Diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation as primary surgical treatment for medically uncontrolled chronic angle closure glaucoma: long-term clinical outcomes

PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation as primary surgical treatment of medically uncontrolled chronic angle closure glaucoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirteen eyes of 13 Chinese patients with medically uncontrolled chronic angle closure glaucoma were treated with diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation between February 2000 and May 2001, and followed up for over 18 months. Post-treatment anti-glaucoma medications were adjusted according to intraocular pressure. If intraocular pressure remained above 21 mm Hg despite medications for more than 4 weeks after cyclophotocoagulation, the procedure was repeated. RESULTS: Mean follow-up +/- SD was 26.5 +/- 4.2 months. Two eyes required repeat cyclophotocoagulation at 6 weeks. Rate of relative success, defined as maintaining an intraocular pressure of 21 mm Hg or below with or without medications, was 92.3% (12 of 13 eyes). Rate of absolute success, defined as maintaining an intraocular pressure of 21 mm Hg or below without medications, was 0% (0 of 13 eyes). Mean +/- SD intraocular pressure was reduced from 36.4 +/- 12.6 mm Hg pre-operatively, to 18.7 +/- 12.2 mm Hg at final follow-up (P = 0.003, paired t test). The mean +/- SD number of intraocular pressure-lowering eye drops was reduced from 2.0 +/- 0.8 pre-operatively, to the lowest point of 0.5 +/- 0.8 at 12 months, and then gradually increased to 2.1 +/- 0.9 at final follow-up. The visual acuity improved after treatment in 2 of 13 eyes (15.4%), remained unchanged in 6 of 13 eyes (46.2%) and deteriorated in 5 of 13 eyes (38.5%). No major complications were encountered. CONCLUSION: Diode laser cyclophotocoagulation appeared to be an effective and safe primary surgical treatment of medically uncontrolled chronic angle closure glaucoma, with intraocular pressure-lowering effect persisting for up to two years.     

经巩膜睫状体光凝作为青光眼首选手术方式的探讨及展望

睫状体光凝是难治性青光眼的主要治疗手段之一,其降眼压速度快、效果佳,但由于存在眼球萎缩和视力下降的风险,使其临床应用受到限制.经巩膜睫状体光凝的术后效果及并发症的发生主要与激光能量、点数、范围等操作参数以及患者眼部色素水平有关.其降眼压作用不依赖于房角开放状况,对操作技术要求相对较低.随着技术的进步和光凝参数的优化,睫状体光凝的安全性和有效性较前大大提高.同时由于其非侵入的特性,避免了许多青光眼滤过手术相关的严重并发症.结合地区经济发展水平、医疗资源配置情况、患者意愿和随访依从性等因素,近年来有研究者尝试将经巩膜睫状体光凝用于视力尚好的原发性开角型青光眼患者和药物控制不佳的慢性闭角型青光眼,并作为新生血管性青光眼的首选手术治疗方案,取得了较好效果,为青光眼的治疗提供了新的思路.本文对经巩膜睫状体光凝的安全性、有效性及其影响因素进行了综述,同时对其作为青光眼患者首选手术治疗方案的可能性和可行性作以分析、探讨和展望.     

半导体激光治疗重症青光眼--睫状体光凝和睫状体冷冻的对比研究

６０例（６０只眼）重症青光眼患者，随机分成半导体激光经巩膜睫状体光凝组和睫状体冷冻组。半导体激光功率１．５～２．０Ｗ、脉冲时间２ｓ、治疗范围２７０°，发射１２～２０个激光点。所有病例均完成３个月的随访观察，结果与冷冻组比较，光凝组治疗成功率为７３．３％，疼痛解除率为９６．７％，Ｐ＞０．０５；光凝组治疗后１天及１周的眼压分别为２２．１０±９．３４ｍｍＨｇ和１８．１３±６．４０ｍｍＨｇ，Ｐ＜０．０１；末次随访时光凝组眼压２０．５４±７．９６ｍｍＨｇ，Ｐ＞０．０５。光凝组早期并发症少，Ｐ＜０．０１。半导体激光经巩膜睫状体光凝与传统的睫状体冷冻比较，具有简便、安全、降压快、副作用小、疗效可靠等优点，是治疗难治性青光眼的有效手段之一。     

