Prenatal and perinatal factors in the etiology of cerebral palsy

Among 19,044 children born to mothers with monitored pregnancies and followed medically for at least 5 years, 41 (0.2%) had cerebral palsy that was not the result of a progressive disease or of a neural tube defect. All children without cerebral palsy were entered as controls subjects in the analysis. Significant prenatal or gestational predictors of cerebral palsy were a severe or nonsevere birth defect other than cerebral palsy or its sequelae, low birth weight, low placental weight, abnormal fetal position, and premature separation of the placenta. Maternal antecedents of cerebral palsy were unusually long or unusually short intervals between pregnancies and unusually long menstrual cycles. Perinatal risk factors were delayed crying as a measure of birth asphyxia and abnormal delivery. Children who had seizures within 48 hours of birth were at high risk for the development of cerebral palsy. Seventy-eight percent of children with cerebral palsy did not have birth asphyxia, and the 22% who did had other prenatal risk factors that may have compromised their recovery.     

Birth asphyxia and neurodevelopmental outcome

Thirty six neonates with severe birth asphyxia (Apgar score less than or equal to 3 at 1 min), 32 with moderate birth asphyxia (Apgar score 4 to 6 at 1 min) and 35 controls (Apgar score greater than or equal to 7 at 1 min) matched for weight and gestation were followed up prospectively for neurodevelopmental outcome. Fetal distress occurred more frequently in babies with severe birth asphyxia when compared to controls (p less than 0.05). Six neonates with severe birth asphyxia had abnormal neurological signs such as delayed sucking, hypo or hypertonia, apneic spell or seizures. Of these, only two had delayed developmental milestones (Developmental Quotient less than 70) and features of cerebral palsy. Both of these babies developed seizures during first 24 hours, did not suck and required gavage feeding. The study highlights the fact that a vast majority of survivors of birth asphyxia enjoy good quality of life thus emphasizing the need for vigorous management of asphyxiated babies at birth.     

Birth asphyxia: incidence, clinical course and outcome in a Swedish population

A total of 42 203 live infants were born in Goteborg in 1985-1991, and 292 term infants had Apgar scores < 7 at 5 min. Infants with congenital malformations, infections and opioid-induced respiratory depression were excluded and thus 227 infants were included in the birth asphyxia group, which formed the basis of this retrospective study. Clinical signs of mild, moderate or severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) were present in 65 infants, and in another 10 infants, sedated and on controlled ventilation, HIE was assumed but grading was not possible. The incidences of Apgar scores < 7 at 5 min, birth asphyxia and birth asphyxia with HIE were 6.9, 5.4 and 1.8 per 1000 live born infants: 95% of infants resuscitated with bag and mask ventilation only, did well, compared with 1 of 11 in whom resuscitation included adrenaline. Seizures occurred in 27 of 227 infants, beginning in 18 infants within 12 h of birth. Small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants were overrepresented in the birth asphyxia group but not in the birth asphyxia-HIE group. All infants with severe HIE died or developed neurological damage. Half of the infants with moderate, and all of the infants with mild, HIE were reported to be normal at 18 months of age. A total of 0.3 per 1000 live born infants died and 0.2 per 1000 developed a neurological disability related to birth asphyxia. The disabilities were dyskinetic (4), tetraplegic (2), spastic diplegic (2), cerebral palsy and mild neuromotor dysfunction (1). The relatively low incidences of birth asphyxia and HIE were probably due to effective antenatal care. Asphyxia neonatorum, cerebral palsy, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, incidence, outcome, population, resuscitation, seizures, term infant
E Thornberg, Department of Pediatric Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Östra Hospital, S-416 85 Göteborg, Sweden     

