仓鼠感染美洲钩虫第三期感染性幼虫后获得性免疫的皮肤组织病理学观察

目的 观察仓鼠感染美洲钩虫第3期感染性幼虫(NaL3)后攻击感染NaL3时其皮肤组织病理改变以及NaL3的组织形态学变化,寻找仓鼠感染NaL3后对攻击感染NaL3的获得性免疫证据.方法 将仓鼠分为攻击感染组和对照组.攻击感染组仓鼠先经皮肤感染NaL3 150条,2周后与对照组同时感染NaL3 900条并于感染后6,24,72 h和1,2同时取感染部位皮肤,观察组织病理反应以及NaL3的组织形态变化.结果 对照组6,24,72 h和1,2周的NaL3的切面数分别为15,33,11,0,0个,其变性和死亡虫体切面数均为0个.所有虫体切面形态结构完整清晰,皮肤组织亦未出现明显的炎细胞反应.攻击感染组6,24,72 h和1,2周的NaL3的切面数分别为25,53,15,5,4个,变性虫体切面数为0,24,6,0,0个,死亡虫体切面数为0,0,7,5,4个.24 h起虫体角皮粗糙,肿胀,72 h虫体内部结构疏松,细胞核固缩,甚至模糊不清,1周后虫体切面遭明显破坏,隐约可见其残骸.皮肤组织内炎症反应主要有巨噬细胞,类上皮细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞浸润以及死虫肉芽肿形成.结论 仓鼠感染NaL3后埘攻击感染NaL3产生了抵抗力,其获得性免疫反应程度强烈.     

日本血吸虫Sjc97 DNA疫苗免疫小鼠攻击感染后的组织细胞反应

目的观察日本血吸虫副肌球蛋白核酸疫苗(Sjc97DNA)免疫宿主攻击感染后的皮肤及肺组织反应。方法105只C57BL/6小鼠,随机分成Sjc97DNA疫苗组、空质粒对照组和感染对照组。前两组分别以Sjc97DNA核酸疫苗、空质粒经后腿胫前肌免疫C57BL/6小鼠共2次,每次间隔3周。末次免疫后3周攻击感染,3组小鼠经腹部皮肤攻击感染日本血吸虫尾蚴(800±50)条。于攻击感染后6、18、24、48、72、96、120h,每组分别剖杀5只小鼠,取腹部皮肤及/或肺组织作病理观察。结果Sjc97DNA疫苗免疫小鼠攻击感染血吸虫尾蚴后,皮肤炎症反应出现早,炎症细胞杀童虫现象明显,炎症反应强烈,且持续时间长,嗜酸性粒细胞浸润百分比高;而空质粒对照组和感染对照组皮肤炎症轻,持续时间短,杀虫现象不明显。Sjc97DNA疫苗免疫鼠攻击感染后肺部出血斑点出现时间(72h)迟于空质粒对照组和感染对照组(48h)。72~120h,Sjc97DNA疫苗组小鼠肺部局灶性炎症明显,肉芽肿样结节形成,但肺泡壁多正常;而空质粒组和感染对照组小鼠肺组织炎症轻,但肺泡壁水肿有较多红细胞渗入。结论Sjc97DNA疫苗免疫增强了小鼠皮肤及肺组织的细胞反应及其杀童虫作用。     

宠物犬犬钩虫的调查及生活史各期形态观察

目的犬钩虫(Ancylostoma canium)幼虫可以感染人体,但不能发育为成虫,仅引起皮肤幼虫移行症。方法采用饱和盐水漂浮法和涂片法检查钩虫卵;用"T"滤纸条培养犬钩蚴;皮肤感染和灌喂人工感染实验狗。感染后不同时间解剖狗,从狗小肠获取钩虫,镜下观察和拍照。结果厦门市30只宠物犬样本犬钩虫感染率为3.33%(1/30),蛔虫感染率为10.00%(3/30)。对犬钩虫生活史各期的形态进行观察。结论厦门市存在宠物犬犬钩虫感染,特别是农家狗的犬钩虫感染为多。     

