肥胖儿童脂肪肝与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的了解肥胖儿童非酒精性脂肪肝(NASH)的发病情况及与胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法对125例肥胖儿童行肝脏B超检查及血生化检查;对其中36例肥胖伴NASH儿童和41例无并发症的单纯肥胖儿童,以及22例对照儿童空腹行口服葡萄糖耐量和胰岛素释放试验,计算体重指数(BMI)、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA蛳IR)、总体胰岛素敏感指数(WBISI)和葡萄糖、胰岛素曲线下面积之比(AUCINS/AUCBG)。结果NASH在肥胖儿童中的发生率为28.8%;NASH组BMI、HOMA蛳IR、AUCINS/AUCBG均明显高于单纯肥胖组和对照组熏WBISI明显低于单纯肥胖组和对照组;单纯肥胖组HOMA蛳IR、AUCINS/AUCBG均明显高于对照组。结论肥胖儿童中NASH发生率较高;NASH儿童存在严重的胰岛素抵抗,胰岛素抵抗可能是NASH重要发病机制之一。     

单纯性肥胖儿童胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞分泌功能变化

目的 了解单纯性肥胖儿童胰岛素抵抗及胰岛G细胞功能。方法 对单纯性肥胖和正常对照儿童进行口服糖耐量试验（OGTT）和胰岛素释放试验，测定其血糖和胰岛素水平。采用稳态模型评估法（HOMA）计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IR），胰岛素敏感指数（HOMA-IAI），胰岛素分泌指数（HOMA-IS），服葡萄糖后30min胰岛素增值与血糖增值的比值（△Ⅰ30／△G30）、胰岛素曲线下面积（INSAUC）。结果 HOMA-IR≥2．8者24例（38．7％），为胰岛素抵抗。肥胖组空腹血糖（FPG）、HOMA-IS与对照组比较无统计学差异。两组餐后2h血糖、空腹胰岛素、餐后2h胰岛素。HOMA-IR、HOMA-IAI、△Ⅰ30／△G30、INSAUC均有统计学差异。结论 单纯肥胖儿童不仅有胰岛素抵抗，同时存在餐后胰岛G细胞分泌功能异常。     

肥胖症儿童血清抵抗素水平与胰岛素抵抗关系的研究

目的探讨肥胖症儿童血清抵抗素水平与高胰岛素血症和(或)胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法采用酶联免疫法测定34例肥胖儿童,31例正常对照的血清抵抗素水平。分析血清抵抗素与体重指数、体脂百分比、腰臀比及空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素水平、胰岛素抵抗指数、胰岛β细胞功能指数的相关关系。结果(1)肥胖组及对照组抵抗素浓度(对数转换值3.1±0.5)高于对照组(对数转换值2.7±0.8)(P<0.05)。(2)抵抗素与性别、年龄、收缩压、舒张压无相关关系;与体重指数、体脂百分比、腰臀比呈正相关(相关系数分别为r=0.299、0.304、0.322,P<0.01);与空腹血糖及空腹胰岛素水平呈正相关(相关系数为r=0.299和r=0.303,P<0.05);与胰岛素抵抗指数呈正相关(r=0.324,P<0.01),与胰岛β细胞功能指数无相关关系。(3)多元逐步回归分析表明,胰岛素抵抗指数为影响抵抗素最为显著的因素(R2=0.105);标准化偏回归系数0.279(P<0.01)。结论肥胖症儿童血清抵抗素水平较正常儿童增高,并与肥胖程度,脂肪分布密切相关。抵抗素可能与肥胖症儿童发生高胰岛素血症和(或)胰岛素抵抗有关。     

肥胖儿童血清胰岛素水平对体脂分布及胰岛素抵抗和血脂的影响

目的　探讨肥胖儿童血清胰岛素水平与体脂分布、胰岛素抵抗及血脂的关系。方法　对 6 8例单纯性肥胖儿童依据空腹血胰岛素 (FINS)及空腹血糖 (FBG)水平分为高胰岛素血症组 (HIG) 4 3例和正常胰岛素组 (NIG)2 5例 ,测量FBG、胰岛素 (INS)、血脂 ,计算体重指数 (BMI)、腰臀比、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数 (HOMA IR)、敏感指数 (HOMA IAI)、胰岛细胞分泌功能 (HOMA IS)及葡萄糖、胰岛素曲线下面积 (AUCBG、AUCINS)。结果　 (1)HIG组BMI、腰围、腰臀比、HOMA IR、HOMA IS、AUCINS明显高于NIG组 (P <0 0 5、0 0 1、0 0 0 1) ,HOMA IAI低于NIG组 (P <0 0 0 1) ;(2 )HIG组FINS与BMI、腰围、腰臀比、HOMA IR、HOMA IS、AUCINS成正相关 (r =0 316 ,0 32 4 ,0 4 6 4 ,0 835 ,0 5 99,0 5 2 5 ,P <0 0 5 ,0 0 5 ,0 0 1,0 0 0 1,0 0 0 1,0 0 0 1) ,与HOMA IAI成负相关(r =- 0 812 ,P <0 0 0 1) ;(3)两组FBG、AUCBG、血脂差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　高胰岛素血症肥胖患儿体内脂质沉积严重且脂肪分布异常 ,胰岛素抵抗更为严重 ,高胰岛素血症可能为肥胖产生的原因之一。     

