Increased endothelin concentration in CSF from patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage

A considerable quantity of endothelin-like immunoreactivity was demonstrated as present in the CSF of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. The endothelin levels in the CSF raised from 0.4 +/- 0.2 (Mean +/- SD) pmol/L at Day 0-1 to 2.2 +/- 0.6 pmol/L at Day 6 and the levels decreased gradually. The result suggest that endothelin may contribute the generation of vasospasm often observed in subarachnoid hemorrhage.     

Prostacyclin and vasospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm

Experimental and clinical observations suggest the importance of arachidonate metabolites in the genesis of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Prostacyclin (PG12) has a well demonstrated vasodilator action. The authors monitored CSF prostacyclin concentration in 12 consecutive cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage with the purpose of correlating the prostacyclin concentration trend with the clinical course and the risk for vasospasm. In three cases patients presented with clinical and radiological signs of vasospasm. CSF prostacyclin concentration showed a typical decreasing trend, which amounted to a minor form of protection from vasospastic agents. The nine cases which did not develop vasospasm demonstrated no significant changes in the prostacyclin CSF concentration trend. The authors also presented four cases in which cisternal CSF samples were available. In one case of developing vasospasm, the cisternal prostacyclin concentration was seven times lower than the highest lumbar CSF concentration. In three cases without evidence of vasospasm cisternal CSF demonstrated a balanced biochemical situation and a minor risk of vasospasm.     

Complete bilateral oculomotor palsy: the only clinical sign of subarachnoid hemorrhage in leukemia

We report the original case of a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia who presented with a painless, complete bilateral oculomotor palsy during induction chemotherapy. Headache, signs of meningeal irritation or further neurological symptoms were absent throughout the course of illness. The CT revealed a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Within a day of the onset of symptoms, the oculomotor palsy subsided completely with no residual damage. To our knowledge, this is the first described case of SAH in leukemia with complete bilateral oculomotor palsy being the only clinical symptom. Furthermore, the spontaneous remission of this pathological condition is an extremely rare event.     

CSF hydrodynamics after subarachnoid hemorrhage

Recent reports have shown that despite an apparently satisfactory recovery from previous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), many patients still have minor sequelae when specifically looked for. The cause of this so-called post-SAH-encephalopathy is uncertain. This prospective study comprises 54 patients who underwent aneurysmal surgery after SAH between September 1978 and March 1985. One patient died, and 6 patients were non-biased drop-outs. CSF hydrodynamics, determined by infusion test and isotope cisternography, were evaluated on the remaining 47 patients in the recovery stage. Five patients (11%) were found to have typical clinical, CSF dynamic and radiological manifestations of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), and all were shunted with good results. Twelve (26%) had abnormal results consistent with disturbed CSF-hydrodynamics, although there were no clinical or radiological findings supporting the diagnosis of shunt-demanding NPH. Disturbed CSF-hydrodynamics as one of the possible etiological factors of post-SAH-encephalopathy is discussed.     

Nonaneurysmal convexity subarachnoid hemorrhage

Background  Catheter angiography is performed to exclude aneurysm as the cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Certain categories of SAH however are for the most part nonaneurysmal and the risk of catheter angiography not justified. Primary convexity SAH may be nonaneurysmal and adequately investigated noninvasively. Objective  Determine if primary convexity SAH is nonaneurysmal in origin. Method  Five new cases with primary convexity SAH and seven from the literature are reviewed for etiology, diagnostic studies, and outcome. Results  Diagnostic investigations included catheter angiography in 6 patients, MR in 11 patients, computed tomography (CT) in 10 patients, magnetic resonance angiography/magnetic resonance venography in 7 patients, CT angiography in 1 patient, and outcome of the 12 patients was benign without subsequent hemorrhage. Conclusion  No case of primary convexity SAH was caused by aneurysm and outcome was benign in all patients, suggesting a noninvasive evaluation is adequate to investigate this condition.     