半导体激光经巩膜睫状体光凝治疗难治性青光眼

目的     

Diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation for refractory glaucoma

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of contact diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation using different treatment parameters. METHODS: All eyes undergoing contact diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation between April 1991 and September 1997 at our two institutions were enrolled. Success was defined as an intraocular pressure less than or equal to 22 mm Hg or absence of pain for poorly sighted and blind eyes. RESULTS: Two hundred six eyes of 204 patients (Salzburg, 117 eyes; New York, 89 eyes) were enrolled. Mean patient age was 65.8 +/- 18.7 years (range, 4-96 years). Mean follow-up was 9.2 +/- 11.2 months (range, 3-56 months). Mean preoperative and postoperative IOPs were 42.1 +/- 11.0 mm Hg (range, 24-76 mm Hg) and 17.3 +/- 10.9 mm Hg (P < 0.001) and 20.3 +/- 13.2 mm Hg (P < 0.001) at 12 and 24 months, respectively. The number of laser applications (mean, 18.6 +/- 4.2; range, 10-40) and maximal laser power (mean, 2,352 +/- 408.5 mW; range, 1,500-3,000) were not associated with a lower postoperative IOP. An IOP less than or equal to 22 mm Hg was achieved in 72.7% of eyes at the mean follow-up of 9 months. Thirty-three (16.0%) eyes required at least one retreatment. Phthisis occurred in four (1.9%) eyes. CONCLUSION: Contact diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation is useful in eyes with refractory glaucoma in which the risks of outflow surgery are deemed unacceptable.     

Diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in the treatment of chronic angle-closure glaucoma: a preliminary study

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in the treatment of chronic angle-closure glaucoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective, non-comparative interventional pilot study was conducted. Fourteen eyes of 14 Chinese patients with chronic angle-closure glaucoma whose intraocular pressures were greater than 21 mm Hg on medications were treated with diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation using the G-probe at the United Christian Hospital between February 2000 and May 2001. The inferior 270 degrees quadrant (from 2 to 11 o'clock for right eye and from 1 to 10 o'clock for left eye) was treated and the patients were followed up regularly. The initial laser energy was set at 2,000 mWatt with a duration of 2 seconds. The post-treatment anti-glaucoma medications were adjusted according to the intraocular pressure. If medications failed to lower the intraocular pressure to below 21 mm Hg, cyclophotocoagulation to the same inferior 270 degrees quadrant was repeated. RESULTS: All patients completed a 12-month follow-up period. The total success rate defined as IOP < 21 mm Hg with or without medication(s) was 85.7% at 1 year of follow-up review. The mean +/- SD intraocular pressure decreased from pre-treatment level of 36.9 +/- 11.7 mm Hg to 18.9 +/- 6.5 mm Hg at 1 year after treatment. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001) (Paired t test). The mean +/- SD number of IOP-lowering eyedrops was significantly reduced from 1.9 +/- 0.7 before cyclophotocoagulation to 0.4 +/- 0.8 at 1 year after treatment (P = 0.0002) (Paired t test). Two eyes required repeat treatment. Seven eyes (50%) had atonic pupil following the laser treatment. CONCLUSION: Diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation is effective in lowering the intraocular pressure in chronic angle-closure glaucoma and its effect lasts for at least 1 year.     