紫外线减毒日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫小鼠的皮肤组织细胞反应

目的 :探讨紫外线减毒血吸虫尾蚴免疫宿主的皮肤组织在抗攻击感染中的作用。方法 :88只小鼠分为 4组 ,1、2组分别以 50± 3条紫外线减毒日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫或日本血吸虫尾蚴感染 ,5wk后以 10 0 0± 10 0条尾蚴进行攻击感染 ;3、4组分别以减毒尾蚴或尾蚴 10 0 0± 10 0条免疫或初次感染。各组均于感染或接种后 6- 12 0 h定时取局部皮肤组织作病理观察。结果 :( 1)免疫攻击组皮肤组织内炎症细胞杀伤童虫现象最明显、炎症反应最强且持续时间最长 ,嗜酸性粒细胞( EOS)浸润百分数最高 ;( 2 )感染攻击组呈现相似炎症反应但程度略轻 ;( 3)免疫对照组减毒童虫在皮肤内滞留时间延长 ,至 12 0 h皮下仍可见较多童虫 ;( 4 )感染对照组皮肤内的童虫数于 72 h后明显减少 ,童虫周围轻微炎症反应。电镜观察可见免疫攻击组童虫内部结构破坏 ,虫体周围 EOS、淋巴细胞增多 ,肥大细胞颗粒溶解。结论 :提示皮肤组织的细胞免疫反应在血吸虫减毒尾蚴免疫的宿主抗攻击感染保护性免疫中起重要作用。     

血吸虫硫氧还蛋白免疫原性研究Ⅱ日本血吸虫硫氧还蛋白DNA疫苗小鼠保护性免疫研究

目的观察日本血吸虫(大陆株)硫氧还蛋白DNA疫苗(pcDNA3-SjcTrx)在小鼠诱导抗血吸虫感染的免疫保护作用。方法制备pcDNA3-SjcTrx重组质粒,将30只雌性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为3组,每组10只:pcDNA3-SjcTrx核酸疫苗免疫组、pcDNA3空质粒对照组和攻击感染对照组。核酸疫苗免疫组每只小鼠经股四头肌注射100μg核酸疫苗,共注射3次,间隔2周。空质粒对照组每只小鼠在相应时间经股四头肌注射100μgpcDNA3空质粒,感染对照组则不注射任何质粒。于末次免疫后3周,每只小鼠经腹部感染(30±1)条日本血吸虫尾蚴。小鼠于攻击感染后42天剖杀,门脉灌注收集成虫,计数成虫数和肝内虫卵数。分别在免疫前、攻击感染前和小鼠剖杀前采血并分离血清,用ELISA检测血清中特异性IgG抗体。另取6只雌性C57BL/6小鼠经股四头肌注射核酸疫苗,分别于注射后24、48小时和72小时取肌肉注射部位局部组织制备冰冻切片,用免疫酶染色试验(IEST)检测注射局部组织抗原的表达情况,以注射pcDNA3空质粒者为对照。结果IEST结果表明该DNA疫苗在小鼠肌肉组织内表达,ELISA检测表明DNA疫苗免疫小鼠后产生明显的抗体(IgG)免疫应答,并诱导出对攻击感染的45.7%的减虫率和41.4%的肝组织减卵率(P<0.05)。结论日本血吸虫(大陆株)硫氧还蛋白DNA疫苗具有较好的免疫原性,在小鼠诱导出明显的免疫保护作用,可作为疫苗候选分子作进一步的研究。     

钩虫病流行与疫苗研究

钩虫感染的年龄、高峰趋向中年甚至老年。慢性钩虫感染者免疫应答低下或无免疫应答反应 ,易发生药物驱虫后的再感染 ,从而导致钩虫病控制的失败。动物实验表明研制疫苗防治钩虫病是可行的。多种钩蚴分泌抗原已被克隆和表达 ,并被认为是有应用前景的候选疫苗。     

紫外线致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴诱导BALB／c小鼠免疫保护作用研究

目的观察紫外线（UV）致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫BALB／c小鼠免疫保护作用。方法辐照致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴,经腹部皮肤用UV致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫诱导BALB／c小鼠,3周后进行攻击感染,同时设正常感染对照组。攻击感染6周后解剖小鼠,计算减虫率、减卵率,并观察虫体发育情况和肝组织细胞免疫应答情况。结果免疫组的减虫率和减卵率分别为37．90％和51．16％;免疫组小鼠体内虫体发育明显滞后于正常感染对照组内虫体;免疫组小鼠肝脏虫卵肉芽肿较正常组明显减少。结论UV致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫BALB／c小鼠能诱导较好的免疫保护力。     