非动脉瘤性自发性蛛网膜下腔出血分析

目的总结非动脉瘤性自发性蛛网膜下腔出血的临床特点。方法自发性SAH患者首次CTA和DSA均未发现动脉瘤和其他血管病变者,3～4周复查CTA或DSA,结果仍为阴性者诊断为非动脉瘤性SAH。分为中脑周围非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(PMN)组和非中脑周围非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(nPMN)组。结果 51例患者首次CTA和DSA未发现动脉瘤和其他血管病变,其中4例复查CTA或DSA发现动脉瘤,另有6例患者未复查即死亡。诊断为非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血共41例,其中PMN组29例,nPMN组12例。平均随访2.3年,两组均无死亡,全部的PMN病例和83.3%的nPMN病例预后良好。结论非中脑周围非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(nPMN)临床过程和预后介于动脉瘤性SAH和PMNSAH之间,需要通过重复造影检查排除动脉瘤的可能。     

假性蛛网膜下腔出血研究进展

假性蛛网膜下腔出血（pseudo—SAtt）是指cT平扫显示脑蛛网膜下腔呈现血性的高密度值,其病因并非蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）的现象,由于此现象可能并非罕见,直接影响临床诊断,故本文就其概念、常见病闲、与SAH在临床表现、脑CT影像特点的鉴别以及预后问题加以综述,旨在提高临床医生对pseudo-SAH的认识,以制定正确的干预措施。     

Nimodipine treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage

In a pilot study of 6 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by a ruptured intracranial (grade IV (Hunt and Hess) aneurysm the hemodynamics and plasma-nimodipine concentrations have been observed during a 3-week period of treatment. We found that 3 patients developed reversible hypotension during the nimodipine treatment and that the hypotension tendency could be related to the plasmanimodipine level and not to a more or less severe sensitivity to nimodipine.

Repeated measurements of blood pressure, plasma-nimodipine and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) are necessary for the purpose of obtaining the optimum treatment and for evaluating the effect of treatment.     

蛛网膜下腔出血性脑血管痉挛动物模型的制作

蛛网膜下腔出血引起的脑血管痉挛是导致蛛网膜下腔出血患者不良预后的主要原因之一,其发生机制至今尚未完全明了。因此,建立一种理想的蛛网膜下腔出血性脑血管痉挛动物模型将对脑血管痉挛发生机制及临床防治的研究起到巨大的推动作用。文章介绍了各种蛛网膜下腔出血性脑血管痉挛动物模型的制作方法、优缺点及应用范围,但目前尚无一种用于研究蛛网膜下腔出血后症状性脑血管痉挛的理想模型。     

Atypical case of perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage

Perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage (PM‐SAH) refers to intracranial hemorrhage located in the perimesencephalic cistern. The etiology remains mainly unclear, although venous leakage or rupture has been postulated. We report an interesting case of a 57‐year‐old healthy man who presented initially with PM‐SAH with worsening of subcortical lesions on follow‐up neuroimaging. Histopathological examination demonstrated cerebral amyloid angiopathy with perivascular inflammation.     

Clinical and experimental aspects of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) continues to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality despite advances in care and aneurysm treatment strategies. Cerebral vasospasm continues to be a major source of clinical worsening in patients. We intended to review the clinical and experimental aspects of aSAH and identify strategies that are being evaluated for the treatment of vasospasm. A literature review on aSAH and cerebral vasospasm was performed. Available treatments for aSAH continue to expand as research continues to identify new therapeutic targets. Oral nimodipine is the primary medication used in practice given its neuroprotective properties. Transluminal balloon angioplasty is widely utilized in patients with symptomatic vasospasm and ischemia. Prophylactic “triple‐H” therapy, clazosentan, and intraarterial papaverine have fallen out of practice. Trials have not shown strong evidence supporting magnesium or statins. Other calcium channel blockers, milrinone, tirilazad, fasudil, cilostazol, albumin, eicosapentaenoic acid, erythropoietin, corticosteroids, minocycline, deferoxamine, intrathecal thrombolytics, need to be further investigated. Many of the current experimental drugs may have significant roles in the treatment algorithm, and further clinical trials are needed. There is growing evidence supporting that early brain injury in aSAH may lead to significant morbidity and mortality, and this needs to be explored further.     

