尿道下裂术后尿瘘的修补

目的 探讨提高尿道下裂术后尿道瘘修补成功率的方法 .方法 总结216例尿道下裂尿道成形术后尿道瘘采取不同手术方法 进行修补的临床经验.其中小尿瘘162例,采用简单切开缝合法和Y-V皮瓣覆盖尿瘘修补术;大尿瘘54例应用Thiersch、Snodgrass、Duckett、Duplay、Mathieu和阴囊中隔皮瓣法等进行修补.结果 术后随访0.5～8.0 a,一次修补成功率92.7%,其中大瘘87%,小瘘94%.结论 尿道下裂术后尿道瘘修补术的手术方法 多种多样,而手术方法 的正确选择对提高手术成功率至关重要,应按照尿瘘的大小、位置、数量和局部条件选择不同的手术方法 ,以最大程度的提高手术成功率.     

尿道下裂尿道成形术后尿瘘的修复

总结尿道下裂尿道成形术后尿瘘１１７例。一次修补成功率６２．４％，其中大瘘为５２．４％，小瘘７０％。大尿瘘修补用Ｄｕｐｌａｙ、Ｔｈｉｅｒｓｃｈ、Ｄｕｃｋｅｔｔ、Ｄｅｎｉｓ－Ｂｒｏｗｎｅ、Ｍａｔｈｉｅｕ等尿道成形术。小瘘用结扎法、简单切开缝合法、Ｙ－Ｖ皮瓣覆盖尿瘘修补法。对各种方法的应用指征、手术效果、术前术后的处理及影响手术的因素作了探讨。     

尿道下裂术后尿瘘原因及修补体会

目的 探讨各型尿道下裂术后尿瘘发生原因及修补方法。方法 小尿瘘采用结扎法，切开缝合法，皮瓣覆盖法修复，大尿瘘采用Thiersch法或重新行尿道成形术。结果 123例尿道下裂术后29例出现尿瘘(23．58％)。尿瘘发生后立即修复的成功率(3／9，33．33％)远低于尿瘘发生半年后修复的成功率(14／17，82．35％)。3例半年内自行愈合。结论 尿瘘的发生与尿道成形材料，局部血运及创面感染有关，与术式本身关系不大。瘘口大小、术式选择、修补时间是尿瘘修补成功的关键。     

尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂22例

目的 探讨尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术（Snodgrass法）手术治疗尿道下裂的适应证、手术技巧、并发症。方法 2005年9月～2006年11月本院应用Snodgrass手术治疗尿道下裂22例。年龄2～18岁。首次手术16例，采用尿道板正中切开卷管。再次手术6例，采用残余尿道板或阴茎皮肤正中切开卷管。卷管长度1～10cm。新尿道采用F6或飚号的硅胶气囊尿管作为支架管，术后10～14d拔除。结果 22例中18例一次手术成功，阴茎伸直良好，外形美观，排尿正常，成功率81．8％（18／22）。尿瘘3例，均已行尿瘘修补术痊愈。尿瘘并尿道狭窄1例，尿道扩张后狭窄改善，尿瘘待手术。结论 Snodgrass手术操作相对简单，手术者容易掌握，术后外形美观，并发症少。     

“管中管”在尿道手术中的运用体会

1999年以来 ,我院对先天性尿道下裂 ,尿道手术后瘢痕、狭窄、缺损行尿道成形术及尿瘘修补术等 ,5 7例患儿不做耻骨上膀胱造瘘的尿流改道的手术 ,而是采用”管中管”引流膀胱尿液 ,取得非常满意的疗效 ,报告如下。一、临床资料1.一般资料　本组年龄 1岁 9个月～ 14岁。尿道瘢痕、狭窄松解后致尿道缺损 ,施行尿道成形术 4例。其中 1例缺损长度达 2 .6ｃｍ。尿瘘修补术 7例 ,瘘孔最长的达 1.2ｃｍ ,有 1例患儿有瘘口 3处。先天性尿道下裂行尿道成形术 46例。表 1　 46例尿道下裂的手术方法手术方法尿道下裂类型 (例数 )阴茎体型阴茎阴囊类型 会…     

