本科教育阶段《全科医学概论》课程建设的需求研究

  目的  对本科教育阶段《全科医学概论》课程建设进行需求研究,为进一步推进高校全科医学教育提供参考依据。  方法  对5所高等医学院校教学管理人员、全科相关专业带头人以及承担《全科医学概论》课程的教师进行关键事件访谈;同时选取已经完成全科医学概论课程的临床专业在校学生进行问卷调查。  结果  被访谈的26名专家认为本科教育阶段《全科医学概论》课程建设仍需进一步完善,课程管理队伍不健全,教学手段单一,课程评估方式较传统;对300名学生的问卷调查结果显示,有183人(61.00%)认为有必要开设《全科医学概论》这门课程,173人(57.67%)对《全科医学概论》课程感兴趣,仅116人(38.67%)对该课程目前的教学方式满意,有148人(49.33%)更倾向于讲授+案例分析授课方式,234人(78.00%)认为该课程的社区实践内容安排合理,有157人(52.33%)对目前该课程的考核方式满意,仅有161人(53.67%)认为通过学习该课程有助于增加认知和转变观念。  结论  高校应进一步加强全科医学课程建设和师资队伍培养,创新以社区为导向的教学模式,采用多元融合的教学设计,构建多元动态的课程评价与反馈机制,将全科医学理念融入本科教育阶段的课程建设中,为全科医学的可持续发展奠定基础。      

“以病例为中心、问题为基础、社区为导向”全科医学教学模式的效果评价研究

目的评价"以病例为中心、问题为基础、社区为导向"医学本科生全科医学课程教学模式(CPC教学模式)的教学效果。方法通过测试法和问卷调查法,分析评价CPC教学模式的教学效果和学生的反馈意见与建议。结果 80%及以上的学生认为CPC教学模式在激发学习兴趣、加深对全科医学和社区卫生服务的理解、提高解决实际问题能力和批判性思维能力方面的帮助很大或帮助较大。对教师理论课表现评分为94.75分(满分100分),与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。83.7%的学生认为社区基地实习有助于加深对全科医学和社区卫生服务的理解。CPC教学模式提高了学生自学时间、学习成绩和学生毕业后从事全科医学的可能性。结论 CPC教学模式有效地提高了教学效果。     

“以病例为中心,社区为导向”全科医学教学模式的评价研究

目的构建适宜的新型全科医学课程教学模式,并评价其教学效果。方法采用文献法,掌握国内外医学本科生全科医学教育现状;采用测试法、问卷法和专题访谈法评价CC教学模式的教学效果。结果运用现代教育理论,构建"以病例为中心,社区为导向"全科医学教学新模式。该模式有助于加深学生理解全科医学和社区卫生服务知识,激发学生学习全科医学兴趣,促进对教学内容的记忆理解,提高了考试成绩,有利于增加学生毕业后从事全科医学专业的可能性,促进学生综合素质和基本能力的培养,但完善的教学案例和网络资源以及较高的教师教学能力必不可少。结论 "以病例为中心,社区为导向"教学模式能有效地提高教学效果,易于掌握和推广。     

在校医学本科生全科医学教育的现况调查

目的了解在校医学本科生全科医学教育的现况,探讨全科医学教育对当今医学教育及全科医学人才培养的作用和意义。方法以公共事业管理专业、预防医学专业、临床医学专业的96名在校本科生(三年级)作为调研对象。自行设计并发放问卷,对全科医学学习的必要性、社区卫生服务中心择业意愿及对全科医学基本知识的认识等进行调查和描述性统计学分析。结果共发放问卷96份,回收有效问卷96份,有效回收率为100.0%。在96名调研对象中,有30.2%认为医学生有必要接受全科医学教育,有33.3%认为该学科应以必修课的形式让更多的医学生参与学习,有47.9%认为案例分析是最佳的授课方式,有49.0%建议将《全科医学概论》的学习安排在基础学习阶段。结论高等医学院校应开展相关的全科医学教育,并结合全科医学的特点,采用多种教学方式,以达到全科医学的教学目的 。     

齐齐哈尔医学院医学生对全科医学的认知与需求现况调查

目的了解医学生对全科医学相关知识的认知和需求,为医学院校开展全科医学教育,培养高素质的全科医学人才提供参考。方法采用方便抽样的方法,运用自行设计的问卷,以齐齐哈尔医学院临床医学专业和精神卫生专业本科生(四年级、五年制)作为抽样调查对象,调查医学生对全科医学的认识和需求情况并进行统计学分析。结果共发放问卷222份,回收有效问卷222份,有效回收率100%,调查结果显示,222名学生中,只有50人(22.5%)在开设全科医学概论之前听说过全科医学;不同专业的学生对全科医学的需求不同,对学习全科医学的必要性、开设全科医学课程和全科医学实践课的必要性,临床医学专业学生的需求高于精神卫生专业的学生;对全科医学教育的必要性,精神卫生专业学生的需求高于临床医学专业的学生。通过全科医学的学习,学生对全科医学的学科性质、全科医学的定义、全科医生的角色、全科医疗与专科医疗的区别以及全科医疗在卫生服务体系中的作用有了进一步的了解(P<0.05)。结论大多数医学生毕业后愿意从事全科医学专业,认为有必要接受全科医学教育。为培养高素质的全科医学人才,医学院校应该开展多渠道的全科医学教育,这对于发展我国社区卫生服务将具有重要的现实意义。     