Changes in the metabolism of sphingolipids after subarachnoid hemorrhage

We previously described how ceramide (Cer), a mediator of cell death, increases in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients. This study investigates the alterations of biochemical pathways involved in Cer homeostasis in SAH. Cer, dihydroceramide (DHC), sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P), and the activities of acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase), neutral sphingomyelinase (NSMase), sphingomyelinase synthase (SMS), S1P‐lyase, and glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) were determined in the CSF of SAH subjects and in brain homogenate of SAH rats. Compared with controls (n = 8), SAH patients (n = 26) had higher ASMase activity (10.0 ± 3.5 IF/µl· min vs. 15.0 ± 4.6 IF/µl ? min; P = 0.009) and elevated levels of Cer (11.4 ± 8.8 pmol/ml vs. 33.3 ± 48.3 pmol/ml; P = 0.001) and DHC (1.3 ± 1.1 pmol/ml vs. 3.8 ± 3.4 pmol/ml; P = 0.001) in the CSF. The activities of GCS, NSMase, and SMS in the CSF were undetectable. Brain homogenates from SAH animals had increased ASMase activity (control: 9.7 ± 1.2 IF/µg ? min; SAH: 16.8 ± 1.6 IF/µg ? min; P < 0.05) and Cer levels (control: 3,422 ± 26 fmol/nmol of total lipid P; SAH: 7,073 ± 2,467 fmol/nmol of total lipid P; P < 0.05) compared with controls. In addition, SAH was associated with a reduction of 60% in S1P levels, a 40% increase in S1P‐lyase activity, and a twofold increase in the activity of GCS. In comparison, NSMase and SMS activities were similar to controls and SMS activities similar to controls. In conclusion, our results show an activation of ASMase, S1P‐lyase, and GCS resulting in a shift in the production of protective (S1P) in favor of deleterious (Cer) sphingolipids after SAH. Additional studies are needed to determine the effect of modulators of the pathways described here in SAH. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Systemic interleukin-6 concentrations in patients with perimesencephalic non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Patients with spontaneous non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (non-aSAH) are considered to have a benign illness in contrast to patients with aSAH. The occurrence of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome has been linked to worse outcomes in patients with aSAH. We analyzed systemic interleukin (IL)-6, a proinflammatory cytokine, to determine whether its concentration differs between patients with non-aSAH and those with aSAH, reflecting the more benign illness. Daily systemic IL-6 levels were measured in the acute phase in 11 patients with non-aneurysmal perimesencephalic SAH (pmSAH), with bleeding strictly located around the midbrain, and in nine patients with non-aneurysmal non-perimesencephalic (non-pmSAH), with hemorrhage extending into adjacent cisterns (group 1). IL-6 levels were compared with those from patients suffering from aSAH with cerebral vasospasm (CVS) (group 2) and without CVS (group 3). The mean IL-6 level (±standard error of the mean) was significantly lower in group 1 compared to group 2 (9.9±1.9 vs. 29.1±6.7 pg/mL, p=0.018). The difference in mean IL-6 level between group 1 and 3 fell short of significance (9.9±1.9 vs. 14.9±1.1 pg/mL, p=0.073). Patients in group 1 had a significantly better outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale score 4-5) compared to group 2 (p<0.001) and a trend towards better outcome compared to group 3 (p=0.102). A subgroup analysis revealed a higher mean IL-6 concentration in patients with non-pmSAH compared to patients with pm-SAH (p=0.001). We concluded that systemic IL-6 concentration reflects the severity of the inflammatory stress response and course of the illness. The more benign illness and good prognosis of patients with pmSAH or non-pmSAH in contrast to patients with aSAH is reflected by the lower concentrations of IL-6.     

磁共振灌注成像评估蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的价值

目的 观察磁共振灌注成像（MR-PWI）对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血（aSAH）后脑血管痉挛（CVS）脑血流动力学的评估价值。方法 2014年1~12月收治aSAH 80例,根据CVS程度分为无血管痉挛组（23例）,轻度痉挛组（19例）,中度痉挛组（19例）和重度痉挛组（19例）,选取同期收治的颅内未破裂动脉瘤20例作为对照组。均进行DSA和磁共振灌注成像检查,MR-PWI检测的区域包括大脑前动脉（ACA）供血区、大脑中动脉（MCA）供血区以及基底节区（BSGL）,分析MR-PWI相对脑血容量（rCBV）、相对脑血流量（rCBF）、平均通过时间（MTT）以及达峰时间（TTP）等参数与CVS的相关性。结果 重度痉挛ACA供血区、MCA供血区以及BSGL的rCBF、rCBV较对照组明显下降（P<0.05）,而无血管痉挛组、轻度痉挛组、中度痉挛组bsgl的rcbf以及aca供血区的rcbf均明显低于对照组（>P<0.05）;中度痉挛组aca供血区、mca供血区、bsgl的ttp以及mtt均明显高与对照组（>P<0.05）,且随着痉挛程度的加重,变化更加明显（>P<0.05）。cvs程度和rcbv、rcbf呈负相关（>P<0.05）,但是其相关度较低（r><0.4）;cvs程度与ttp、mtt呈正相关（>P<0.05）,为中度相关（0.308><0.744）。>结论 MR-PWI检查能够定量提供脑组织血流灌注的信息,指导CVS的临床诊疗。     