国产伊维菌素（Ivermectin）驱除犬钩虫,巴西日圆线虫,鼠蛲 …

目的 观察国产伊维菌素对犬钩虫、巴西日圆线虫、鼠蛲虫的驱虫效果。方法 采用犬钩虫－狗、巴西日圆线虫－大鼠及鼠蛲虫－大鼠动物模型进行研究。结果 单次口服０．０２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ伊维菌素对犬钩虫的虫卵减少率、驱虫率和治愈率高达１００％，服药后４８ｈ内排出９７％虫体；单次灌胃０．６２ｍｇ／ｋｇ对巴西日圆线虫的驱虫率达９９．１％，完全治愈剂量为１．１１ｍｇ／ｋｇ；单次灌胃２．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ对鼠蛲虫的驱虫率和治愈     

慢性感染和大剂量照射尾蚴免疫小鼠的抗体对曼氏血吸虫童虫表面抗原的识别

作者将曼氏血吸虫尾蚴以机械方法转变为童虫后,用乳过氧化酶催化的碘化作用标记童虫,经Triton X-100溶解后,以免疫沉淀反应识别童虫表面抗原。作者采用C57BL/6J和C3H/HeJ两株纯系小鼠和瑞士杂交系小鼠的3种免疫血清:(1)慢性感染血清——小鼠腹腔内注射25～50条尾蚴,于接种后12周取血;(2)单性感染血清——接种50条雄性尾蚴后23周取血;(3)疫苗免疫血清——以350～500条经30KR~(60)钴照射尾蚴于皮肤免疫后4～6周取血。对照血清取自与实验小鼠同龄的正常小鼠。结果:慢性感染的杂交系小鼠血清能沉     

辐照旋毛虫肌肉幼虫免疫对日本血吸虫感染的保护作用

目的　观察辐照旋毛虫肌肉幼虫 (TsML)免疫小鼠对日本血吸虫攻击感染的保护效果。　方法　用60 Co照射的TsML经腹腔免疫小鼠 15只 ,另设TsML匀浆和生理盐水免疫组作为对照。在两次加强免疫后 (1次 /周 ) ,分别用日本血吸虫尾蚴攻击感染。感染后第 40d解剖小鼠 ,计算虫荷 ,并对肝组织中的虫卵和雌虫子宫内的虫卵进行计数。同时采用数字图像处理技术对成虫形态结构进行测量分析。　结果　 1)辐照TsML免疫组与生理盐水对照组比较 ,小鼠虫荷数、肝组织和雌虫子宫内的虫卵数显著减少 ;免疫小鼠体内血吸虫虫体及睾丸、卵巢发育受到明显影响 ;2 )TsML匀浆免疫组的减虫效果较差 ,减卵效果及虫体、睾丸、卵巢发育与辐照TsML免疫组相似。　结论　辐照TsML和匀浆TsML免疫均能诱导小鼠产生对日本血吸虫攻击感染的保护作用 ,且辐照TsML较匀浆TsML具有更好的保护效果。     

Schistosoma mansoni: histological analysis of the synergistic interaction between vaccine immunity and praziquantel therapy in the lungs of mice