改良Duplay术式在失败尿道下裂手术中的应用

目的 探讨改良Duplay术式在失败尿道下裂手术中的应用,总结该术式的适应证及意义。方法 回顾分析2004年1月至2009年12月27例应用改良Duplay术式治疗失败尿道下裂患儿的临床资料,年龄3～17岁,平均10岁5个月,曾行过1～5次（平均2.5次）尿道成形术。改良Duplay术式的手术效果与同期行Duplay术式进行比较。结果 手术后随访6～24个月,16例(16/27)治愈,11例出现并发症,包括10例尿道瘘、1例尿道狭窄。尿道瘘8例行尿道瘘修补术后治愈,2例修瘘后再瘘再修瘘治愈,尿道狭窄1例行尿道切开造瘘再行尿道瘘修补术治愈。同期对失败或Ⅱ期尿道下裂行Duplay术式29例,治愈18例,两种手术方法成功率比较无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论 改良Duplay术式适用于失败尿道下裂中因阴茎头小、尿道板窄、无法行传统Duplay术式或Snodgrass术式的患儿,利用改良Duplay术式可将尿道外口成形于舟状窝,解决因材料不良被迫将尿道外口成形于冠状沟水平的问题,但此方法要求冠状沟水平皮肤富余。     

分期改良Koyanagi术在重型尿道下裂治疗中的应用

目的探讨尿道板重建分期卷管尿道成形术（改良Koyanagi术）在重型尿道下裂矫治中的应用。方法回顾性分析2006年6月至2011年5月作者采用改良Koyanagi术治疗的15例重型尿道下裂患儿临床资料。年龄2岁11个月至6岁,平均3岁9个月。均于1年前行阴茎下曲矫正、尿道板重建术。入院后采取改良Koyanagi术,并与同期重型尿道下裂一期Duplay＋Duckett尿道成形术进行比较,术后随访7—24个月。结果15例患儿中,13例治愈,2例发生尿瘘,经尿瘘修补术治愈。无尿道狭窄。同期行Duplay＋Duckett尿道成形术14例,治愈10例,尿瘘3例,尿道狭窄1例。两种手术方法的成功率比较无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论尿道板重建分期卷管尿道成形术治疗重型尿道下裂,虽然需分期手术,但手术方法相对简单,容易掌握,并发症少,不易发生尿道狭窄。     

局部X-V皮瓣法治疗尿道下裂术后尿瘘

尿道下裂手术近30年来日益完善。但尿瘘仍是尿道成形术的最主要的并发症，发生率为15％～30%；对尿瘘的修补方法较多，为提高手术成功率。从1998年3月至2004年1月。我们采用局部X-V皮瓣法修补46例尿道下裂成形术后尿瘘的患儿，效果满意，现报告如下。     

尿道下裂尿道成形术后尿瘘治疗的体会

目的：总结通过改进手术方法、缝合材料，提高尿瘘一次修改补成功率的经验。方法：尿道下裂尿道成形术后尿瘘７９例，其中大瘘口５５便，小瘘咒骂４例。瘘口直径大于０．３ｃｍ采用Ｔｈｉｅｒｓｃｈ偏心覆盖法，瘘口直径小于０．３ｃｍ采用瘘口贯穿缝和合和 口切开缝合法。结果：改进前后的成功率分别为６２．５％和８９．０％，其中大瘘口的修补成功率分别是５０％和８６％，均有明显提高。结论：对于大尿瘘应用连续内翻缝合及选用     

保留尿道板尿道成形术91例报告

目的评价保留尿道下裂尿道板尿道成形术的疗效。方法回顾性分析2004年6月～2006年6月我院91例尿道下裂患儿行保留尿道板尿道成形术的诊治经过。平均年龄5.3岁(2～12岁),冠状沟型12例,阴茎体型53例,阴茎阴囊型20例,阴囊型6例。结果手术治愈80例,治愈率为87.0%。10例发生尿瘘,尿瘘发生率为10.9%。1例出现尿道狭窄。1例阴茎头裂开。所有尿瘘患儿均于术后半年行尿瘘修补术,并获痊愈。结论保留尿道板尿道成形术,操作简单,手术时间短,成功率高,手术效果好。     

Combined use of perimeatal-based flap urethroplasty (Mathieu) with midline incision or urethral plate in hypospadias repair.