52例肥胖和超重儿童糖耐量及胰岛素释放试验分析

目的 了解肥胖和超重儿童糖代谢及胰岛细胞功能状况。方法 对52例单纯性肥胖与超重儿童进行口服糖耐量试验,并测定其血糖及胰岛素水平。计算胰岛素抵抗指数(IR),胰岛素敏感指数(IS),服糖后30min胰岛素增加值与血糖增加值的比值。并查甘油三酯、肝脏B超。体重指数(BMI)与IR之间、不同BMI组之间、糖耐量减低组与对照组之间进行比较。结果 发现糖尿病1例(1．9％),IGT者5例(9．6％)。IR≥2．8为胰岛素抵抗,占76．9％。BMI与IR之间无相关关系。不同BMI组之间IR、IS、服糖后30min胰岛素增加值与血糖增加值的比值差异均无统计学意义。糖耐量减低组与对照组之间IR、IS差异无统计学意义,服糖后30min胰岛素增加值与血糖增加值的比值之间差异有统计学意义。甘油三酯升高19例(37％),脂肪肝16例(53％)。结论 肥胖与超重儿童普遍存在胰岛素抵抗和敏感性下降,其与BMI程度无关。肥胖伴糖耐量减低儿童除胰岛素抵抗外存在明显的B细胞功能减退。许多肥胖和超重儿童同时存在脂代谢紊乱。     

口服葡萄糖耐量试验对肥胖代谢综合征患儿的诊断价值

目的 探讨肥胖儿童口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)及胰岛素释放试验中血糖、胰岛素水平与胰岛素抵抗的关系,评价其在代谢综合征(MS)诊断中的价值.方法 2006年3月-2008年3月于本科内分泌门诊就诊的肥胖儿童100例,分为MS组56例和非MS组44例.2组均行人体测量,并取血测血脂,行OGTT和胰岛素释放试验.稳态模型评估法(HOMA)计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMAIR)、胰岛素分泌指数(HOMAIS)、总体胰岛素敏感指数(WBISI).通过ROC曲线判断试验诊断价值, 选择Youden指数最大值为最佳临界点.结果 1.各个时间点的血糖、胰岛素水平均与WBISI相关,而且同一时间点胰岛素较血糖的相关性更强.MS组HOMAIR高于非MS组,WBISI低于非MS组,差异有统计学意义(Pa<0.01),2组间HOMAIS无差别.2.在不包括糖尿病及糖耐量减低儿童中服糖后60 min血糖、胰岛素水平对预测MS有价值,以血糖6.5 mmol/L,胰岛素120 mU/L为临界点时敏感性分别为0.636、0.660,特异性分别为0.667、0.632,同时存在时敏感性可达0.775,特异性达到0.689.结论 OGTT和胰岛素释放试验中各个时间点血糖、胰岛素水平不仅对糖代谢异常有诊断意义,且对预测糖代谢尚未见异常的肥胖儿童MS有重要意义.     

循环Alarin在肥胖儿童中的水平及与胰岛素抵抗的相关性

目的 本研究拟探讨循环Alarin在肥胖儿童中的表达水平及与代谢参数的关系。方法 招募体重指数（BMI）高于第95百分位数的肥胖儿童86例为肥胖组,82例年龄和性别与肥胖组匹配的BMI低于第85百分位数的健康儿童作为健康对照组。根据是否发生胰岛素抵抗（IR）,将86例肥胖组儿童分为IR组（n=27）和非IR组（n=59）。测量身高、体重、收缩压（SBP）和舒张压（SDP）,并计算体重指数（BMI）。检测总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、尿酸（UA）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）及空腹血糖（FBG）水平,并计算葡萄糖和胰岛素曲线下面积（AUC）、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、全身胰岛素敏感性指标（WBISI）。ELISA法检测循环Alarin水平。结果 肥胖组儿童循环Alarin水平较健康对照组显著升高,IR组儿童循环Alarin水平较非IR组显著升高（P < 0.01）。循环Alarin与BMI、TG、FBG、AUC_葡萄糖、AUC_胰岛素、HOMA-IR呈正相关,与WBISI呈负相关（P < 0.05）。循环Alarin的变化与BMI、FBG、HOMA-IR有线性回归关系,其中HOMA-IR对循环Alarin的影响最大（P < 0.05）。结论 循环Alarin水平在肥胖儿童中显著升高,可能与肥胖和IR的发生有关。     

