经内镜逆行胰胆管造影在小儿胆道疾病诊断中的应用

目的探讨利用经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)技术在小儿胆道疾病中的诊断意义。方法收集本院2008～2011年经内镜逆行胰胆管造影进行诊断的小儿病例共14例,对检查结果及并发症进行回顾性分析。结果 ERCP显示胆总管扩张11例,其中Ⅰ型胆总管囊肿5例,胰胆管合流异常6例;胆总管结石1例;胆道蛔虫1例;胆道术后胆管狭窄1例。1例检查后并发胰腺炎。结论通过ERCP可清晰地观察胆管形态,明确诊断,对小儿胆道疾病的诊断及治疗有重要的意义。     

内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影联合胆道微结石检查在急性胆管炎中的临床价值

目的 探讨内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)联合胆道微结石检查在急性胆管炎中的临床价值.方法 对于54例急性胆管炎患者,行超声、CT、磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)常规检查及ERCP,经ERCP或内窥镜鼻胆管引流收集患者的胆汁,通过普通光和偏振光显微镜查找微结石.结果 54例患者行常规检查提示36例胆总管结石或扩张,阳性诊断率为66.67%.54例患者均行ERCP,3例ERCP插管失败.ERCP提示39例胆总管结石或扩张,阳性诊断率为76.47%.12例ERCP未见明显异常的患者中,9例在显微镜下检查有胆道微结石,ERCP联合胆道微结石检查的阳性诊断率为94.12%,与常规检查和ERCP比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 ERCP联合胆道微结石检查可以提高急性胆管炎的阳性诊断率.临床上不明原因的急性胆管炎与胆道微结石密切相关.     

16层计算机断层摄影结合多平面重建技术在胆管阻塞病人中的应用

[目的]评价16层计算机断层摄影结合多平面重建技术在胆管阻塞病人中的应用。[方法]使用16层计算机断层摄影结合多平面重建技术(MPR)对60例被认为患有胆管阻塞的病人进行诊断。诊断中没有使用任何胆管造影剂。其中24例病人接受了磁共振胰胆管造影成像(MRCP)检查,16例病人进行了逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)检查,28例病人进行了活组织切片检查或外科手术。我们将16层计算机断层摄影检查结果与磁共振胰胆管造影成像、逆行胰胆管造影、活组织切片检查及外科手术的结果进行了对比。以手术病理结果为标准。[结果]检查结果如下:胆总管结石(34例),恶性狭窄(14例),良性狭窄(2例),胆石症(12例)。1例病人的一枚小胆总管结石16层计算机断层摄影未能检出。2例16层计算机断层摄影初诊为胆管结石的病人在接受其他相关检查时诊断为恶性胆管狭窄。16层计算机断层摄影诊断胆管结石的准确率为91.1%。16层计算机断层摄影诊断胆管狭窄的准确率为87.5%。[结论]16层计算机断层摄影及多平面重建技术是一种快速和无创技术,在诊断胆管阻塞原因方面具有相当高的准确性。     

Diagnosis and treatment of cholelithiasis

Most patients with gallbladder stones are asymptomatic and do not require treatment. Biliary colics are the main indication for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: the treatment of choice for gallbladder stones. Dyspepsia is not an indication for treatment of gallstones. The indications for bile salt therapy and extracorporeal lithotripsy are limited. Acute cholecystitis should be treated with cholecystectomy à chaud whereas longstanding cholecystitis is preferably treated with cholecystectomy à froid. Bile duct stones are mainly treated endoscopically during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): pancreatitis, bleeding and perforation are the main complications. Prior to cholecystectomy, an ERCP is indicated in case of cholangitis, severe pancreatitis, persisting jaundice, bile duct stones on ultrasonography, or the combination of dilated ducts and abnormal liver function tests. After endoscopic stone removal, a cholecystectomy is indicated for patients < 50 years but a 'wait and see' policy is justified in elderly patients.     