高校医学生对社区医学认知的比较研究和

目的探讨高校医学生对学习社区医学和社区卫生服务的认知.方法采用封闭和开放式调查表进行调查,同时进行座谈调查.结果全科医学学生对社区医学的认知态度非常积极,而非全科医学专业的学生对此认知水平相对较低,两者之间的差异相当明显;全科医学专业的学生对社区卫生服务(CHS)的了解和一般了解占68.7%,而非全科医学专业仅59.2%,两者之间的差异相当明显;仍有部分医学生对医学模式的转变态度不明确.结论进一步推进医学生医学模式转变的思想教育,加大对医学教育的力度,增加医学生社区卫生服务的意识.     

角色扮演法在《全科医学概论》教学中的应用

加强医学本科生的全科医学教育是目前医学教育改革的重要组成部分。通过在医学本科生中开设《全科医学概论》课程,普及了全科医学知识和社区卫生服务理念,但目前传统以教师为主的教学方式,教学效果不佳,急需进行改革。角色扮演教学法是利用演戏和想象创造情景,以启发学生对自己和他人行为、信念和价值认识的一种教学方法。在《全科医学概论》的教授过程中,在传统教学方式基础上,选择合适的案例,结合课堂理论课讲授的重要知识点,进行角色扮演教学方式的尝试。通过采用角色扮演教学法,一方面提高了学生的学习兴趣,另一方面使学生将课堂所学的理论知识在角色扮演过程中积极实践,加深了理解,同时也培养了学生医患沟通能力和实际操作能力。     

全科医学课程社区见习现状及需求调查

目的:了解全科医学社区见习的现状及需求,为进一步提高全科医学社区见习质量提供参考。方法:对学习全科医学概论课程并参加社区见习的140名七年制医学生实施问卷调查。结果:(1)91.4%的学生认为有必要安排全科医学见习课;(2)多数学生认为通过社区见习加深了对理论课程的理解(72.9%)、是对理论课程的重要补充(83.6%);61.4%的学生认为社区见习能够提高他们对全科医学课程的学习兴趣;对于社区见习中先集中讲课再参观的学习方式,44.3%的学生表示一般或不认可;(3)59.3%的学生不认为通过社区见习后能够坚定自己将来到社区工作的意愿;(4)见习时间较短(39/140)、没有实际体验医患交流(24/140)和参与全科医生的整个诊疗过程(21/140)是全科见习的主要不足。结论:全科医学社区见习是全科医学课程的重要组成部分,在见习过程中发挥学生的主体作用和教师的主导作用是提高见习质量,深入理解全科医学课程的重要手段。     

开放式教学法在全科医学概论教学中的应用与探讨

目的 了解医学生对全科医学概论教学中开放式教学方式的评价,为今后进一步开展开放式教学提供依据.方法 采用问卷调查七年制临床专业学生74名.结果 有71.6%(53/74)的学生对开放式教学感兴趣,47.3%(35/74)的学生在自我评价中认为自己在开放式教学的学习过程中表现比较好;有78.4%(58/74)的学生认为同学参与积极性较高;86.5%(64/74)的学生认为教师案例选择比较好,93.2%(69/74)的学生认为教师开放式教学的带教水平比较高.结论 在全科医学概论课中采用开放式教学方式是可行的.但需加强对教师和学生的培训以及取得学校及临床教学医院教学管理部门的支持.     

医学生对全科医学教育需求现状的调查与分析

目的 了解在校医学生对全科医学的认知状况,探讨开展全科医学教育的必要性.方法 以本校临床医学系和护理系在校专科生作为抽样调查对象,自行设计并发放问卷,对不同专业医学生对全科医学的学习意愿、对全科医师择业意愿等进行调查并进行描述性统计学分析.结果 超过半数的学生认为在校学习期间有必要开设全科医学教育课程;临床专业94.60％的学生赞成设置全科医学培养方向,护理专业只有53.92％的学生持支持态度;临床专业有56.44％的学生可以接受到农村社区就业,而护理专业只有41.18％的学生愿意到农村社区.结论 大多数在校医学生择业方向明确,认为有必要接受全科医学教育;建议政府出台相关政策吸引更多医学生加入全科医师行列.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.