脾切除术在成人不明原因发热伴明显脾肿大诊治中的意义

目的分析总结脾切除术在成人不明原因发热伴明显脾脏肿大病人诊治中的意义及其围手术期的处理。方法统计分析1993—2004年我院22例成人不明原因发热伴明显脾肿大并接受脾切除术病人的临床资料,包括发热的时间、脾脏大小、肝脾功能、术后肝脾病理结果、血小板变化、术后发热改善情况、术后并发症和手术死亡率等。结果术后有7例病人不再发热(31.8%),体温逐渐降至正常。3例病人住院期间死亡,其中,2例死亡原因与手术有关,故手术相关的死亡率为9.0%(2/22)。另外1例脾非何杰金氏淋巴瘤病人在术后2个月死于化疗引起的感染。22例术后病理分别是:5例脾单纯性的淤血肿大、5例脾非何杰金氏淋巴瘤、3例脾中性粒细胞白血病、5例不明原因的脾髓外造血、2例脾嗜血细胞综合征、1例脾结节病和1例脾嗜酸细胞浸润。22例术后血小板计数都显著上升(124.7±81.4)×10~9/L vs(332.5±152.6)×10~9/L(P=0.0024,ANOVA)。结论对于长期发热和脾脏肿大病人,脾切除有积极意义:一定程度上可以明确诊断、纠正脾亢,同时,切除脾脏本身也是去除了一个巨大的病灶,还可以解除巨脾对腹腔的压力。但要重视这类病人的围手术期处理,以降低术后并发症和死亡率。     

全脾切除术后持续发热的诊治

目的探讨全脾切除术后持续发热的原因及诊治措施。方法回顾1994年5月~2005年2月232例行脾切除术后持续发热病人的临床资料,对体温>38℃、持续2周以上的56例病人的发热原因及诊治措施进行分析。结果除3例不明原因发热外,其余53例与术后并发症有关,以膈下感染、脾窝积血积液及脾门静脉血栓形成为术后发热的最常见原因。结论全脾切除术后预防脾窝积血积液、左膈下感染以及脾静脉血栓形成是减少术后持续发热的关键。     

脾结核12例临床诊治体会

目的 总结脾结核的临床诊断和治疗体会。方法回顾性分析广西医科大学第一附属医院肝胆外科1995—2005年收治12例脾结核病人的临床资料。主要临床表现为长期发热、纳差、消瘦、左上腹痛。脾肿大伴贫血。B超、CT检查均提示脾肿大，其中11例示脾内占位病变。6例手术治疗，术后均予正规的抗结核治疗，另6例保守治疗。结果全部病人均恢复良好，能正常生活、工作。结论脾肿大伴发热、纳差、消瘦、左上腹痛、贫血等时，应考虑该病可能，尤其是合并脾外结核者。影像学检查对诊断有价值但无特异性。对孤立性或某些多发性脾结核，不能排除脾脏恶性肿瘤时，手术既能明确诊断，又能达到治疗目的。无论手术与否，均应给予正规抗结核治疗。     

巨脾自发性破裂出血4例诊治体会

目的 探讨巨脾自发性破裂出血的诊断与手术治疗策略。方法 对我科2004年12月至2012年10月收治的4例巨脾自发性破裂出血患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 本组4例患者均为病理性脾肿大伴自发性破裂出血,术前联合血常规、B超、CT及诊断性腹腔穿刺检查有助于明确诊断,所有患者均接受急诊原位脾切除术,术后切口感染1例,胸腔积液2例,围手术期死亡率为0。结论 巨脾自发性破裂出血非常少见,大多为肿瘤性,不能盲目自体输血。采用急诊原位脾切除术是安全、可靠的治疗方法,能有效减少术中出血、副损伤及术后再出血的发生率。     