血清GGT与ALP联合检测对无症状继发性胆总管结石诊断价值的临床研究

目的 探讨GGT与ALP联合检测对无症状继发性胆总管结石诊断的临床价值。方法 收集1060例胆道结石病患者的临床资料,根据是否合并无症状继发性胆总管结石,分为观察组和对照组。计数资料采用〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗检验;计量资料采用独立样本t检验,并采用ＲOC 曲线求取最佳诊断界值所对应的灵敏度、特异度等诊断学指标。比较两组肝功能指标（ALT、AST、GGT、ALP、TBil、DBil）,评价各指标的临床意义。结果 观察组患者血清GGT（159.72±40.28）、ALP（176.45±43.17）含量明显高于对照组GGT（36.07±10.38）和ALP（137.98±38.19）水平（P<0.05）。ROC曲线分析结果显示:GGT、ALP、GGT+ALP的曲线下面积分别为0.909、0.670、0.927,灵敏度分别为92.6%、68.2%、94.1%, 特异度分别为86.9%、60.1%、87.5%;GGT、ALP临界值分别为98.5U/L、152.5U/L。两组患者血清AST、ALT、TBil及DBil的比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）。 结论 血清GGT及ALP的联合检测对无症状继发性胆总管结石早期预测具有重要临床价值,且操作方便、快速、廉价,值得临床应用及推广。     

Biochemical changes of liver damage factors in the course of mononucleosis like syndrome caused by cytomegalovirus

In 30 patients with mononucleosis-like syndrome (MLS) caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV), diagnosed on the basis of clinical symptoms, haematological & serological changes (after excluding Epstein-Barr virus, HAV, HBV and HCV infections), the following measurements were done weekly during consecutive two months': bilirubin concentration, aspartate & alanine aminotransferases (AST & ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), beta-glucuronidase (B-GR), and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGTP) activity. Increase in bilirubin concentration was found in 6% of patients, increase of AST and ALT activity--in 70%, GGTP--in 50%, ALP--in 25%, and of B-GR--in 16% of the subjects. The highest bilirubin concentration, and high levels of AST, ALT, and B-GR were noted in the 2nd week of infection, whereas the peak activity of ALP and GGTP was found in the 3rd week of the disease. In all patients normalization of bilirubin concentration was earliest (5th week of infection); followed by decrease of AST, ALT, B-GR, and ALP activity (7th week), and subsequently--that of GGTP (8th week of the disease). The results of the investigations have shown that in the course of MLS the changes of hepatic activity are limited and transient; they return to normal synchronously with the withdrawal of clinical symptoms (4th-6th week of the disease), without permanent measurable consequences. In patients with MLS and increase AST & ALT activity (400-600 iu) as well as slight increased of bilirubin concentrations hepatitis C,A and B should be excluded. In has not been established so far whether the changes of hepatic function during MLS are the consequence of direct infection by CMV, reactivation of the primary occult infection (asymptomatic), or re-infection by a different serotype.     

经内镜胆道支架治疗梗阻性黄疸

目的：探讨梗阻性黄疸时塑料和镍钛记忆合金镀金网状支架内镜置入的操作技术及其临床疗效。方法：本组塑料支架组129例,包括：十二指肠乳头炎性狭窄28例,胆总管下段炎性狭窄16例,老年胆总管巨大结石11例,胆漏17例,胆管外科损伤狭窄10例,肝移植术后胆管吻合口狭窄34例,肝门部胆管狭窄8例,胰腺癌5例;镀金支架组42例,包括：中下段胆管癌15例,肝门部胆管癌8例,十二指肠乳头癌9例,胰腺癌10例。所有病人均行ERCP以证实狭窄部位及其程度,选择合适的支架。经十二指肠镜插入导丝至梗阻远端,狭窄明显者沿导丝进行球囊扩张;在x线监视下沿导丝用支架推送器将支架送至狭窄远端2cm。术后观察病人黄疸改善情况,同时观察肝功能、血清淀粉酶变化,并随访3-6月。结果：本组支架均一次置入成功,成功率200％。镍钛记忆合金网状支架置入后1周,患者血清总胆红素（STB）下降68.50％,谷丙转氨酶（ALT）下降64.37％,r-谷胺酰转肽酶（r-GT）下降51.12％,碱性磷酸酶（ALP）下降45.10％;塑料支架置入后1周,STB下降64.24％,ALT下降59.70％,r-GT下降52.83％,ALP下降44.61％。早期并发症包括：高淀粉酶血症、ERCP术后胰腺炎、胆管炎,晚期并发症有支架堵塞。镀金支架组随访期间有4例（14.29％）死于肿瘤进展。结论：经内镜塑料和镍钛记忆合金镀金网状支架治疗胆道梗阻性黄疸安全、有效、并发症少;塑料支架在胆漏及胆道损伤治疗中的应用为肝胆外科手术并发症的治疗提供了较好的弥补手段。     