二极管激光经巩膜睫状体光凝治疗新生血管性青光眼

目的:评价二极管激光经巩膜睫状体光凝治疗新生血管性青光眼的疗效。方法:对52例诊断为新生血管性青光眼的患者行经巩膜的810nm激光睫状体光凝,能量为1500~3000mW,时间2000ms,范围为24~32点,随访1a,观察其治疗效果。结果:治疗前眼压为(57.78±6.46)mmHg,治疗3d后眼压为(30.8±5.41)mmHg,与治疗前相比,差异显著;随访1a后眼压为(19.44±4.38)mmHg,与治疗前相比,差异显著。所有患者的疼痛均得到缓解或消除。结论:经巩膜睫状体光凝治疗新生血管性青光眼是有效和安全的。     

二极管激光经巩膜睫状体光凝术治疗急性闭角型青光眼持续性高眼压

目的 评价二极管激光经巩膜睫状体光凝术治疗急性闭角型青光眼持续性高眼压的疗效.方法 40例(40眼)原发性急性闭角型青光眼急性大发作患者,经72h应用多种降眼压药物治疗后眼压仍在40mmHg(1kPa=7.5 mmHg)以上,行二极管激光经巩膜睫状体光凝术.平均光凝能量(2290.00 ±149.01)mW,平均光凝点数(21.73±3.50)点.术后随访6～12个月,观察患者症状、眼压、视力变化和术后并发症等.结果 术后随访期间全部患者眼痛症状均缓解.术前平均眼压为(52.56±7.31)mmHg,末次随访时平均眼压(14.18±4.53)mmHg,术后眼压与术前相比,差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.001).术后平均视力(0.127 0±0.1650)较术前(0.033 4±0.0322)提高,差异也有显著统计学意义(P<0.01).光凝术后25眼(62.5%)视力提高,8眼(20.0%)视力无变化,7眼(17.5%)视力下降.术后前房炎症反应伴前房渗出3例,前房出血1例,药物治疗后消失.结论 二极管激光经巩膜睫状体光凝术治疗原发性急性闭角型青光眼持续性高眼压,疗效确切,可降低眼压,缓解疼痛,并发症少.     

Diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation for the treatment of refractory glaucoma after penetrating keratoplasty

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect and safety of diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (TSCPC) in eyes with refractory glaucoma after penetrating keratoplasty (PK). METHODS: Diode laser TSCPC was performed on 32 eyes of 32 patients with secondary glaucoma after penetrating keratoplasty. The mean follow-up period was 11.4 +/- 3.8 months (range, 6-20 months). The intraocular pressure (IOP), number of glaucoma medications, graft status, side effects, and complications of the procedure were all recorded during the follow-up period. The treatment was considered successful if after one cyclodiode treatment the IOP could be reduced to or below 22 mmHg with or without medication. The success rate of the diode laser treatment was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis method during the 6th and 12th months of the follow-up period and the end of the study. The decrease in drug requirement after laser treatment was analyzed by the Wilcoxon nonparametric test. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: During the follow-up period, diode laser TSCPC reduced the IOP significantly. Our cumulative success rate was 56% at the end of the study. Cyclodiode treatment resulted in an IOP less than 22 mmHg in 97% of the eyes on the 6th month and 72% of the eyes on the 12th month with or without medication. The total retreatment rate of the study was 44%. More than one treatment was necessary, 8 times in the 1st month, 9 times in the 3rd month, 5 times in the 6th month and 3 times in the 12th month. The average number of antiglaucomatous drugs used was 2.8 before surgery and 1.2 after the 12th month follow-up period (p < 0.05). No eyes with graft failure after treatment were present. Visual acuity improved (> 2 Snellen lines of acuity) in two eyes and remained the same in the others. No serious side effects such as phthisis bulbi or hypotonia were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Diode laser TSCPC appears to be a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of uncontrolled glaucoma secondary to penetrating keratoplasty.     