Perimeatal-based flap urethroplasty is commonly used for the primary correction of distal hypospadias. The Mathieu repair provides excellent function and satisfactory cosmetic results, but the risk of devascularisation of the neourethral flap is an inherent problem of this technique. The midline incision of the urethral plate is part of the Snodgrass method, which offers good urethral calibre and tension-free closure. Our aim was to test the effectiveness of the use of the perimeatal-based flap combined with a midline incision of the urethral plate in hypospadias repair. 19 boys, aged 20 months to 5 years, with distal hypospadias, underwent a one-stage repair using the above-described modification of the Mathieu technique. The meatal-based flap with a midline incision of the urethral plate was similar in all cases. The hypospadias repair was successful in all patients, only one boy developed a urethrocutaneous fistula which required subsequent operation. There was no postoperative scarring, chordee or urethral stricture during follow-up. Hypospadias repair using a perimeatal-based skin flap and combined with an incision of the urethral plate reduces complication rates and offers good cosmetic results.     

Evaluation of distally folded onlay flap in repair of distal penile hypospadias

ObjectiveTo evaluate the results of using a distally folded onlay flap in the repair of distal penile hypospadias, with regard to meatal stenosis, urethrocutaneous fistula and esthetic outcome.Patients and methodsThis prospective study involved 36 patients with mean age 3.2 years (range 1–4); 18 had a shallow urethral plate, 10 a small glans, and 8 had undergone a previous operation but still had available preputial skin. All underwent the elective technique of distally folded onlay flap, which was carried out under general anesthesia using a 4× magnifying loupe. Starting with penile degloving and then harvesting the transverse island preputial flap provides a flap about 1 cm longer than the urethral plate. Two lateral incisions are made along the urethral plate with no need for dissection deep into the glanular wings. The flap is sutured to the urethral plate, leaving 1 cm distal to the tip of the glans, which is folded back to be sutured to the edges of the glanular wings.ResultsThere were no cases of meatal stenosis or requirement for urethral dilatation. Two patients had a urethrocutaneous fistula; one closed spontaneously while the other needed surgical repair 6 months later. Regarding esthetic appearance, 32 were scored good and 4 satisfactory.ConclusionThis versatile technique offers satisfactory results regarding meatal stenosis, urethrocutaneous fistula and esthetic outcome.     

小儿尿道下裂术后尿瘘的处理

目的：总结修补尿瘘的经验，介绍实用可行的方法和相关处理。方法：收集近10年来作尿瘘修补的63个病例的资料，其中膀胱粘膜法术后发生尿瘘27例，游离包皮内板法术后发生36例，单个瘘54例，多个瘘9例，小尿瘘55例，大瘘（尿瘘长轴大于0．4cm)8例。分别采用内瘘口结扎法，内瘘口内翻法，连续内翻法及一层缝合法进行修补，有假阴道的宜先切除，补瘘后引流膀胱尿扎法，内瘘口内翻法，连续内翻法及一层缝合法进行修补，有假阴道的宜先切除，补瘘后引流膀胱尿10d，拆除缝线。结果：一次修补成功率为85．7％（54／63），结论：尿瘘发生后半年以上，要求内外层上皮分隔开并彼此对齐的一层或二层的尿瘘修补法，并作膀胱造瘘或经尿道支架管插管引流膀胱尿，手术成功率高。     

横裁岛状包皮皮瓣一期修复尿道下裂的经验

目的总结横裁岛状包皮皮瓣法修复先天性尿道下裂的经验。方法对1999年-2005年我科56例采用横裁岛状包皮皮瓣法进行尿道成形的尿道下裂患儿进行回顾性分析。其中5例加用尿道口为基底的阴囊矩形皮瓣作Duplay尿道成形。结果本组病例均获随访,时间3个月-4年,阴茎外观良好,阴茎下弯矫正满意,排尿通畅。一次手术成功49例,占89．3％;术后尿瘘5例,经第二次手术修补后痊愈,尿道狭窄1例,经尿道扩张后排尿改善。结论横裁岛状包皮皮瓣符合阴茎皮肤的解剖生理特点,设计合理,采用吻合口连续缝合,更加降低了尿瘘的发生率,避免耻骨上造瘘及带来的膀胱损伤。对多数尿道下裂尤其是有阴茎下弯的尿道下裂,采用横裁包皮岛状皮瓣法并灵活加用尿道口基底矩形皮瓣是一个很好的选择。     

Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty for the treatment of penile fistulas after hypospadias repair

ObjectiveUrethrocutaneous fistula is the most common complication of hypospadias repair. Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty (TIPU) has been used for the management of distal fistulas. This study reports the usage of TIPU in the treatment of large penile fistulas.Materials and methodsBetween April 2002 and September 2012, 15 patients with large penile fistulas who were managed with TIPU were included in the study. The fistulas were sited along the penile shaft from proximal to distal penile localization. Glanular and coronal fistulas were excluded. The surgical technique was completed according to the standard TIPU technique. The surrounding scar tissue of the fistula was circumferentially excised, and the urethral plate at the level of the fistula was incised to provide performance of loose urethral tubularization. A urethral stent was kept for 5–7 days.ResultsThe mean age of the patients was 7.3 ± 3.1 years. Primary operation of these patients was tubularized preputial island flap (n = 6), on-lay preputial island flap (n = 4), and TIPU (n = 5). The sites of the hypospadias fistulas were as follows; penoscrotal (three), mid-penile (eight) and subcoronal (four). Fistulas recurred in two patients after fistula repair. The postoperative follow up of the patients was 12.4 ± 7.7 months.ConclusionTIPU may be used safely for the treatment of fistulas after hypospadias repair.     

Factors affecting outcome of one-stage anterior hypospadias repair: analysis of 422 cases

The repair of hypospadias is among the most difficult problems in urology, as it demands the construction of a well-functioning urethra and a good cosmetic appearance. We performed a retrospective analysis of 422 cases subjected to one-stage anterior hypospadias repair between 1982 and 1999 in our clinic and investigated the effects of factors like degree of hypospadias, surgical technique, and the surgeon's experience on outcome. The operations used were MAGPI (91), urethral advancement (10), Mathieu (260), modified Allen-Spence (50), onlay island flap (5), and double-faced island flap (6) procedures. The early complication rate was 18%, while the final success rate following secondary interventions was 95%. The complications included fistula formation in 49 cases (12%), flap necrosis in 12 (3%), meatal problems in 12 (3%), residual chordee in 4 (1%), and urethral stricture in 1 (<1%). Complication rates were significantly higher if the meatus was proximal or there was severe chordee and in the first 6 years of the study. The flap procedures were associated with a higher complication rate. It is concluded that one-stage procedures are successful in the repair of anterior hypospadias in experienced hands with proper patient selection. Accepted: 21 March 2001     

阴囊中缝带蒂皮瓣治疗尿道下裂的临床应用体会

目的 探讨带蒂阴囊中缝带蒂皮瓣转移覆盖技术在治疗尿道下裂病例多次手术后皮肤缺损中的适应证与疗效.方法 2014年2月至2015年1月,收集我院12例患儿,年龄5～15岁,平均8.4岁.均为外院多次尿道下裂术后失败患儿.为再次治疗入我院.所有患儿均接受口腔黏膜镶嵌尿道成形术一次完成手术.完成尿道重塑后,在阴囊皮肤血供解剖学的基础上,对于重度尿道下裂患儿经多次术后皮瓣遭严重破坏而不足的患儿,采用阴囊中缝皮瓣游离,转移覆盖于阴茎腹侧创面皮肤缺损处.结果 术后随访6～12个月,平均8.3个月,12例患儿全部获得随访,所有患儿皮瓣完全成活,无尿道瘘及尿道憩室,术后2周出现尿道狭窄1例.接受会阴尿道镜检查,确定为口腔黏膜与原尿道吻合口狭窄,扩张后治愈.长期随访患儿阴茎下弯矫正满意,尿道外口位于阴茎头正位,排尿通畅,无尿道瘘、尿道狭窄、尿道憩室等.阴茎及阴囊外观满意.结论 对于接受多次尿道下裂修补术后需要重新接受手术的患儿,由于多次手术对阴茎皮瓣破坏严重,再次行尿道下裂修补术时,我们选择游离带蒂阴囊中缝皮瓣覆盖新尿道,较传统上阴茎阴囊皮肤覆盖新尿道的张力较低,覆盖范围广并避免了皮肤的臃肿感.该手术方法简单,操作难度不高,成功率高,术后并发症少,外形美观,值得临床推广应用.     

