antagonists comprise the major classes of antiplatelet therapies demonstrated to be of benefit in the treatment of ACS and for the prevention of thrombotic complications of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Clopidogrel is beneficial when administered before and after PCI, and is more effective when combined with either ASA or GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors in preventing post‐PCI complications, coronary subacute stent thrombosis, and thrombotic events in general. It is currently unclear whether a higher loading dose of clopidogrel (600 mg) is better than the standard loading dose (300 mg), how long therapy should continue, and which maintenance dose is optimal. The role of the GP IIb/IIIa antagonists in ACS is less clear due to conflicting data from several studies with different patient populations. Currently, it appears that the use of GP IIb/IIIa antagonists might be most beneficial in high‐risk ACS patients scheduled to undergo PCI, who demonstrate non‐ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction and elevated troponin levels. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Macroscopic thrombus formation on angioplasty equipment following antithrombin therapy with enoxaparin.

Increasing evidence suggests that treatment with the low molecular weight heparin enoxaparin during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is safe and effective. We evaluated the incidence and consequences of periprocedural macroscopic thrombus formation on PCI equipment following antithrombin therapy with enoxaparin. Between April 2003 and December 2004, all patients undergoing cardiac catheterization following antithrombin therapy with enoxaparin were evaluated. All patients had blood sampled at the onset of procedure for subsequent measurement of anti-factor-Xa levels. Of the 4,504 patients who underwent PCI during this period, in 122 (3%) the procedure was performed within 8 hr of treatment with subcutaneous enoxaparin and no additional unfractionated heparin (UFH) was used periprocedurally. Of these, macroscopic thrombus was observed on PCI equipment in 6 patients (5%) necessitating withdrawal of all catheters and wires. All patients had therapeutic anti-factor-Xa levels at the time of PCI, and had been treated with double antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel. No periprocedural thrombus was observed in 356 patients who were >12 hr of the last dose of enoxaparin and received UFH at the time of PCI. Following observation of thrombus, additional anticoagulation with UFH resulted in significant epistaxis in one patient. In another patient, the procedure was complicated by distal coronary embolization. Percutaneous coronary intervention following antithrombin therapy with enoxaparin is associated with a 5% incidence of macroscopic thrombus formation on PCI equipment. The necessity for subsequent exchange of all equipment and/or the need for additional anticoagulation may have disastrous consequences for the patient. Our findings suggest that the safety of antithrombin therapy with low molecular weight heparin during PCI requires further evaluation.     

糖尿病患者经皮冠状动脉介入术后氯吡格雷抵抗的临床观察

目的:探讨Ⅱ型糖尿病患者经皮冠状动脉介入术后氯吡格雷抵抗现象。方法:入院急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者46例,其中糖尿病患者11例,非糖尿病患者35例,予氯吡格雷负荷量300 mg,继予75 mg/d维持,在服用氯吡格雷前,服药后2、4、6、24、48与30 d取血,测定5μmol/L二磷酸腺苷(ADP)诱导的血小板聚集率,分析两组间临床特征、血小板抑制率的差异。结果:糖尿病患者11例中氯吡格雷抵抗的发生率为55%,高于非糖尿病患者26%(P0.05)。结论:在经PCI治疗的ACS并发Ⅱ型糖尿病患者中氯吡格雷抵抗的发生率高于非糖尿病患者。     

Does prior PCI increase the risk of subsequent CABG?

Chocron and colleagues have reported that prior percutaneouscoronary intervention (PCI) leads to a worse outcome in patientssubsequently undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG).¹In view of the fact that around one-third of patients with multivesseldisease treated with bare metal stents will require re-interventionwithin a few years,² this conclusion is potentially worryingand raises several questions. (i) Is the conclusion justifiable?(ii) Are the findings consistent with other studies in the literature?(iii) If real, what are the likely pathophysiological mechanisms?(iv) Will the findings be different drug-eluting stents? (v)What are the clinical implications for patients and the economicimplications for health services? Is the conclusion justifiable? The obvious weakness of the study of     

Adverse cardiovascular outcomes associated with concurrent use of clopidogrel or ticlopidine and proton-pump inhibitors in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

Recent clinical studies reported the drug interaction between proton-pump inhibitors (PPI) and clopidogrel, which remains controversial. The aim of this study was to determine whether the concurrent use of PPI with clopidogrel or ticlopidine is associated with increased risk for adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In this retrospective cohort study, we assessed the cardiovascular outcomes associated with the concurrent use of PPI and clopidogrel or ticlopidine in the well-characterized 1286 patients with CAD undergoing PCI in the University of Tokyo Hospital. In the Japanese patients with CAD undergoing PCI, the concurrent use of PPI was significantly associated with increased risk for major adverse cardiovascular events in the ticlopidine users (hazard ratio 2.63; 95 % confidence interval 1.65–4.18; P < 0.001), but not in the clopidogrel users. In the clopidogrel users as well as the ticlopidine users, PPI use did not affect the occurrence of target lesion revascularization, but significantly increased the risk for new lesion formation in the coronary arteries, which required subsequent revascularization. The adverse cardiovascular effects of the concurrent use of PPI and ticlopidine were identified in the patients with CAD undergoing PCI. Also, new lesion formation in the coronary arteries was shown to be increased when PPI was coprescribed for the thienopyridine users.     

Relationship between peripheral arterial reactive hyperemia and residual platelet reactivity after 600?mg clopidogrel

Clopidogrel reduces long-term ischemic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome or stable angina (SA) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Endothelial function improvement has been proposed, among other factors, for this beneficial effect of clopidogrel, but whether this might be associated to its anti-platelet action remains unclear. We tested the hypothesis that clopidogrel improvement of peripheral vascular endothelial function might be associated with inhibition of platelet aggregation. Endothelial function was evaluated before and at least 12?h after 600?mg clopidogrel in 43 SA pts undergoing elective PCI by: (a) reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonometry (measuring the Endoscore); (b) circulating endothelial microparticles (EMPs). Response to clopidogrel was measured with point-of-care VerifyNow P2Y12 assay and expressed as platelet reaction unit (PRU) and percent platelet inhibition (%PI). High platelet reactivity after clopidogrel was defined as PRU?≥?240. Endothelial function improved after clopidogrel in 20 pts. Changes in Endoscore (Δ Endoscore) were significantly correlated with both PRU (r?=?-0.61, P?相似文献