半导体激光透巩膜光凝睫状体治疗难治性青光眼

本文评价了非接触性半导体激光透巩膜睫状体光凝治疗青光的疗效。15名患者16只眼,新生血管性青光眼3例,慢闭8例,慢性开角型4例,外伤后继发性青光眼1例。表面麻醉下于角巩缘后1mm光凝360°(,均匀分布光凝点,点数25—110,光斑直径200μm,功率0.75-1W,脉宽3-5s,离焦1.5mm。平均随访时间3月,平均眼压从术前27.1±7.5mmHg下降至19.5±8.4mmHg,平均下降7.6±4.6mmHg。术后眼压下降值与光凝况能量相关,术中12例(75%)光凝颞上象限时有轻至中度疼痛。术后并发症有结膜充血7例(44%),均于1周内消退。1例(6%)术后天疼痛明显,1周后缓解。以上结果表明应表表面麻醉非接触式DCCP是一种简便、易行,有一定疗效的治疗青光眼的方法。     

二极管激光经巩膜睫状体光凝术治疗难治性青光眼

目的:研究二极管激光经巩膜睫状体光凝术治疗难治性青光眼的有效性及激光治疗参数。方法:对我院收治的50例50眼晚期难治性青光眼患者行二极管激光经巩膜睫状体光凝术,记录每位患者所用能量,击射范围,光凝点数,爆破点数,观察患者治疗前后的眼压、眼部症状,视力、裂隙灯观察眼前节的改变和并发症等。结果:术后平均眼压(18.50±2.50)mmHg,术后眼压较术前明显下降(P<0.01)。术后46眼疼痛明显减轻,术前术后眼压差值与击射能量的相关性不高;眼压下降值与击射范围、击射点数呈正相关性,眼压下降值与爆破点数显著相关,呈正相关性。结论:二极管激光经巩膜睫状体光凝术治疗难治性青光眼是一种安全有效的方法,激光治疗参数需根据术前眼压、不同类型青光眼进行设计。     

激光周边虹膜切除术治疗原发性闭角型青光眼的远期疗效观察

目的 探讨激光周边虹膜切除术(LPI)治疗原发性闭角型青光眼(PACG)的远期疗效及安全性.方法 回顾性系列病例研究.收集1992年4月至2002年10月实施LPI治疗且术后随诊时间达5年以上的PACG患者临床资料,根据患者LPI治疗前眼压、视乳头、视野、前房角等情况,将患眼重新分为3组:疑似原发性前房角关闭(PACS)组、原发性前房角关闭(PAC)组、原发性闭角型青光眼(PACG)组,分析LPI治疗后各组患者远期眼压控制、视力及并发症等情况.不同类型的原发性闭角型青光眼之间LPI治疗后眼压控制情况比较采用x~2检验.结果 共收集到符合条件的患者131例(251只眼),其中PACS组18只眼(7.2%),PAC组98只眼(39.0%),PACG组129只眼(51.4%),无法分类的6只眼(2.4%).PACS组、PAC组、PACG组患者LPI治疗后眼压控制满意率分别为88.9%(16/18)、38.8%(38/98)及10.9%(14/129),眼压控制不满意率分别为5.6%(1/18)、48.0%(47/98)及75.2%(97/129),眼压控制失败率分别为5.6%(1/18)、13.3%(13/98)及14.0%(18/129).3组患者LPI治疗后眼压控制情况的差异有统计学意义(x~2=59.08,P=0.000).251只眼中8只眼(3.2%)在LPI治疗后1周至16年发生青光眼急性发作.全部患者在随诊期间未发生大泡性角膜病变.结论 LPI治疗后PACG的眼压控制不如预期的那样好.在大多数青光眼中,LPI可以有效防止闭角型青光眼的急性发作.LPI治疗后PACG、PAC、PACS组患者均存在不同程度的眼压升高危险,需密切随诊,及时处理.     