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目的了解不同葡萄糖耐量状态的肥胖儿童血清脂联素水平,探讨其与年龄、体重指数(BMI)、血脂、血糖及胰岛素水平的关系。方法选择2002～2004年于广州市儿童医院初诊并住院诊治的肥胖儿童52例,分为36例糖耐量正常(NGT)肥胖组和16例糖耐量受损(IGT)肥胖组。测定两组肥胖儿童和41例年龄、性别匹配的正常儿童空腹血清脂联素、胆固醇(CHO)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLC)、血糖和胰岛素(FINS),计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMAIR)。肥胖组儿童均做口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),测定OGTT2h血糖和胰岛素。结果正常对照组、NGT肥胖组及IGT肥胖组血清脂联素水平依次降低,HOMAIR依次升高,且均有统计学意义;相关性分析显示肥胖儿童血清脂联素与TG、LDLC、FINS呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。结论肥胖儿童血清脂联素水平降低,并与血脂、胰岛素抵抗密切相关;与NGT肥胖组相比,IGT肥胖组儿童的血清脂联素水平进一步降低。     

肥胖儿童血清抵抗素变化及其临床意义

目的 探讨饮食控制和运动疗法对肥胖儿章血清抵抗素水平的影响及其临床意义。方法 测定36例肥胖儿童饮食控制和运动治疗前后血清抵抗素、胆固醇（CHO）、甘油三脂（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、空腹和葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）2小时血糖、胰岛素,计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）。结果 肥胖儿童血清抵抗素水平显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）,并与OGTT2小时血糖、胰岛素呈正相关（P〈0．05）;经饮食控制和运动治疗后肥胖儿童血清抵抗素、体重、BMI、血清CHO、TG、LDL-C、空腹和OGTT2小时胰岛素、HOMA-IR显著低于治疗前（P〈0．05）,治疗前后空腹和OGTT2小时血糖差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论 肥胖儿童血清抵抗素水平升高,并与OGTT2小时血糖、胰岛素呈正相关,推测将来有可能以检测血清抵抗素水平来了解肥胖儿童有否存在糖耐量受损;饮食控制和运动疗法可使肥胖儿童血清抵抗素降低,胰岛素抵抗减轻。     

肥胖类型与儿童脂肪细胞因子的关系

目的 探讨肥胖类型与儿童脂肪细胞因子水平的关系.方法 以2004年北京市儿童青少年代谢综合征(BCAMS)调查总样本中3 508例(男1 788例,女1 720例)6～18岁儿童为研究对象.结合体质量指数(BMI)和腰围(WC)将研究对象分为4组:外周型肥胖组226例,腹型肥胖组192例,复合型肥胖组1 004例,非肥胖组2 086例.采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测研究对象空腹血浆胰岛素、血清瘦索、血清抵抗素和血清脂联素水平.采用协方差分析比较不同类型肥胖与非肥胖组间脂肪因子的差异;不同肥胖评价指标对脂肪因子的影响采用多元回归分析,不同类型肥胖预测脂肪因子异常的作用采用多因素Logistic回归分析.结果 复合型肥胖组胰岛素、瘦素水平高于非肥胖组和其他肥胖类型,脂联素水平相反,抵抗素水平腹型肥胖组最高;在所有依据BMI诊断为肥胖的儿童中进行多元回归分析,标准偏回归系数(β)显示,空腹胰岛素[β(WC)=0.158 P<0.001;β(BMI)=0.137 P<0.01]、瘦素[β(WC)=0.243 P<0.001;β(BMI)=0.109 P<0.05]和脂联素[β(WC)=-0.106 P<0.05;β(BMI)=0.023 P>0.05],WC均比BMI作用大;而WC[β(WC)=-0.004 P>0.05)和BMI[β(BMI):0.075 P>0.05]与抵抗素的关联均无统计学意义.按非肥胖、外周型肥胖、腹型肥胖和复合型肥胖组的顺序,胰岛素、瘦素和脂联素异常率呈现逐渐升高的趋势[趋势检验,X2(胰岛素)=640.065 P<0.001;X2(瘦素)=932.667 P<0.001;X2(脂联素)=131.174 P<0.001].采用Logistic回归模型调整性别、年龄和青春发育期,以非肥胖组为参照,外周型肥胖、腹型肥胖和复合型肥胖预测高胰岛素血症的OR(95%CI)分别为3.46(2.44～4.91)、5.4l(3.87～7.57)和10.10(8.26～12.35);高瘦素血症OR(95%CI)为5.83(4.02～8.45)、7.07(4.97～10.05)和20.82(16.49～26.28);低脂联素血症OR(95%CI)为1.47(1.05～2.07)、2.0(1.42～2.80)和2.66(2.23～3.18).血清抵抗素则是腹型肥胖危险性最高,复合型肥胖次之.结论 儿童脂肪细胞因子水平与肥胖类型相关,与腹型肥胖关系尤为密切.腹部内脏脂肪堆积可能是造成脂肪因子改变的主要原因之一.     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.