磁共振胰胆管造影对梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值

目的：评价磁共振胆胰管造影（MRCP）对梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值。方法：对67例梗阻性黄疸进行MRCP检查，并与临床诊断或手术和病理结果对照分析。MRCP采用不屏气快速自旋回波（TSE）序列重度T2W扫描，结合呼吸触发及脂肪抑制技术，原始图像以最大信号强度投影（MIP）法进行三维重建。结果：全部67例MRCP检查均一次成功，MRCP对梗阻性黄疸的定位诊断准确率为100％，定性诊断准确率为83．6％，其中MRCP诊断肝外胆管结石和恶性胆管梗阻的准确率分别为95％和65．4％，结论：MRCP检查成功率高，对梗阻性黄疸的定位诊断准确，结合原始图像和常规MRI扫描，对肝外胆管结石和恶性胆管梗阻的定性诊断也有较高的准确性。     

Selection criteria for preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography before laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Results of a 7-year, retrospective, single center study

The optimal treatment for bile duct stones (in terms of accuracy, complications and cost) is unclear. The aim of our study was to determine the predictive factors for preoperative ERCP. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients who underwent preoperative ERCP (= 90 days before laparoscopic cholecystectomy) were evaluated in this retrospective study from the 1st January 1996 to the 31st December 2002. The indication for ERCP was elevated serum bilirubin, elevated liver function tests (LFT), dilated bile duct (> or = 8 mm) and/or stone at US examination, coexisting acute pancreatitis and/or acute pancreatitis or jaundice in patient's history. Suspected prognostic factors and combination of factors were compared to the results of the ERCP. RESULTS: 206 preoperative ERCP-s were performed during the observed period, 200 were successful (97.1%). Bile duct stone was detected in 81 patients (39.3%), it was successfully removed in 79 (97.5%). The number of prognostic factors correlated with the presence of bile duct stones: the positive predictive value for one prognostic factor was 1.2%, for two 43%, for three 72.5%, for four or more 91.4%. CONCLUSIONS: The practical conclusion of this study is that preoperative ERCP is highly recommended in patients with three or more positive factors. In contrast, ERCP is not indicated in patients with zero or one factor. Preoperative ERCP should be offered to patients with two positive factors, however the practice should be based also on the local conditions (e.g. skill of the endoscopist, other diagnostic tools).     

LC联合术中ERCP同期治疗老年病人胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床研究

目的:探讨老年胆囊结石合并胆总管结石病人接受腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)联合内窥镜逆行性胆胰管造影术(ERCP)治疗后的恢复情况。方法:选取本院2018年4月~2019年1月收治的102例老年病人胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者作为研究对象,分为观察组(LC联合术中ERCP同期治疗)和对照组(全腹腔镜下胆囊切除+胆总管探查+T管引流术,LC+LCBDE)各51例,观察两组患者的治疗效果。结果:与对照组相比,观察组患者的术后胆瘘发生率(1.56%<15.69%)、残余结石率(0<13.73%)相对更低(P<0.05),卧床时间[(2.15±0.32)d<(2.97±0.56)d]和住院时间[(4.02±4.19)d<(6.33±2.04)d]相对更短(P<0.05)。结论:在老年胆囊结石合并胆总管结石病人的临床治疗中,LC联合术中ERCP同期治疗是一种良好的选择,既可以有效清除结石,又能够降低治疗风险,帮助患者快速、良好的恢复健康。     

内镜联合治疗胆囊胆总管结石120例体会

目的： 探讨使用腹腔镜、胆道镜与十二指肠镜联合治疗胆囊胆总管结石的意义.方法： 在2000年11月～2006年5月间应用内镜联合共治疗胆囊胆总管结石患者120例.其中19例以梗阻性急性化脓性胆管炎（AOSC）入院行急诊手术,择期手术101例.首先急症或择期经十二指肠镜手术治疗胆总管结石或置入鼻胆管（ENBD）.再经腹腔镜手术行胆囊切除（LC）及结合胆道镜行肝胆管探查术（LCBDE）.结果： 全部病例术后复查B超或经鼻胆管造影,显示胆道无残留结石无并发症.结论： 内镜联合治疗胆囊胆总管结石是一种有效的微创治疗手段.     

经胆囊管胆道镜治疗继发性胆总管结石23例

目的:探讨胆囊切除术中经胆囊管纤维胆道镜检查、取石对继发性胆总管结石的诊断及治疗价值.方法:对23例有胆总管探查指征、高度怀疑有胆总管继发性结石的患者,在胆囊切除术中经胆囊管用胆道镜探查并清除结石.结果:术中发现胆总管结石11例(47.8%),10例成功取出结石,阴性探查12例(52.2%),其中8例发现胆总管下段粘膜充血水肿,提示可能有过结石存在,已排入肠道.结论:对继发性胆道结石,术中应用纤维胆道镜经胆囊管探查胆总管,是一安全、有效的方法,它提高了继发性胆总管结石阳性诊断率及降低结石残留率,无明显并发症.     