改良二极管激光睫状体光凝术治疗中晚期青光眼

目的探讨经巩膜二极管激光睫状体光凝术(transscleral cyclophotocoagulation,TDLC)激光斑点数的选择治疗中晚期青光眼患者的疗效。方法连续收集2009年7月至2010年3月在我院接受TDLC治疗的不同类型中晚期青光眼患者27例27眼。根据青光眼患者术前眼压由低到高分为3组:在激光功率和持续时间(1500ms)不变的情况下,给予不同激光斑点数。随访术后1d、7d、14d、30d、60d、90d和180d的眼压,观察术后的近、中期效果。结果 27例27眼患者术前眼压为27～72(53.15±10.85)mmHg(1kPa=7.5mmHg),术后1d眼压为(28.78±7.40)mmHg,术后180d眼压为(18.37±2.02)mmHg。术后各阶段眼压平稳下降,并最终达到或接近正常眼压。术后任何同一时间点,90点组的术前术后眼压差都比70点组高,27例患者术后均未见视力下降发生。结论在激光功率和持续时间不变的情况下,按术前眼压给予不同的激光斑点数能更有效地控制术后眼压,不会增加并发症的发生和降低术后视力。     

Cyclocryotherapy versus transscleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation for uncontrolled intraocular pressure.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To compare the use of cyclocryotherapy and diode laser cyclophotocoagulation for the treatment of uncontrolled intraocular pressure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy consecutive patients (70 eyes) treated for high, unresponsive intraocular pressure during a 4-year period with cyclocryotherapy (n = 38) or diode laser cyclophotocoagulation (n = 32) with a follow-up period of at least 3 months (mean follow-up = 15.7 months) were compared for intraocular pressure, visual acuity, and complication rate. RESULTS: Mean intraocular pressure was reduced from 40.9 +/- 11.9 to 20.5 +/- 10.3 mm Hg in the cyclocryotherapy group, and from 35.9 +/- 9.3 to 21.3 +/- 10.7 mm Hg in the cyclophotocoagulation group. Intraocular pressure was controlled in 60.5% and 62.5% of eyes, respectively. Deterioration in visual acuity occurred in 31.5% of the cyclocryotherapy group and 37.5% of the cyclophotocoagulation group. Severe visual loss to no light perception was noted in 6 eyes and 2 eyes, respectively, and phthisis bulbi in 2 eyes in the cyclocryotherapy group (5.2%) and 1 eye in the cyclophotocoagulation group (3.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Cyclocryotherapy and diode laser cyclophotocoagulation are equally effective in decreasing intraocular pressure in patients with persistent uncontrolled glaucoma, with a lower rate of complications associated with diode laser cyclophotocoagulation.     

经巩膜睫状体光凝治疗难治性青光眼的临床观察

目的:评价半导体激光经巩膜睫状体光凝术治疗难治性青光眼的效果。方法:回顾性分析55例56眼难治性青光眼的临床资料,均行睫状体光凝,术后随访观察并记录眼压、视力、眼部自觉症状以及并发症,随访时间3mo以上。结果:术前平均眼压53.5±18.7mmHg,末次随访平均眼压为19.4±9.6mmHg,术后眼压与术前眼压相比,差别具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。术后44眼视力无变化,2眼视力提高,10眼视力下降;眼痛均消失或缓解;并发症少,主要有葡萄膜炎、前房出血等。结论:睫状体光凝能有效降低难治性青光眼患者的眼压,且并发症少。     

Contact diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation for refractory glaucoma: comparison of two treatment protocols