Summary Naive CBA mice and mice vaccinated 4 weeks previously with gamma-irradiated cercariae of 5. mansoni were challenged percutaneously with normal cercariae and then treated with 500 mg/kg body weight of Praziquantel (Pzq). The drug was administered intradermally on day 1 or intramuscularly on day 6, thus targeting against skin stage or lung stage challenge larvae respectively. The skin site of challenge and/or the lungs were removed at various time points to provide samples for histological examination. As reported elsewhere (Flisser, Delgado & McLaren 1989) the efficacy of Pzq was significantly enhanced in vaccinated mice and was influenced by the treatment regime. Histological analysis revealed that when Pzq was administered I/D on day 1 to vaccinated mice, the inflammatory response to challenge differed in extent but not nature from that seen in vaccinated but untreated cohorts. This correlates with worm recovery data showing no (this study), or only marginal synergy between drug treatment and immunity using this regimen of drug treatment (Flisser et al. 1989). Following the day 6 protocol of drug delivery, however, lungs from treated vaccinated mice exhibited many large inflammatory reactions containing trapped challenge larvae. In contrast, lungs from untreated vaccinated mice had only few foci which were small and rarely contained trapped larvae. These data again correlate well with worm recovery data showing that there is a highly significant synergy between vaccination and drug treatment administered at this time (Flisser et al. 1989; this study). It would seem, therefore, that Pzq exacerbates lung phase immunity in the NIMR vaccine mouse model where skin phase immunity predominates and pulmonary attrition is normally minimal. The results are discussed in the light of published data concerning the effector mechanisms thought to characterize skin and lung phase vaccine resistance in the murine model.     

Schistosoma mansoni: histological analysis of the synergistic interaction between vaccine immunity and praziquantel therapy in the lungs of mice

Naive CBA mice and mice vaccinated 4 weeks previously with gamma-irradiated cercariae of S. mansoni were challenged percutaneously with normal cercariae and then treated with 500 mg/kg body weight of Praziquantel (Pzq). The drug was administered intradermally on day 1 or intramuscularly on day 6, thus targeting against skin stage or lung stage challenge larvae respectively. The skin site of challenge and/or the lungs were removed at various time points to provide samples for histological examination. As reported elsewhere (Flisser, Delgado & McLaren 1989) the efficacy of Pzq was significantly enhanced in vaccinated mice and was influenced by the treatment regime. Histological analysis revealed that when Pzq was administered I/D on day 1 to vaccinated mice, the inflammatory response to challenge differed in extent but not nature from that seen in vaccinated but untreated cohorts. This correlates with worm recovery data showing no (this study), or only marginal synergy between drug treatment and immunity using this regimen of drug treatment (Flisser et al. 1989). Following the day 6 protocol of drug delivery, however, lungs from treated vaccinated mice exhibited many large inflammatory reactions containing trapped challenge larvae. In contrast, lungs from untreated vaccinated mice had only few foci which were small and rarely contained trapped larvae. These data again correlate well with worm recovery data showing that there is a highly significant synergy between vaccination and drug treatment administered at this time (Flisser et al. 1989; this study). It would seem, therefore, that Pzq exacerbates lung phase immunity in the NIMR vaccine mouse model where skin phase immunity predominates and pulmonary attrition is normally minimal. The results are discussed in the light of published data concerning the effector mechanisms thought to characterize skin and lung phase vaccine resistance in the murine model.     

多房棘球绦虫重组Bb-EmⅡ/3-Em14-3-3疫苗对小鼠脾细胞凋亡的影响

目的检测多房棘球绦虫重组双歧杆菌(Bb)-EmⅡ/3-Em14-3-3疫苗对原头蚴攻击小鼠脾细胞凋亡的影响。方法用重组Bb-EmⅡ/3-Em14-3-3疫苗分别通过皮下注射、肌肉注射、鼻腔粘膜接种以及口服接种免疫BALB/c小鼠12周后,用50个多房棘球绦虫原头蚴腹腔注射进行攻击,攻击感染后18周剖杀小鼠,检获泡球蚴组织,称取重量,计算减蚴率;分离脾细胞,用ConA刺激培养16~18h,然后用流式细胞仪检测脾细胞凋亡。结果疫苗免疫组小鼠检获泡球蚴质量均明显低于PBS对照组;小鼠脾细胞原液组和ConA刺激组细胞凋亡发生率均显著低于PBS对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01),每个ConA刺激组脾细胞凋亡发生率显著高于相应的原液组(P<0.05或P<0.01),皮下注射组脾细胞凋亡发生率最低。结论多房棘球绦虫重组Bb-EmⅡ/3-Em14-3-3疫苗可抑制感染小鼠脾细胞发生凋亡,增加CD4+T细胞亚群的数量,诱导宿主产生一定的保护力,对抗Em原头节攻击。     

