罗哌卡因与布比卡因用于颈丛神经阻滞的临床对比

目的用布比卡因作对照,研究罗哌卡因对甲状腺切除术中颈丛神经阻滞的临床效果及对血流动力学的影响。方法将124例甲状腺手术患者随机分为A、B两组,A组0.375%盐酸罗哌卡因组(n=62),B组0.375%盐酸布比卡因组(n=62),记录麻醉前后两组患者的SBP、DBP、HR及麻醉满意度。结果麻醉后即刻15′、30′两组SBP、DBP、HR均明显增加(P<0.05)麻醉后各时点B组较A组SBP、HR变化显著,两组DBP变化无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论0.375%罗哌卡因颈丛麻醉效果确切,较0.375%布比卡因对循环影响小。     

罗哌卡因与布比卡因用于腹部手术的麻醉效果比较

目的探讨罗哌卡因与布比卡因用于低位硬膜外麻醉的效果。方法将88例下腹部手术患者随机分成罗哌卡因组和布比卡因组各44例,比较两组感觉阻滞起效时间、感觉阻滞平面上界、运动阻滞起效时间、运动阻滞程度及麻醉质量。结果罗哌卡因组运动阻滞起效时间明显比布比卡因组长（P〈0.05）,罗哌卡因组Bromage评分为1分的例数明显多于布比卡因组（P〈0.05）。两组之间的T。阻滞时间、感觉阻滞上界差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。罗哌卡因组和布比卡因组麻醉质量0分加1分的百分比分别为93.2%和95.5%,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。手术中两组患者的HR、收缩压（SBP）和舒张压（DBP）较用药前无显著改变,布比卡因组SBP在感觉阻滞平面达上界及运动阻滞起效时间有明显降低（P〈0.05）,而HR和DBP无明显改变。两组患者术前、术后24h血生化指标差异无统计学意义。结论罗哌卡因用于低位硬膜外麻醉可产生良好的感觉和运动阻滞,其心脏毒性比布比卡因小,值得临床推广使用。     

罗哌卡因和布比卡因用于肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的效果比较

目的 比较罗哌卡因和布比卡因用于成人上肢骨科手术肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的效果.方法 选择美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级标准为I～II级、拟行上肢骨科手术的患者100例,随机均分为0.375%罗哌卡因组和0.375%布比卡因组,常规监测脑电图、血压、血氧饱和度、心率以及感觉运动神经阻滞起效、恢复时间,镇痛维持时间和效果,术后进行随访并记录感觉阻滞恢复时间.结果 对腋神经、前臂外侧皮神经、桡神经和正中神经阻滞起效时间以及前臂和肘运动神经阻滞起效时间两组无明显差异(P>0.05);而肋间臂和臂内侧皮神经、前臂内侧皮神经和尺神经阻滞起效时间,以及腕和手指运动神经阻滞起效时间,罗哌卡因组明显慢于布比卡因组(P< 0.05),其感觉恢复时间也极显著短于布比卡因组(P<0.01),两组术中阻滞满意度相同.结论 罗哌卡因用于肌间沟臂丛神经麻醉上肢骨科手术安全有效,与布比卡因相比,对上肢运动神经阻滞程度弱且恢复快.     

甲磺酸罗哌卡因用于臂丛神经阻滞效果观察

目的：评价甲磺酸罗哌卡因用于臂丛神经阻滞的临床效果和安全性,并与0．25％的布比卡因进行比较。方法：ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级60例拟行前臂手术患者,随机分为两组：A组（0．3％甲磺酸罗哌卡因）和B组（0．25％布比卡因）。术中连续监测BP、HR、SpO2,观察感觉神经阻滞起效时间．运动神经阻滞起效时间,感觉和运动神经阻滞作用时间,不良反应及术后并发症。结果：A组与B组感觉阻滞起效时间、感觉阻滞作用时间及运动阻滞起效时间相似（P〉0．05）;但运动阻滞作用时间A组长于B组（P〈0．05）。两组SBP、HR和SpO2与麻醉前相比差异无统计学意义。结论：0．3％甲磺酸罗哌卡因臂丛麻醉用于前臂手术安全有效,和0．25％的布比卡因相比,感觉和运动阻滞起效时间相似．但运动阻滞持续时间长。     

罗哌卡因与左旋布比卡因用于腹部手术腰硬联合麻醉效果比较

目的:比较罗哌卡因与左旋布比卡因在腹部手术腰硬联合麻醉中的效果安全性。方法:腰硬联合麻醉的腹部手术患者86例随机分为A、B两组各43例。A组采用罗哌卡因麻醉、B组采用左旋布比卡因麻醉,比较两组患者麻醉效果、各时间点患者血流动力学变化,及药品不良反应发生情况。结果:两组患者感觉阻滞时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而A组术后运动神经恢复时间显著短于B组(P<0.05),Bromege评分也显著低于B组(P<0.05)。两组患者麻醉阻滞起效后SBP、DBP、HR等指标均较麻醉前显著降低(P<0.05),而麻醉结束后两组收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)与麻醉前比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术中各时间点两组SBP、DBP、HR等指标比较,差异也无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组药品不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:罗哌卡因与左旋布比卡因对患者感觉神经的阻滞作用相当,对患者血流动力学的影响及药品不良反应发生率也基本相同。而罗哌卡因对于运动神经的阻滞作用较弱,更有利于患者术后早期运动。     