湖北恩施土家族苗族自治州新生儿窒息发生情况及重度窒息发生影响因素的多中心研究

目的 了解湖北恩施土家族苗族自治州新生儿窒息的发生率及重度窒息发生的影响因素。方法 选择湖北恩施土家族苗族自治州16家医院作为研究现场。收集2016年1~12月在该16家医院出生的活产婴儿22294例的临床资料进行回顾性分析,调查新生儿窒息的发生率及重度窒息发生的影响因素。结果 22294例活产新生儿中,733例（3.29%）诊断为新生儿窒息,其中轻度窒息627例,重度窒息106例。单因素分析显示,母亲文化程度低、孕期贫血、绒毛膜羊膜炎、羊水异常、脐带异常、前置胎盘、胎盘早剥以及民族为土家族的新生儿或早产出生、低出生体重者重度窒息发生率较高（P < 0.05）。结论 湖北恩施土家族苗族自治州新生儿窒息发生率较高。母亲文化程度低、孕期贫血、绒毛膜羊膜炎、脐带异常、羊水异常、前置胎盘、胎盘早剥及民族为土家族、早产出生、低出生体重可能与新生儿重度窒息的发生有关。     

两种脑电图背景分级标准对重度窒息新生儿神经行为发育预后的比较

目的 对足月重度窒息新生儿生后6 h内行VEEG监测，比较不同EEG背景异常分级标准与早期神经行为发育结局的相关性。方法 对收集的足月重度窒息新生儿于生后6 h内行床旁VEEG监测，分别按EEG背景异常分级A（临床脑电图学，人民卫生出版社）和B标准［Pediatrics,2006,118(1)］和发作性异常放电标准，对观察对象的VEEG进行判读。于生后3和7 d行VEEG复查，3和6月龄行EEG复查；7~14 d 行新生儿行为神经评估（NBNA）评分、3月龄行全身运动(GMs)质量评估和0~6岁发育筛查测验(DST)，6月龄行贝利婴幼儿发展量表(BSID)评估，随访神经行为发育结局。分析不同EEG背景异常分级标准与早期神经行为发育结局的相关性。 结果 48例足月重度窒息新生儿进入分析，其中男26例，女22例。9例VEEG无背景异常；39例有背景异常，单纯背景异常组11例、背景异常伴发作性异常放电组28例。①A、B标准单纯背景异常组，轻度异常各3例，中度异常分别为2例和0，重度异常分别为6例和2例，B标准中不活跃EEG 6例。②A、B标准背景异常伴发作性异常放电组：轻度异常分别为21例和13例，中度异常分别为6例和11例，重度异常分别为1例和3例，B标准中不活跃EEG 1例。③3 d VEEG异常27/43例，7 d VEEG异常8/40例，3月龄EEG异常10/35例，6月龄EEG异常7/10例；④死亡9例；7~14 d NBNA评分异常20/39例；3月龄GMs异常1/35例，DST异常3/35例；6月龄神经行为发育异常患儿4例，BSID和EEG均异常，考虑精神运动发育迟缓或脑性瘫痪。⑤轻度背景异常：按A标准，1/24例6月龄神经行为发育结局预后不良（死亡或神经行为发育异常）；按B标准，0/16例神经行为发育结局预后不良；中度背景异常：A标准神经行为发育结局预后不良发生率高于B标准（5/8例 vs 3/11例）；重度背景异常：按A标准，7/7例神经行为发育结局预后不良；按B标准（包括不活跃EEG），10/12例神经行为发育结局预后不良；A和B标准对预后不良结局的差异均无统计学意义。结论 轻、重度背景异常EEG与早期神经行为发育预后的相关性较好。背景爆发间隔时间与低电压水平的量化标准，是不同EEG分级标准中度背景异常重度窒息新生儿预后结局不一致的原因之一。EEG背景异常分级A标准较B标准更接近于预后结局。     