日本脑炎病毒DNA疫苗和基因工程亚单位颗粒疫苗的动物保护实验研究

目的　评价 3种日本脑炎病毒 (JEV)新型疫苗 ,即E蛋白病毒样颗粒 (VLPs)、DNA疫苗 (pV/JE)以及E蛋白颗粒 (Eps)的动物免疫效果。方法　BALB/c小鼠经 2次接种疫苗后 ,测定其病毒特异性的CTL活性、结合抗体、中和抗体 ,并以10LD5 0JEV攻击免疫小鼠 ,观察其保护效果。结果　各新型疫苗组的CTL活性为 33%～ 5 6 % ,灭活疫苗组为 2 2 % ,而载体和PBS对照组的CTL活性分别为 17%和 18%。一次免疫后 ,实验组小鼠血清结合抗体阳转率为 90 %。除DNA疫苗组外 ,各组小鼠的二次免疫血清抗体效价高于一次免疫的抗体效价 (P <0 0 5 ) ,且以VLPs加佐剂组小鼠血清抗体效价最高 ,Eps加佐剂组次之 ,均高于 pV/JE组和灭活疫苗组 (P <0 0 5 )。三种疫苗可诱发小鼠产生中和抗体。各实验组小鼠能够抵抗JEV的攻击 ,而对照组小鼠的死亡率为 37 5 %。结论　三种新型疫苗可以正确表达JEV的E蛋白表位 ,可诱发免疫小鼠产生抗JEV的中和抗体并有保护性作用 ,免疫效果优于灭活疫苗 ,有可能成为候选的JEV新型疫苗。     

弓形虫新基因表位疫苗免疫效果的观察

目的观察弓形虫新基因WX、WX2的表位疫苗对小鼠的保护作用。方法将昆明小鼠分成5组,分别用pcDNA3-W2b、pcDNA3-W4a、pcDNA3-W2b4a质粒及pcDNA3和NS,肌注3次,每次间隔2周。免疫完成后ELISA法检测血清抗体水平,取脾细胞用流式细胞仪检测CD4 与CD8 淋巴细胞比值,PCR检测肌肉组织中重组质粒。免疫后第3周,小鼠经腹腔注射弓形虫速殖子500个,观察发病情况和存活时间。30d后仍存活的小鼠,取组织匀浆后进行小鼠盲传。结果免疫后第3周,pcDNA3-W2b组小鼠血清抗体水平显著高于pcDNA3和NS对照组(P<0.05);用PCR法从pcDNA3-W2b、pcDNA3-W4a和pcDNA3-W2b4a质粒组小鼠肌肉组织中成功检测到各表位疫苗质粒,且各组小鼠脾脏CD4 与CD8 T淋巴细胞比值显著低于pcDNA3组和NS组(P<0.05)。pcDNA3-W2b、pcDNA3-W2b4a组小鼠存活时间与pcDNA3组及NS组比较明显延长(P<0.05)。结论弓形虫新基因WX、WX2表位疫苗能够诱导小鼠产生抗弓形虫感染保护性免疫,提示DNA类表位疫苗的研制可作为弓形虫疫苗研究的策略之一。     

细粒棘球绦虫重组Bb-Eg95-EgA31疫苗诱导BALB/c小鼠的保护力观察

目的探讨细粒棘球绦虫(Eg)重组双歧杆菌(Bb)-Eg95-EgA31疫苗免疫和Eg原头节攻击后小鼠的囊重抑制率、抗体及其亚类的变化。方法将细粒棘球绦虫重组Bb-Eg95-EgA31疫苗分别采用皮下注射、肌肉注射、鼻腔内接种和口服灌胃4种途径免疫BALB/c小鼠,免疫后8周每鼠用50个Eg原头节攻击感染,感染后25周剖杀小鼠,分离细粒棘球蚴包囊并称重,计算囊重抑制率;收集血清,常规ELISA测定血清IgG及其亚类和IgE水平,试验设有空载体、Bb和MRS对照。结果皮下注射组、肌肉注射组、鼻腔内接种组和口服灌胃组免疫小鼠的囊重抑制率分别为45.33%、41.33%、70.67%和62.67%,血清IgGI、gG2aI、gG2b和IgG1水平显著升高,IgG3和IgE水平显著降低。结论接种Bb-Eg95-EgA31疫苗能诱导小鼠产生保护力,IgGI、gG2aI、gG2b和IgG1起重要作用。     