低浓度罗哌卡因用于颈丛神经阻滞的临床观察

目的观察0.298%甲磺酸罗哌卡因用于颈丛神经阻滞施行甲状腺次全切除手术的麻醉效果和安全性。方法100例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,18～65岁拟行甲状腺次全切除手术的患者,随机分为两组,分别予以0.298%甲磺酸罗哌卡因＋0.333%盐酸利多卡因混合液（Ⅰ组,n=50）和0.25%布比卡因＋0.333%盐酸利多卡因混合液（Ⅱ组,n=50）共28ml行两点法双侧颈丛神经阻滞。注药后3、4、5、6、8、10、20、30、60、90、120min分别对感觉神经、运动神经及喉返神经阻滞程度（即患者出现声音嘶哑情况）进行评价,同时观察患者在手术刺激过程中呼吸、循环功能的变化以及是否有不适症状,记录术后镇痛时间和发音恢复时间。结果Ⅰ组感觉、运动神经阻滞起效时间慢于II组;感觉神经阻滞持续时间Ⅰ组比Ⅱ组长;运动神经阻滞持续时间I组比Ⅱ组短;喉返神经阻滞程度I组比Ⅱ组强。Ⅰ组无一例患者出现呼吸困难,手术过程中SBP、HR变化范围不大;Ⅱ组患者中3例麻醉后出现心率减慢、血压下降现象,手术过程中尤其是处理甲状腺上极时SBP、HR上升明显。结论0.298%甲磺酸罗哌卡因用于颈丛神经阻滞,比0.25%布比卡因麻醉效果好,血流动力学平稳,而且作用完善、安全,维持时间长。     

罗哌卡因与利布混合液在臂丛麻醉中比较研究

目的研究罗哌卡因在臂丛麻醉中的临床应用效果.方法选择40例行上肢手术的病人,随机分两组,每组20例.RP组:罗哌卡因组;LB组:利多卡因-布比卡因混合液组.选择肌问沟入路,应用神经刺激仪进行臂丛神经定位,定位准确后注射局麻药,RP组给0.375%罗哌卡因20～25ml,LB组给1%利多卡因-0.25%布比卡因混合液20～25 ml.监测SBP、DBP、HR、SPO2、EKG记录麻醉前、麻醉后10 min、30 min、60 min、术毕的SBP、DBP、HR、SPO2,采用10 cm VAS对镇痛效果进行评估,记录麻醉前、麻醉后10 min、30 min、60 min、术毕的VAS.结果两组病人麻醉前、麻醉后10 min、30 min、60 min、术毕的SBP、DBP、HR、SeO2,差异无显著性(P＞0.05).RP组和LB组间比较差异无显著性(P＞0.05).EKG未见异常改变;两组病人麻醉阻滞效果比较,在麻醉后10 min两者之间存在显著差异(P＜0.05);其它时间点差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论罗哌卡因(0.375%,20～25ml)在臂丛麻醉中对血流动力学及SPO2无显著影响,同时有肯定的麻醉阻滞效果.     

左旋布比卡因用于蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉的临床观察

目的探讨分析左旋布比卡因用于蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉手术中的临床效果与可行性。方法选择本院收治的102例ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级须行下肢择期、下腹部、急诊手术患者,随机均分为左旋布比卡因组(L组,实验组)与布比卡因组(B组,对照组),L组用0.5%左旋布比卡因,B组用0.5%布比卡因,外加1mL、50%葡萄糖,采用硬模外-蛛网膜联合穿刺方法实施麻醉,分别于麻醉后1、3、5、10、15分钟检测患者SBP、DBP、HR指标与并发症发生等情况。结果两组患者注射后HR、SBP、DBP、痛觉阻滞起效时间与阻滞持续时间、运动阻滞起效时间与阻滞恢复时间、麻醉效果等方面均无显著性差异(P>0.05),平面消退时间L组早于B组,麻醉消失时间B组较长,且两组差异均具有显著性(P<0.05)。结论左旋布比卡因具有与布比卡因类似的临床效果,安全可靠,可直接用于临床麻醉研究。     

罗哌卡因联合利多卡因用于肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞疗效观察

目的:观察0.3%罗哌卡因联合0.7%利多卡因用于成人肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的临床效果。方法:选择成人上肢手术患者40例,ASAⅠ、Ⅱ级,随机分为罗哌卡因组和布比卡因组各20例。罗哌卡因组用0.3%罗哌卡因和0.7%利多卡因;布比卡因组用0.25%布比卡因和0.7%利多卡因联合。观察两组感觉和运动阻滞起效时间、阻滞和镇痛维持时间,并监测两组患者麻醉前后血压、心率、脉搏、血氧饱和度,评价麻醉效果。结果:两组的感觉阻滞起效时间和运动阻滞起效时间差异无显著性(P>0.05),罗哌卡因组的感觉阻滞维持时间和镇痛维持时间明显长于布比卡因组(P<0.05)。两组血压、心率无明显变化,且均无毒性反应发生。罗哌卡因组感觉与运动阻滞分离较明显。结论:0.3%罗哌卡因与0.7%利多卡因联合用于肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞,感觉、运动阻滞起效快,作用维持时间长,术后镇痛时间长。     

超声引导相同低剂量不同浓度罗哌卡因用于臂丛神经阻滞的临床观察

目的 观察相同低剂量(100 mg)不同浓度罗哌卡因用于超声引导臂丛神经阻滞的临床效果.方法 选择2015年3—9月行上肢手术的患者90例,分为A、B、C组,每组30例.A组予0.375%罗哌卡因30 ml,B组予0.5%罗哌卡因22.5 ml,C组予0.75%罗哌卡因15 ml.观察3组麻醉效果及并发症发生情况.结果 B、C组感觉阻滞起效时间、镇痛维持时间均短于A组,阻滞节段总数少于A组(P<0.05);C组运动阻滞恢复时间均短于A、B组(P<0.05);3组均未发生严重并发症.结论 小剂量罗哌卡因于超声引导臂丛神经阻滞效果较好,但容量增加可能致并发症发生率增加.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.