CT及ERCP对肝吸虫性急性胆道梗阻诊断价值的探讨

目的探讨CT及内镜下逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）对肝吸虫性胆道梗阻的价值。方法回顾手术证实的肝吸虫及其团块引起的急性胆道梗阻47例，其中由内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌（Oddi＇s括约肌）切开术（EST）证实20例，胆总管探查术证实27例，分析其研及ERCP特点。结果43例患者见不同程度的弥漫性肝内胆管从肝门向被膜方向均匀扩张，39例轻中度肝外胆管扩张，两者扩张不成比例。41例被膜下胆管末端呈囊状或杵状扩张。38例胆囊扩大，9例胆囊内可见软组织团块影。13例见胰腺肿胀，8例见胰管扩张。20例ERCP中16例见肝外胆管轻中度扩张，18例见肝内胆管呈迂曲扩张延伸，末梢呈囊状扩张，可见肝内扩张小胆管突然中断征象，在胆管内可见泥沙样、絮状不规则充盈缺损。3例见肝囊肿与扩张胆管相通。同时20例行FAT术，成功解除梗阻。结论急性梗阻性黄疸患者，CT显示肝内胆管均匀弥漫扩张，肝内胆管末端呈囊状改变，伴或不伴肝外胆管扩张，可诊断肝吸虫性梗阻。ERCP可通过抽取胆汁，找到肝吸虫或其虫卵而证实，并可通过FNT术解除梗阻。     

血清生化指标在胆源性重症急性胰腺炎诊治中的临床价值

目的探讨总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总胆汁酸(TBA)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)各血清生化指标在胆源性急性胰腺炎鉴别诊断及严重程度评估中的临床价值。方法共筛选急性胰腺炎患者583例,根据其疾病严重程度分为急性胰腺炎组(406例)和重症急性胰腺组(177例),同时将重症急性胰腺炎患者根据其病因分为胆源性急性胰腺炎组(71例)和非胆源性急性胰腺炎组(106例),回顾性统计分析所有患者入院24 h内TBIL、DBIL、ALT、ALP、TBA、GGT等血清生化指标在急性胰腺炎严重程度及病因判断中的临床价值。结果重症急性胰腺组TBIL、DBIL、ALT、ALP、TBA、GGT血清水平显著高于急性胰腺炎组(P0.01),上述指标ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.688、0.677、0.577、0.628、0.618、0.633;胆源性重症胰腺炎组TBIL、DBIL、ALT、ALP、TBA、GGT血清水平显著高于非胆源性重症胰腺炎组(P0.01),上述指标ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.786、0.765、0.695、0.805、0.786、0.816。结论血清TBIL、DBIL、ALT、ALP、TBA、GGT有助于胆源性急性胰腺炎的鉴别诊断及严重程度的早期评估。     

胆囊切除术中对可疑胆总管经胆囊管造影115例临床分析

目的 探讨经胆囊管造影在胆囊切除术中对可疑胆总管的临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2007年5月间115例单纯性胆囊切除术中对可疑胆总管常规经胆囊管造影胆管结石的发生率.结果 术前B超显示18例无胆总管探查指征,97例有胆总管相对探查指征,均经胆囊管造影,28例探查证实胆总管下段结石.结论 胆囊切除术中对可疑胆总管经胆囊管造影可发现隐匿性胆总管结石,能有效减少胆管残余结石,减少胆道损伤.     

Surgical relief of obstructive jaundice in a district general hospital.

Fifty consecutive patients with obstructive jaundice treated by operation in Canterbury & Thanet Health District hospitals under the care of one surgeon (RECC) over a 6-year period have been studied. The pathology was found to be common bile duct (CBD) stone in 22 patients (44%); pancreatic carcinoma in 15 (30%), 3 of whom also had CBD stones; chronic pancreatitis in 4 (8%); extrahepatic CBD carcinoma in 4 (8%); ampulla of Vater carcinoma in 3 (6%); primary duodenal carcinoma in 1 (2%); and portahepatis obstruction in 4 (8%). The 8 postoperative deaths (16%) were found to be associated with high preoperative levels of serum bilirubin, but all occurred in patients with malignant disease. Complications occurred in 20 patients (40%) and bile culture state was found to be intimately related to the morbidity rather than operative mortality. The study represents a careful audit of the pathology distribution and the surgical management of obstructive jaundice as seen in district hospitals.     