Prediction of neurological outcome after birth asphyxia from early continuous two-channel electroencephalography.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether two-channel continuous electroencephalography (EEG) applied within 12 h of birth can predict the severity of neurological complications and neurodevelopmental outcome following birth asphyxia. METHODS: A continuous two-channel EEG was performed within 12 h of birth in 22 infants suspected of having suffered birth asphyxia and 11 healthy control infants (22 infants at a general and 11 at a specialist paediatric unit). Criteria to categorise normal and abnormal EEG records were defined and compared with the severity of hypoxic/ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) and with neurodevelopmental outcome, assessed at or after 12 months of age. RESULTS: EEG recordings were commenced at a median (range) of 2 h 50 min (1 h 45 min to 12 h) after birth. Technically satisfactory recordings were obtained in all but one infant. All control infants remained asymptomatic and had a normal EEG with discernible sleep/awake periods. 12 h after birth the EEG was normal in all 12 infants suspected of asphyxia who remained well or developed grade 1 HIE and was abnormal in six of nine infants with grade II or III HIE. Fifteen of 16 infants suspected of asphyxia with a normal neurodevelopmental outcome had a normal EEG at 12 h; transient abnormalities lasting not more than 8 h had been detected in three of these infants. All five infants who died or developed neurodevelopmental abnormalities had an abnormal EEG. At 12 h of age the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and likelihood ratio for predicting severe (grade II or III) HIE were: 67, 100, 100, 80% and infinity and for subsequent death or neurodevelopmental impairments: 100, 94, 83, 100 and 16%, respectively. Assessment of the EEG before 12 h of age altered prognostic accuracy: 4 h after birth the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and the likelihood ratio for poor neurodevelopmental outcome were 100, 71, 33%, 100 and 3.7%, respectively (16 infants). CONCLUSION: Continuous two-channel EEG is an accurate tool for assessing the severity of neurological insult soon after birth asphyxia.     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病诊断标准

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)是指围产期窒息导致脑的缺氧缺血性损害,临床出现一系列中枢神经异常的表现。其诊断根据临床表现,同时具备以下4条者可确诊,第4条暂时不能确定者可作为拟诊病例:①有明确的可导致胎儿宫内窘迫的异常产科病史,以及严重的胎儿宫内窘迫表现(胎心<100次,持续5min以上;和/或羊水III度污染),或者在分娩过程中有明显窒息史;②出生时有重度窒息,指Apgar评分1min≤3分,并延续至5min时仍≤5分;或者出生时脐动脉血气pH≤7. 00;③出生后不久出现神经系统症状、并持续至24h以上;④排除电解质紊乱、颅内出血和产伤等原因引起的抽搐,以及宫内感染、遗传代谢性疾病和其他先天性疾病所引起的脑损伤。本诊断标准仅适用于足月新生儿HIE的诊断。     

Perinatal Features of Birth Asphyxia and Neurologic Outcome

The perinatal events of 40 term newborn infants who had severe birth asphyxia were reviewed and correlated with the neurological outcome at a mean age of 2½ years. Severe birth asphyxia was defined as an Apgar Score of 3 at 1 min. The majority (68.5%) of the babies had an abnormal fetal heart pattern before delivery. Persistent fetal bradycardia was most frequently associated with poor outcome. The neurological staging, the need for assisted ventilation for more than 24 hours and severe renal impairment were the best predictors of neonatal death or subsequent poor neurological outcome. The overall mortality was 10% and 15% of the surviving babies had varying degrees of neurological handicap.     

围产期窒息对新生儿脑组织血流灌注的影响及意义

目的了解围产期窒息对新生儿脑血流(CBF)的影响及意义.方法对140例有围产期窒息的新生儿进行单光子发射型计算机断层(SPECT)脑显像.结果①围产期发生的胎儿窘迫或出生时窒息,有可能使CBF减少;②有胎儿窘迫和(或)出生时窒息时,新生儿CBF异常的发生率相似.结论围产期发生了胎儿窘迫或出生时窒息,虽经复苏抢救或去除了某些直接影响因素,这些新生儿仍然存在着发生缺氧缺血性脑损伤(HIBD)的高度危险.     

Can tissue oxygenation index (TOI) and cotside neurophysiological variables predict outcome in depressed/asphyxiated newborn infants?