自发性脾破裂18例报告

目的总结自发性脾破裂的诊治经验。方法对1987年7月～2004年12月收治的18例自发性脾破裂患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果全组18例中,充血性脾肿大4例(3例肝炎后肝硬化,1例血吸虫性肝硬化),原发性脾恶性淋巴瘤2例,结肠癌及胰尾癌浸润脾脏各1例,慢性粒细胞性白血病1例,脾海绵状血管瘤1例,脾脏囊肿2例,不明原因脾肿大4例,正常脾脏2例。急诊脾切除术14例,其中联合胰尾癌切除1例,联合结肠癌切除、结肠造瘘术1例。非手术治疗4例,其中1例因发热持续不退,1例因脾周血肿增大、疼痛加重而中转脾切除术;脾包膜下出血2例经非手术治愈。本组治愈16例,死亡2例。结论病理性脾脏是自发性脾破裂的主要原因。脾切除术是治疗自发性脾破裂的主要手段。     

138例脾切除术后发热的临床分析

目的探讨脾切除术后发热的原因及防治方法。方法对脾切除术后138例发热的临床资料进行分析、整理。结果感染因素占66.64%,门静脉血栓占10.14%,脾热占23.18%。结论感染为最主要原因,门静脉血栓亦有增加趋势。术前、术中及术后选择正确的防治方法,即可有效降低术后发热的产生。     

Wilson病脾切除术主要并发症及其对策

目的总结Wilson病脾脏切除术并发症的特征,探讨预防措施,提高手术安全性。方法回顾2000年1月至2007年12月202例Wilson病脾切除术病人的临床资料,结合文献资料加以分析。结果202例确诊为Wilson病合并脾肿大、脾功能亢进手术的病人中,术后出现神经症状或症状加重2例。腹腔内出血16例,经手术干预和纠正凝血功能,死亡1例,余治愈。门静脉系统血栓14例,其中无临床症状,术后彩超检查发现8例;有临床症状,主要表现发热、上腹部隐痛等,彩超证实6例;1例术后1月表现为剧烈腹痛、腹胀等肠梗阻表现,通过彩超证实肠系膜血管栓塞致肠坏死,经手术切除坏死肠管后治愈。术后不明原因发热67例,对症治疗后恢复正常。切口感染、出血、裂开10例,经压迫止血、换药、Ⅱ期缝合后治愈。术后肝功能均有不同程度的损害,保肝治疗后,除1例急诊手术术后并发肝功能衰竭死亡外,其余均恢复正常或好转。结论为减少Wilson病脾切除术并发症,首先应严格掌握手术适应症,并加强围手术期处理,做到预防和治疗相结合,外科手术干预和内科药物治疗相结合。     

全脾切除术后早期发热的诊治体会(附209例临床分析)

脾切除术至今仍然是治疗门静脉高压症脾功能亢进、脾肿瘤、脾囊肿 ,某些血液病及一些感染性疾病的常用手术。切脾后发热不仅造成病人的痛苦和延长住院时间、加重经济负担 ,也常常由于疗效不佳而困扰外科医师。现介绍和分析我院自 1986年以来的 2 0 9例脾切除术后早期发热病例的诊疗体会。临床资料我院自 1986年以来施行的全脾切除术 2 2 6 3例中 ,术后 3d至痊愈出院期间体温超过 38℃者计为发热 (术后 3d以内及体温低于 38℃者皆不计入 ) ,发热病例数共 2 0 9例 ,占 9 2 4 %,其中男性 12 6例 ,占发热病例的 6 0 3%;女性 83例 ,占 39 7%…     

脾脓肿6例诊治体会

脾脓肿是脾脏感染性疾病中发病率最高的一种疾病 ,在诊断和治疗上具有一定的特殊性。我院自 1980年 2月至 2 0 0 0年 12月共收治脾脓肿 6例。现就其诊治体会介绍如下。1　临床资料本组 6例病人中男性 4例 ,女性 2例。年龄 2 4～ 6 2岁 ,平均 4 2岁。其中合并门静脉高压症 3例 ,系统性红斑狼疮并狼疮性肾病 1例 ,继发于脾梗死 1例、外伤后脾血肿 1例。本组病例均有发热 ,左上腹疼痛 ,白细胞增高等临床表现 ,全组病人均根据临床表现结合Ｂ超或ＣＴ检查 ,明确诊断。 3例行脾切除术 ,1例行开腹脾脓肿切开引流术 ,2例行Ｂ超引导下经皮穿刺吸脓术…     