445例先天性尿道下裂的治疗

目的 探讨不同术式对445例不同类型先天性尿道下裂患儿的手术治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析我院1988年—2003年445例先天性尿道下裂病例资料，其中采用阴茎阴囊纵隔带蒂皮瓣尿道成型术311例，包皮内板带蒂皮瓣尿道成型术52例，包皮及阴茎阴囊联合皮瓣尿道成型术61例，膀胱粘膜代尿道术21例。每例均同时行耻骨上膀胱造瘘术。结果 治愈率90．6％，并发症为9．4％。其中尿道狭窄11例，尿瘘31例。尿道狭窄中膀胱粘膜法1例，包皮内板法2例，阴茎阴囊纵隔法5例，联合皮瓣法3例；尿瘘中膀胱粘膜法1例，包皮内板法3例，阴茎阴囊纵隔法24例，联合皮瓣法3例。结论 根据尿道下裂类型选择不同的术式 尿流改道，并严格遵守整形外科的原则是尿道下裂手术成功的关键。     

Evaluation of Onlay Island Flap Technique in Shallow Urethral Plate Hypospadiasis

Background:

Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital genital anomalies in males that necessitates to be operated early in infancy (when 6 to 9 months old). On the other hand, hypospadias is a challenging field of pediatric urology with multiple reconstruction techniques. A perfect hypospadias repair is supposed to return urethral continuity with sufficient caliber, eradicate phallus curvature, and supply an acceptable appearance with low complications.

Objectives:

This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of using onlay island flap technique in the repair of hypospadias with shallow urethral plate.

Patients and Methods:

In this prospective study within June 2012 to December 2013, we performed onlay island flap procedure to repair hypospadias with shallow urethral plate measuring less than 6 millimeter. This technique was selected for all types of hypospadiasis except subcoronal type. Nesbit’s dorsal plication procedure was established for chordee. In cases with very small glans, urethroplasty was performed without glansplasty.

Results:

Twenty three patients with mean age of 30 (range 10 - 60) months underwent onlay island flap repair; all had a shallow urethral plate < 6 mm, 3 had a very small glans, and 18 had chordee. Meatus was located in distal shaft in 5 cases, mid shaft in 8, proximal in 6 and penoscrotal type in 4 patients. Chordee was corrected with Nesbit’s dorsal plication in 16 cases. Complications were: meatal stenosis in 2 cases and urethrocutaneous fistula in 2 patients, all of which were repaired surgically. Mean follow up time was 13 (3 - 20) months. All cases that had glansplasty have excellent esthetic appearance.

Conclusions:

This technique offers acceptable results regarding meatal stenosis, urethrocutaneous fistula and esthetic outcome.     

Observational retrospective study on acquired megalourethra after primary proximal hypospadias repair and its recurrence after tapering

IntroductionAcquired megalourethra (AMU) after repair of proximal hypospadias can be a serious complication. An observational retrospective study of its incidence among different types of repair was performed.Materials and methodsClinical charts of patients operated on for proximal hypospadias were reviewed. Inclusion criteria: all primary hypospadias operated in 1991–2004, with the meatus positioned in proximal penile, scrotal or perineal position.ResultsOf 770 hypospadias cases treated, 130 (16%) were proximal. Seventy-two patients (55%) were treated using preputial flaps: 36 with a tubularized preputial island flap (TIF) and 36 an onlay island flap (OIF). Fifty-eight patients (45%) underwent staged repairs: Belt-Fuquà (BF) in 18 and Bracka procedure in 40 cases. After a mean follow up of 16 years (range 6–19) the overall incidence of complications for each technique was: TIF 36%; OIF 33%; BF 25%; two-stage Bracka 7.5%. The most common complication encountered was neo-urethral fistula. AMU occurred in only 5 cases, none with associated distal urethral stenosis, all in the TIF and OIF groups, and all successfully treated by reduction re-do urethroplasty.ConclusionA very small number of the patients operated using preputial island flaps techniques developed AMU. None of the staged repairs developed AMU, and this is the preferred choice in proximal hypospadias when the urethral plate requires division and/or substitution. All cases of AMU resolved after urethral tapering.