BACKGROUND: Diagnostic tools of birth asphyxia provide only an uncertain prediction of neurological outcome. AIMS: To assess whether TOI and DeltaCBV, combined with a set of biochemical and neurophysiological variables, have any diagnostic and prognostic value in birth depression or asphyxia. STUDY DESIGN: Case control study at the nursery and NICU of the Padova University Children's Hospital. SUBJECTS: 22 term neonates with an Apgar score < or = 6 at 5', a 1-h umbilical artery pH value < or = 7.25 with an increased base deficit and a gestational age > or = 36 weeks; 15 healthy term infants with an Apgar score > or = 9 at 5'. OUTCOME MEASURES: Troponin I and NIRS measurements (TOI and DeltaCBV) were assessed in both groups. Blood gases, neurological evaluation, US, NIRS, EEG and SEP were evaluated in the infants with depression or asphyxia. RESULTS: Troponin I was higher in the study group than in controls (p=0.04), showing a correlation with base excess values. In the depressed/asphyxiated neonates with an abnormal outcome at 1 year, TOI rose to 80.1% vs 66.4% in controls (p=0.04) and 74.7% in infants with a normal 1-year outcome. A multiple regression model showed a significant multiple correlation coefficient, R=0.79, p<0.001, where the predictive variables significantly associated with outcome were SEP and BE. CONCLUSIONS: Troponin I is a useful short-term index of birth asphyxia or perinatal depression. An increased TOI suggests a risk of abnormal neurological outcome at 1 year. Among the cotside variables, BE and evoked potential abnormalities were the best predictors of abnormal outcome in this study.     

Early diffusion-weighted MRI and 1H-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in asphyxiated full-term neonates

AIM: To assess the predictive value of early MRI and proton MR spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS), 11 full-term neonates with severe perinatal asphyxia were studied within 48 h after birth. METHODS: T(1)- and T(2)-weighted MRI, diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI), apparent diffusion coefficient of water (ADC) of the basal ganglia and parietal white matter, as well as (1)H-MRS of the basal ganglia were performed in a 1.5-Tesla magnetic field. Neurodevelopment was assessed in the survivors for at least 24 months. RESULTS: Nine of the 11 neonates had a poor outcome (7 died, 2 developed cerebral palsy). All examinations were normal in the 2 neonates with a good outcome. T(1)- and T(2)-weighted MRI were abnormal in 7, DWI was abnormal in 7, ADC was abnormal in 5, and elevated lactate/N-acetylaspartate ratios using (1)H-MRS were seen in 7 of the 9 neonates with a poor outcome. None of these 9 had completely normal MRI or (1)H-MRS findings. CONCLUSIONS: Using a combination of T(1)- and T(2)-weighted MRI, DW-MRI, ADC measurements and (1)H-MRS within 48 h after severe perinatal asphyxia, no abnormalities were seen with any of these techniques in both neonates with a good outcome.     