门静脉高压症患者脾切除术后持续性发热原因的探讨及处理

目的探讨门静脉高压症患者脾切除术后持续性发热的原因及处理方法。方法收集 1992～ 2 0 0 1年肝炎后肝硬化门静脉高压症患者脾切除术 32 9例的临床资料 ,对术后体温 >38 5℃ ,持续性发热 2周以上者 72例的发热原因和处理进行分析。结果除 2例原因不明外 ,术后发热均由各种并发症引起。以门脾静脉血栓形成和脾窝积血、积液合并感染最常见。门脾静脉血栓形成与术式选择有关 (P <0 0 1)。持续性发热与肝功能分级显著相关 (P <0 0 1) ,且与术式选择有关 (P <0 0 5 )。结论门脾静脉血栓形成及脾窝积血、积液是术后持续性发热的主要原因。防治各种感染及改善肝功能可有效地减少术后持续性发热。     

Splenectomy for splenomegaly of more than 1000 grams. A retrospective study of 36 patients

Splenectomy for massive splenomegaly is frequently performed for hematologic disorders for diagnostic and therapeutic indications. The role of splenectomy is complex and controversial. The aims of our retrospective study were to focus on postoperative complications and advantages of splenectomy for massive splenomegaly. Thirty six patients with splenomegaly weighing 1000 g or more, underwent splenectomy at Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lyon Sud, from January 1st, 1982, to December 31, 1995. Thirty-one (85%) of these patients had hematologic malignancy and more than half of them were older than sixty years. The main indications for splenectomy were hypersplenism (18 patients) and diagnosis (14). Preliminary ligation of the splenic artery was performed in 25 patients (42%). All patients had drainage. The mortality and morbidity rates were 5.5% and 20%, respectively. No major septic or thromboembolic complications occurred. There was only one major bleeding complication. The advantages of splenectomy included histopathological diagnosis in 13 of 14 patients with splenomegaly of unknown origin, permanent pain relief in all cases, and immediate correction of hematological cytopenia in 27 cases (75%). We conclude that the large weight of the spleen does not constitute a contraindication to splenectomy, but indications must be carefully selected, and the operative and perioperative management, must be appropriate.     

Splenectomy for massive splenomegaly. Apropos of 36 cases

Thirty-six splenectomies for splenomegaly exceeding 1000 grams are reported. The enlargement of the spleen most often was related with a malignant disease (n = 32). Cytopenia was the main indication in 14 cases, and splenectomy was contemplated for diagnosis (n = 12), initial treatment (n = 6), or due to pain (n = 3) or spontaneous rupture (n = 1). Ten patients (27.8%) had an associated surgical treatment. One patient died postoperatively (2.8%) and 12 patients presented with 14 complications (33%) usually with a rapidly favorable evolution. In 11 of 12 cases (91.6%), the operation allowed establishing the diagnosis in cases of splenomegaly with an unknown origin. Lastly, it was always effective to relieve pain and in most cases improved cytopenia. The authors conclude that the patients with massive splenomegaly are improved by splenectomy, although it most often is merely a palliative treatment in cases of malignant hemopathy.     

Redefining the role of splenectomy in patients with idiopathic splenomegaly

BACKGROUND: Despite extensive work-up to establish the cause of splenomegaly, splenectomy may be required for diagnosis in certain situations. The aim of this study was to find out the role of diagnostic splenectomy in the current era. METHODS: Between January 1989 and June 2004, 211 patients underwent splenectomy for indications other than trauma. In 41 (19%) patients, splenectomy was carried out for diagnostic purposes. Retrospective analysis of these patients was done for the purpose of the study. RESULTS: All patients who underwent diagnostic splenectomy had a complete haemogram, biochemical tests for liver and renal function, bone marrow biopsy and abdominal ultrasonography before splenectomy. There were 28 (68%) men and 13 (32%) women with median age of 37 years (range, 6-62 years). The median duration of symptoms was 12 months (range, 1-180 months). Common presentations were fever (n = 27; 66%), malaise (n = 26; 63%), pallor (n = 33; 80%) and gross splenomegaly (n = 27; 66%). Thirty-two (78%) patients had hypersplenism. Splenic lesions were shown in 14 (34%) patients on ultrasonogram and in 16 (39%) patients on contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan of the abdomen. Open splenectomy was carried out in all patients. Seventeen (41%) patients had postoperative complications. Among these, three (7%) patients had postoperative bleeding. One patient died because of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Final histopathology of the spleen showed lymphoma in 15 (37%), tuberculosis in five (12%) and other lesions in five (12%) patients. Sixteen (39%) patients had only congestive splenomegaly. CONCLUSION: A high proportion of patients presenting with idiopathic splenomegaly will have underlying haematological malignancies even in tropical countries. The clinical presentation, laboratory profile and imaging findings were not helpful in differentiating between patients with haematological malignancies and non-malignant conditions. Splenectomy still has an important role in establishing the pathology in patients presenting with idiopathic splenomegaly.     