三氯乙烯药疹样皮炎患者肝功能动态变化

目的 观察职业性三氯乙烯( trichloroethylene,TCE)药疹样皮炎患者血清肝功能指标动态变化,为TCE药疹样皮炎肝损害的治疗提供依据.方法 收集10例职业性TCE药疹样皮炎并发肝损害患者不同时间点血清,采用全自动生化分析仪测定血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白( ALB)、总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)、间接胆红素(IBIL)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、谷氨酰转移酶(GGT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、AST/ALT比值、白蛋白/球蛋白比值(A/G)等11项指标,分析各指标动态变化.结果 10例TCE药疹样皮炎患者11项肝功能指标变化范围是TP:43.2～74.2 g/L,ALB:24.6～44.6 g/L,A/G:0.77～2.10,TBIL:3.7～268.2 μmol/L,DBIL:1.0～166.0 μmol/L,IBIL:2.4～167.5 μmol/L,ALT:11～5985 U/L,AST:14～5586 U/L,GGT:15～1500 U/L,ALP:35～309 U/L,S/L:0.07～1.94.TBIL、DBIL、ALT、AST、GGT、ALP浓度明显升高,尤以ALT、AST、GGT变化最明显;ALT最高达5985U/L,AST最高达5586 U/L,GGT最高达1500 U/L.TP、ALB、S/L明显降低,TP最低降到43.2g/L,S/L最低至0.07.A/G基本保持不变,IBIL变化不规律.结论 TCE药疹样皮炎患者早期肝损害严重,病情易反复发作.     

A case of hyperplastic polypoid lesion in the common bile duct hard to differentiate from early bile duct carcinoma

In a 72-year-old male carcinoma of the bile duct was suspected because of an abnormality on laboratory examination. Ultrasound showed the dilatation of extrabiliary duct. Endoscopic ultrasound revealed localized wall thickening of the common bile duct. ERCP demonstrated the dilatation of the CBD. Within the dilated duct a filling defect was present. Histology of the resected specimen disclosed hyperplasia of the epithelium in the CBD.     

Experimental studies on carcinogenesis in anomalous arrangement of the pancreaticobiliary ducts.

An experimental model of anomalous arrangement of the pancreaticobiliary ducts (APBD) was produced by pancreaticocholecystostomy performed in 29 mongrel dogs. Our purpose was to study carcinogenesis of the extrahepatic biliary tract by DNA ploidy analysis with cytofluorometry. The amylase level in the bile was elevated in all 25 dogs tested except the controls. The phospholipase A2 level in the bile was elevated in all selected dogs except the controls. Common bile duct (CBD) dilatation was found in 23/29 (79%) of the dogs, and biliary stones were found in 3/29 (10%) dogs. Inflammatory changes were observed microscopically in all specimens except those from the controls. Intramural glandular structures were found in 17/25 (68%) of gallbladder (GB) specimens and 10/25 (40%) of CBD specimens; goblet cells were found in 7/25 (28%) of GB specimens and 2/25 (8%) of CBD specimens. In the controls neither glandular structures nor goblet cells were observed except for two GB specimens showing mild cholecystitis. Cytofluorometry showed 21% GB and 7% CBD diploidy, 69% GB and 65% CBD low ploidy, 10% GB and 28% CBD high ploidy patterns of histograms. These results show that, APBD may be central to high risk condition or play a key role to develop atypical biliary tract epithelium and DNA ploidy abnormality with or without biliary duct dilatation.     

肝门部胆管癌致梗阻性黄疸介入引流治疗效果评价

目的：对肝门部胆管癌致梗阻性黄疸介入引流治疗的效果进行探讨与分析。方法从我院2009年10月-2013年10月期间收治的肝门部胆管癌致梗阻性黄疸患者中抽取68例进行回顾性分析,所有患者均实施经皮介入引流术＋胆道支架置入术治疗,对患者术后1个月当中肝功能化验指标进行统计,并对比术前肝功能指标。结果手术前后相比,所有患者TBIL（血清总胆红素）降低30%以上,总有效率达到了94.1%（64/68）,黄疸消除率达到了86.8%（59/68）。在TBIL、ALT（谷丙转氨酶）、SGOT（谷草转氨酶）等肝功能指标上,术后要显著低于术前（P＜0.05）。结论对于肝门部胆管癌致梗阻性黄疸患者来说,实施经皮介入引流术＋胆道支架置入术治疗能起到较好效果,使黄疸得到减轻,肝功能得到明显改善,有着重要临床使用价值。