早产儿振幅整合脑电图的影响因素

目的探讨早产儿振幅整合脑电图(aEEG)的影响因素。方法在出生12 h内采用NicoletOne脑功能监测仪对71例早产儿进行aEEG描记。根据aEEG背景活动的方式及有无惊厥样活动,将aEEG结果判断为正常和异常aEEG(包括轻度异常及重度异常)。床旁颅脑超声监测脑损伤的发生。分析胎龄、出生体质量、窒息、低氧血症、辅助通气及脑损伤对早产儿aEEG的影响。结果 1.早产儿71例中,正常aEEG 40例,异常aEEG 31例。2.胎龄<34周者54例,正常aEEG 25例,异常aEEG 29例(53.7%);≥34周者17例,正常aEEG 15例,异常aEEG 2例(11.8%);2组aEEG异常率比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.245 2,P<0.01)。3.出生体质量<1.5 kg者25例,正常aEEG 8例,异常aEEG 17例(68.0%);出生体质量≥1.5 kg者46例,正常aEEG 32例,异常aEEG14例(30.4%);2组aEEG异常率比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.291 9,P<0.001)。4.产时有窒息者36例,正常aEEG 15例,异常aEEG 21例(58.3%);无窒息者35例,正常aEEG 25例,异常aEEG 10例(28.6%);2组aEEG异常率比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.390 4,P<0.05)。5.低氧血症24例,正常aEEG 16例,异常aEEG 8例(33.3%);无低氧血症者47例,正常aEEG 24例,异常aEEG 23例(48.9%);2组aEEG异常率比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.572 4,P>0.05)。6.辅助通气者19例,正常aEEG 8例,异常aEEG 11例(57.9%);未辅助通气者52例,正常aEEG 32例,异常aEEG 20例(38.5%);2组aEEG异常率比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.136 4,P>0.05)。7.有脑损伤者51例,正常aEEG 24例,异常aEEG 27例(52.9%);无脑损伤者20例,正常aEEG 16例,异常aEEG 4例(20.0%);2组aEEG异常率比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.337 5,P<0.05)。结论胎龄和出生体质量对早产儿aEEG有显著影响。小胎龄、低出生体质量以及出生时窒息和脑损伤的早产儿异常aEEG的发生率高。在分析早产儿aEEG时应考虑胎龄、出生体质量、窒息及脑损伤等生理病理因素的影响。     

200例脑瘫患儿病因、脑CT及智能发育的关系

探讨脑性瘫痪儿病理改变与病因及临床表现的关系。研究方法２００例脑性瘫痪儿按常规进行脑ＣＴ及智能检查，采用修定Ｇｅｓｅｌｌ量表，根据发育年龄与实际年龄计算发育商（ＤＱ），观察患儿病因、脑ＣＴ及发育商的关系。结果２００例患儿中，３２例ＣＴ正常（１６％），１６８例异常（８４％），包括脑萎缩、脑软化、脑室周围白质软化（ＰＶＬ）、小脑发育不良、脑畸形等。ＣＴ异常组ＤＱ落后明显高于ＣＴ正常组，差异显著。引起脑瘫的常见病因为难产、窒息、早产、低体重。结论提高产科技术，加强新生儿重症监护，预防宫内感染和产前缺氧等因素是降低小儿脑瘫发病率的重要措施。     

Kinetics of serum S100B in newborns with intracranial lesions.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the usefulness of serum S100B as a clinical marker of intracranial lesions in newborns. METHODS: The study involved 22 normal and 40 diseased newborns. Serum S100B level was measured on days 1 and 6 in normal newborns. Diseased newborns were classified into four groups: birth asphyxia with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE); birth asphyxia without HIE; intracranial hemorrhage (mainly subarachnoid); and brain malformation. In each group the serum S100B level was measured on days 1, 2 and 6. Development was also assessed to investigate the relation between serum S100B level and prognosis at 18 months after birth. RESULTS: In normal newborns, serum S100B level was significantly higher in those with liquor to meconium stain than in those without. In diseased newborns, serum S100B level on day 1 was significantly higher in the HIE group than in all other groups (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in serum S100B level between control and intracranial hemorrhage, or brain malformation. In newborns with birth asphyxia, serum S100B level was significantly higher in severe birth asphyxia than in mild or moderate birth asphyxia; two newborns with serum S100B level > or =10 microg/L on days 1 and 2 developed cerebral palsy, others with no increase of S100B were all developing normally. CONCLUSIONS: Serum S100B level is a useful marker of acute perinatal brain damage, and is particularly valuable for fetal distress. In newborns with birth asphyxia, serum S100B levels serve as a biochemical marker of HIE.     