弓形虫表面抗原P30 DNA疫苗免疫小鼠诱导体液免疫应答及保护性的初步观察

目的观察弓形虫表面抗原P30 DNA疫苗免疫BALB/c小鼠诱导其体内产生的体液免疫应答及抗虫感染的免疫保护作用. 方法重组质粒pBK-P30用生理盐水稀释后,肌注免疫BALB/c小鼠.分别于免疫后5周和10周,ELISA测定IgG抗体滴度;取免疫鼠的血液、肺、心脏、肝脏、脾、肾脏及肌肉PCR扩增P30基因;免疫鼠腹腔注射弓形虫速殖子攻击感染.结果两次检测,均可测到特异性IgG抗体,且抗体的滴度随免疫时间的延长而增高;免疫后5周,免疫鼠的上述组织均可扩增出P30基因条带,但免疫后10周仅血液扩增出特异P30基因条带;弓形虫速殖子腹腔攻击感染,免疫组鼠的平均存活时间较对照组鼠延长,但统计学差异不显著(P＞0.05). 结论弓形虫表面抗原P30 DNA疫苗能诱导BALB/c小鼠产生特异性体液免疫应答及部分抗虫免疫保护作用.     

Comparison of Schistosoma mansoni migration patterns in normal and irradiated cercaria-immunized mice by means of autoradiographic analysis. Evidence that worm elimination occurs after the skin phase in immunized mice

Migration and elimination of radiolabeled Schistosoma mansoni were compared in naive and irradiated cercaria-immunized mice by autoradiography of compressed host tissues. The results indicated that 1) most of the normal elimination of schistosomula in unimmunized mice and the additional elimination in immunized mice occur at some point(s) after arrival of schistosomula in the lungs and before their development into adult worms, 2) migration of schistosomula from skin to lungs is delayed for several days but not reduced in immunized mice, 3) migration of schistosomula from lungs to liver is delayed for several days in immunized mice, and 4) schistosomula reach the liver in reduced numbers or are killed and cleared in the liver in greater numbers in immunized mice. The lung chop procedure was shown to recover schistosomula from control and irradiated cercaria-immunized mice with equal efficiency. Autoradiography of all tissues of the body demonstrated that, in both control and immunized mice, at least 20-25% of the schistosomula detectable 2 and 3 weeks after infection were present in tissues other than the skin, lungs and liver.     

日本血吸虫重组抗原rSj14-3-3免疫保护作用的初步研究

目的　初步探讨重组信号蛋白 14 3 3及 14 3 3与GST融合蛋白抗日本血吸虫尾蚴感染和抗血吸虫病的免疫保护作用。　方法　用rSj14 3 3和rSj14 3 3 /SjGST免疫BALB/c小鼠 ,日本血吸虫尾蚴经腹部皮肤攻击感染 ,收集实验组与对照组成虫和虫卵 ,计算减虫率和减卵率 ;间接ELISA法测定实验组与对照组小鼠免疫前、后血清中特异性IgG抗体水平的变化 ;显微镜下测量并比较实验组与对照组肝脏切片上单个虫卵肉芽肿大小 ,观察两种重组抗原对小鼠肝脏肉芽肿形成的影响。　结果　上述两种重组抗原在尾蚴攻击感染后的减虫率分别为 3 1.93 %和 3 4.3 9% ;每克肝组织减卵率分别为 5 3 .2 4%和 60 .0 6% ,每对成虫减卵率分别为 3 3 .3 9%和 40 .48% ;免疫前各组血清IgG抗体A值差异无显著性 ,免疫后实验组血清IgG抗体A值明显高于对照组 ;实验组小鼠肝脏虫卵肉芽肿平均直径比对照组分别下降3 5 .2 3 %和 46.13 %。　结论　信号蛋白 14 3 3在抗感染和抗病免疫中具有保护作用 ,复合多价疫苗的免疫保护作用可能优于单价疫苗。