BACKGROUND: Diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation has shown promising results in the treatment of refractory glaucoma. Treatment with a lower energy level per pulse and lower total energy is safer but may be less effective.We performed a study to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and safety of contact transscleral cyclophotocoagulation using two different protocols in the treatment of Chinese patients with refractory glaucoma. METHODS: Review of the records of 129 patients with refractory glaucoma who underwent contact transscleral cyclophotocoagulation for the first time performed by two different surgeons. In group 1 (73 eyes) the output was 2.5 W and the exposure time 2 seconds; in group 2 (56 eyes) the corresponding values were 2.0 W and 1.5 seconds. We recorded the number of antiglaucoma medications used, Snellen visual acuity, slit-lamp biomicroscopic findings, intraocular pressure (IOP) and findings on ophthalmoscopy with pupil dilation before and 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after treatment. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 56.4 years (standard deviation [SD] 18.3 years) in group 1 and 53.5 (SD 18.0) years in group 2. The most frequent diagnoses were neovascular glaucoma secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy or central retinal vein occlusion, and glaucoma associated with penetrating keratoplasty. The mean number of laser pulse applications per patient was 27 (SD 5.1) (range 10-36) in group 1 and 55 (SD 6.1) (range 40-60) in group 2. One month after treatment, the mean reduction in IOP was 20.2 mm Hg (SD 14.2 mm Hg) in group 1 and 13.7 mm Hg (SD 15.8 mm Hg) in group 2, a significant difference (p = 0.035). There was no difference between the two groups in the mean reduction in IOP at 6 months (19.1 mm Hg [SD 15.1 mm Hg] vs. 14.2 mm Hg [SD 16.3 mm Hg]).The mean reduction in the number of antiglaucoma medications was 1.2 (SD 1.1) in group 1 and 0.6 (SD 1.0) in group 2 (p = 0.003). The incidence rates of transient hyphema in the anterior chamber (23.3% vs. 7.1%) and of transient exudate in the anterior chamber (8.2% vs. 0.0%) were significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2 (p < 0.005). INTERPRETATION: To achieve greater IOP reduction with diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation, an increase in energy per pulse may be more effective than an increase in total applications.     

Micropulse transscleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation in the treatment of refractory glaucoma

Background: Transscleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation (TSCPC) is an established method of treatment for refractory glaucoma, but is associated with significant complications. This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new form of TSCPC using micropulse diode laser and trans‐pars plana treatment with a novel contact probe. Methods: Prospective interventional case series of 40 eyes of 38 consecutive patients with refractory glaucoma treated with micropulse TSCPC with a novel probe. Outcomes measured were success, hypotony and response rates. Results: The mean age of patients was 63.2 ± 16.0 years. The mean follow‐up period was 16.3 ± 4.5 months. The mean intraocular pressure (IOP) before micropulse TSCPC was 39.3 ± 12.6 mmHg. Mean IOP decreased to 31.1 ± 13.4 mmHg at 1 day, 28.0 ± 12.0 mmHg at 1 week, 27.4 ± 12.7 mmHg at 1 month, 27.1 ± 13.6 mmHg at 3 months, 25.8 ± 14.5 mmHg at 6 months, 26.6 ± 14.7 mmHg at 12 months and 26.2 ± 14.3 mmHg at 18 months (P < 0.001 at all time points). No patient had hypotony or loss of best‐corrected visual acuity. The overall success rate after a mean of 1.3 treatment sessions was 72.7%. Conclusion: Micropulse TSCPC is a safe and effective method of lowering IOP in cases of refractory glaucoma and is comparable with conventional TSCPC.     

半導體二極管激光经鞏膜睫狀體光凝治瘵難治性青光眼

目的研究二極管激光經鞏膜睫狀體光凝治瘵難治性青光眼的病理變化和觀察其臨床瘵效.方法1.对20只青紫蓝兔施行二极管激光经巩膜睫狀体光凝(Transscleralcylophoto-coagulation TSCPG).术后30分、10天、12周观察并记录眼压、眼前节和眼底情况后摘除眼球作病理检查.2.对297例(298眼)难治性青光眼施行TSCPC,术后第1、3天,第3周.第3、6月检查并记录视力、眼压、結膜、角膜、虹膜、前房等情况.結論TSCPC在术后急性期和后期使睫狀体上皮細胞破坏、坏死,从而减少房水生成.临床观察证实TSCPC能显著降低难治性青光眼的眼压,明显緩解疼痛,但也存在少量并发症如眼球萎縮、白内障、前房出血等.關鍵詞二極管激光睫狀體光凝術青光眼