大鼠蛛网膜下腔出血后脑皮层中LC3和Beclin-1表达的变化

目的 探讨蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后SD 大鼠脑皮层中自噬标志物LC3 和Beclin-1 表达的变化.方法 雄性SD 大鼠30 只,随机分为对照组和SAH 组,采用视交叉池注血技术造成蛛网膜下腔出血模型,SAH 组分别于蛛网膜下腔出血后6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h 后取额底和颞底脑皮层,分别用western blot 技术和免疫组化技术测定自噬标志物LC3 和Beclin-1 的变化.结果 与对照组相比,蛛网膜下腔出血后自噬标志物LC3 于6 h(P＜0.05)后明显升高,24 h(P＜0.01)达到高峰,之后开始下降,同样Beclin-1 也于6 h(P＜0.05)后明显升高,24 h(P＜0.01)达到高峰,之后开始下降.结论 蛛网膜下腔出血后脑皮层中自噬途径被激活,并在24 h 时活性最强,因此自噬在蛛网膜下腔出血后的急性期脑损伤中可能起重要作用.     

Poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage patients: The use of nimodipine and other optional treatments

Abstract

The use of calcium antagonists has been advocated as decreasing morbidity and mortality in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) following aneurysm rupture. Results reported from open or placebocontrolled studies show a wide variation with regard to outcome. The immediate clipping of an aneurysm as soon as diagnosed accompanied or not by removal of expansive hematomas, drainage of CSF obstructions, decompressive craniectomy and the employment of individual variation in the critical intensive care schema, may eventually influence the outcome of patients in a bad clinical condition (Hunt and Hess Grade IV and V). The aim of this paper is to analyze which patients should profit from a differential treatment on a literature review and own experience-based data. [Neurol Res 1999; 21: 649-652]     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后慢性脑积水形成相关危险因素分析

目的探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aSAH)后慢性脑积水形成的危险因素。方法回顾分析170例aSAH患者临床资料,应用出血后3周的CT评价aSAH后慢性脑积水;先将可能的危险因素与脑积水之间行显著性检验,再用多元回归加以明确,得到回归方程。结果 aSAH后慢性脑积水易患因素依次为入院时较高Hunt-Hess分级(P=0.006)、反复多次出血(P=0.007)、高龄(P=0.010)。结论 aSAH后慢性脑积水形成为多因素共同作用的结果。     

内蒙古包头市动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血的发病率研究

目的蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)是脑卒中最严重的亚型,本研究是确定包头市动脉瘤性SAH的发病率。方法此研究是一项基于人群的、多中心、前瞻性的病例对照研究,从2009年5月8日至2011年5月8日,由内蒙古包头市中心医院神经内科和(或)神经外科的综合性医院、小型医院和部队医院等多中心(参加研究的中心详见附表)共同收集包头市城镇居民中动脉瘤性SAH病例(年龄≥15岁),并收集资料,包括患者的基线资料、临床特征、疾病管理、危险因素和预后等信息。并且到包头市唯一的火葬场登记不明原因突然死亡的资料,医生要在其后的4w到死亡者的家中用世界卫生组织(WHO)通用的口头验尸工具表收集资料,以确认是否有可能的SAH发生。用直接法计算年发病率,用中国和WHO人口对包头市人口进行标化。结果本研究共收集了226例确诊为SAH的患者,其中65%为女性,平均年龄59±13岁。SAH的年发病率为6.2/10万(95%CI 5.4~7.0),男性为4.3/10万(95%CI 3.3~5.2),女性为8.2/10万(95%CI 6.9~9.6);与世界人口标化校正后,包头市年发病率为6.3/10万(95%CI 5.4~7.1),其中男性为4.5/10万(95%CI 3.5~5.5),女性为8.1/10万(95%CI 6.7~9.4);女性与男性的相对危险度是1.89(95%CI 1.44~2.48)。50岁前后的女性,发病相对危险度分别为男性的1.48倍(95%CI 0.86~2.54)和2.01倍(95%CI 1.44~2.79)。对照组、治疗及预后的情况将在以后的SAH的危险因素分析中介绍。结论本研究显示内蒙古包头市SAH的发病率明显高于以前国内的报道,而女性发病率高于男性也与以往基于人群的研究结果迥然不同。