成人嗜血综合征脾脏切除术的安全性分析

目的 探讨对成人不明原因嗜血综合征病人开展脾脏切除术的安全性与可行性。方法 回顾分析2013年1月至2017年1月在复旦大学附属华东医院胆胰疾病诊疗中心接受脾脏切除术的29例成人不明原因嗜血综合征病人的手术及围术期临床资料,通过脾脏病理检查明确嗜血综合征病因。结果 所有病人术前均有反复高热,27例（93.1%）的病人二系或三系血细胞异常,23例（79.3%）肝功能异常,24例（82.8%）凝血功能异常。所有病人术前美国麻醉师协会评分均在Ⅲ级以上。脾脏最大径（22.8±6.3） cm,手术时间（112.3±27.7） min,出血量（281.8±399.5） mL。术后胰漏8例（27.6%）,其中A级胰漏5例(17.2%),B级3例（10.3%）。术后肺部感染3例（10.3%）,术后腹腔出血1例（3.5%）再次手术。无围术期死亡病例。27例（93.1%）病人明确诊断为淋巴瘤,2例（6.9%）未能明确嗜血综合征病因。结论 虽然成人嗜血综合征病人病情危重,存在多器官系统功能不全,但施行脾脏切除术是安全可行的。通过切除脾脏的病理检查能确诊嗜血综合征病因,指导随后的治疗方案。     

Sarcoidosis with a prevalent splenic localization: surgical option (presentation of a case

Sarcoidosis is a granulomatosis disease of unknown origin with a variable clinical presentation. The reported frequency of splenomegaly in sarcoidosis ranges from 1% to 40%. Splenomegaly has been associated with clinical evidence of more extensive thoracic and extrathoracic sarcoidosis. We describe an interesting case of sarcoidosis with giant splenomegaly and abdominal pain but no evidence of systemic involvement. Sarcoidosis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of splenomegaly. The main indication for splenectomy is splenomegaly with resulting discomfort and/or haematological abnormalities. Though the natural history of sarcoidosis is generally unchanged after splenectomy, in our patient the operation resolved the abdominal pain completely with no need for further therapy.     

Portal vein thrombosis following splenectomy: identification of risk factors

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) following splenectomy is a potentially life-threatening complication, and the true incidence of PVT in splenectomized patients is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of symptomatic PVT after splenectomy. The hospital database was searched to identify cases of PVT associated with splenectomy from January 1990 to May 2002. Six hundred eighty-eight patients underwent splenectomy during this period, 321 of them for hematologic diseases. Eleven of the 688 patients had PVT associated with splenectomy, and the charts of these patients were reviewed. Six patients developed PVT after splenectomy. Five had hematologic diseases. Symptoms were abdominal pain (6), ileus (5), fever (3), or diarrhea (2). Diagnosis was confirmed by computed tomography (CT) (4), duplex ultrasonography (1), and magnetic resonance imaging (1). The indications for splenectomy included hemolytic anemia (3), thalassemia (1), and myelofibrosis (1). One patient had an incidental splenectomy during gastrectomy. There were four laparoscopic and two open splenectomies. The median interval between splenectomy and diagnosis of PVT was 40 days (range, 13-741). One patient died of pulmonary embolism. Five of six patients with postsplenectomy PVT had splenomegaly and hemolysis. We conclude that the risk of PVT is higher in patients with hematologic conditions associated with splenomegaly and hemolysis.     

Surgical indications in idiopathic splenomegaly.

HYPOTHESIS: The incidence of primary lymphoma of the spleen in patients with idiopathic splenomegaly is significant. DESIGN: Retrospective review of all patients referred to a general surgical service for splenectomy. SETTING: A large tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS: Between 1994 and 2001, 86 nontrauma patients were referred for splenectomy. Of these, 18 had idiopathic splenomegaly despite prior workup with computed tomography, peripheral smear, bone marrow biopsy, and laboratory testing. All patients were symptomatic and displayed varying degrees of cytopenia. INTERVENTION: All 18 patients underwent open splenectomy for diagnosis and treatment of their cytopenias. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incidence of lymphoma in the pathologic specimens. RESULTS: The mean size of the spleens was 21 cm (range, 14-34 cm) and mean weight was 996 g (range, 320-1840 g). In all 18 patients, the surgical specimen provided a diagnosis. Sarcoidosis was discovered in 4 patients, and 1 patient had Castleman disease. Six patients with the benign diagnosis of hypersplenism received no further interventions, and the cytopenias resolved in all 6 cases. The 7 remaining patients (39%) were diagnosed with lymphoma. Five had marginal zone lymphoma, and 2 had a more aggressive B-cell lymphoma. Three patients required chemotherapy, but 4 are still in remission since their splenectomies and show no evidence of active disease. The mean follow-up was 20 months. CONCLUSIONS: A high percentage of patients with splenomegaly of unknown etiology will have primary lymphoma of the spleen. Splenectomy is both diagnostic and therapeutic and should be considered for all patients with idiopathic splenomegaly.     

Splenic marginal zone lymphoma: case report and review of the literature

Splenic marginal zone lymphomas are rare tumors which take origin from the B cells. More common in the elderly, often asymptomatic, they can present with abdominal pain, splenomegaly and cytopenia and have an indolent clinical course. We describe a case of a women 79 years old who presented with abdominal pain, fever and splenomegaly. Computed tomography demonstrated splenomegaly with an area of low density in the spleen. Only by laparotomy and splenectomy the correct diagnosis was possible. Because of the indolent course of this kind of lymphomas, splenectomy is the main treatment for patients with abdominal pain, splenomegaly and cytopenia. If there is no pain and no cytopenia, the treatment can be only wait and see. Only in case of progression of disease chemotherapy can be employed.     

Thrombosis of the splenoportal axis after splenectomy

Background and aims Thrombosis of the portal system is a potentially life-threatening complication after splenectomy. The reported incidence is low (≅1%), however may be underestimated due to difficult in making the diagnosis. The factors associated with its development and the clinical outcome are poorly characterized. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence, risk factors, treatment, and outcome in series of consecutive cases.Materials and methods All patients who had undergone a splenectomy (both open and laparoscopic) between January 1997 and December 2004 at the Department of Surgery of University of Milan Bicocca were retrospectively reviewed. Twelve cases of thrombosis (7.6%) among 158 splenectomies were identified. No significant differences were noted in age, gender, and surgical approach between patients who developed thrombosis and those who did not. Indication for splenectomy in patients with thrombosis were myeloproliferative disorders (n=5), hemolytic disease (n=4), and lymphoproliferative disorder (n=3). All patients had splenomegaly (mean 1.380 kg, range 0.400–3.120 kg).Results Among patients with myeloproliferative disorders, five (33%) developed the complication, compared with 4 of 35 (11.5%) with hemolytic disease. Patients with both splenic weight >2.500 kg and myeloproliferative disorders had 80% incidence of portal thrombosis. Preoperative prophylactic anticoagulant therapy with low molecular weight heparin was administered in each case. All these patients had fever, abdominal pain, or leukocytosis. All diagnoses were made by contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan and ecocolordoppler ultrasonography, and anticoagulation therapy was initiated immediately. Treatment within 15 days after splenectomy was successful in all patients, while delayed treatment was ineffective.Conclusions Portal thrombosis should be suspected in patients with fever or abdominal pain after splenectomy. Patients with myeloproliferative disorders and hemolitic diseases are at higher risk, as well as patients with marked splenomegaly. A high index of suspicion, early diagnosis, and prompt anticoagulation therapy are the keys to a successful outcome.