Somatosensory evoked potentials predict neurologic outcome in full-term neonates with asphyxia

Objectives: To investigate the ability of somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) to predict neurologic outcome in term neonates with birth asphyxia.
Methodology Upper limb SSEP were performed on nine infants of 1-7 weeks of age who had perinatal asphyxia and an encephalopathy still present at 7 days of age. Comparison was made between the cranial ultrasound, electroencephalogram (EEG), SSEP and neurologic outcome at 9-36 months.
Results Normal SSEP were found in four infants, all of whom were normal on neurologic follow up at 9-12 months. Neonatal EEG performed on two out of four of these infants were also normal, while cerebral oedema was seen on cranial ultrasound in three of the four studies. No SSEP response was seen initially in three infants, all of whom had adverse outcomes (one death, two with spastic diplegia). In contrast, their neonatal EEG had shown normal background rhythms, while two of the three cranial ultrasounds revealed oedema. For two infants the initial SSEP was absent over one hemisphere and just present over the other. Both children were abnormal on follow up at 10-12 months but did not have a hemiparesis.
Conclusions Upper limb SSEP appear more sensitive than EEG or cranial ultrasounds in predicting the short term neurologic outcome of neonates with asphyxia.     

Clinical,pathogenetic and neuropathological correlates in dystonic cerebral palsy

Studies were made of three autopsied cases of dystonic (changing tone) cerebral palsy with the aim of correlating the clinical characteristics and pathogenetic factors with the neuropathological lesions.Clinically all three patients were small-for-dates and born at gestational ages of 31–34 weeks. They sustained either severe birth asphyxia or repeated hypoxic episodes with respiratory arrest, and all three had moderate hyperbilirubinemia during the perinatal period. All of them developed an identical non-progressive extrapyramidal cerebral palsy syndrome. Mental capacity was less affected than motor performance, which remained at a neonatal level.From the pathogenetic point of view, prenatal malnutrition, preterm birth, pre- and perinatal hypoxia, acidosis and icterus were considered to be cumulative brain-damaging factors in each of the three patients. The pattern of combined partial and total asphyxia could be discerned in all the cases.The outstanding neuropathological correlate was selective bilateral sclerosis of the globus pallidus.It is proposed that the time of operation of the above factors in relation to the developmental stage of the globus pallidus determined the site of the cerebral damage. This hypothesis finds support in recent experiments with graded asphyxia in Rhesus monkeys.Supported by¹ the Swedish Medical Research Council, and² the Norrbacka-Eugenia Foundation and the newspaper Expressen's Prenatal Research Foundation     

Birth asphyxia and hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy: incidence and severity.

Clinically significant birth asphyxia was assessed over a 3-year period in a tertiary referral hospital in Nigeria. The overall incidence was 26.5/1000 live births of whom 12.1/1000 showed severely abnormal features comprising persistent seizures and coma. There was no appreciable difference in incidence for the consecutive years of the study. There was a marked involvement of infants who had suffered intrauterine growth retardation: 51 (30.7%) of these were asphyxiated, whereas only 3% were large for gestational age. The Apgar scoring system seemed not to have compared well with the clinical presentation of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy from birth asphyxia. Much needs to be done to improve health care delivery and reduce the incidence of birth asphyxia.     

S100 protein in serum as a prognostic marker for cerebral injury in term newborn infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy

The astroglial protein S100 is an established biochemical marker for CNS injury in the adult. The aim was to investigate whether S100 in serum is a prognostic marker of cerebral injury in term newborn infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) after perinatal asphyxia. Serum S100 was measured on postnatal days 1-4 in 62 term infants with birth asphyxia. The infants were classified for HIE and had follow-up for at least 18 mo.Infants with moderate and severe HIE had significantly higher S100 levels on postnatal day 1 (p = 0.031) and day 2 (p = 0.008) than infants with mild or no HIE. The levels of S100 decreased on days 2 and 3 in all infants with HIE. The median S100 level on postnatal day 1 was higher in nine infants who died neonatally and in 10 infants who developed cerebral palsy (CP), compared with 43 infants with no signs of impairment at follow up, 14.0 (0.5-60.0) microg/L, 20.7 (0.2-64.0) microg/L and 5.5 (0.7-120.0) microg/L, respectively. A level of S100 above 12 microg/L the first day of life was significantly more frequent in infants who died or developed CP than in infants with no impairment at follow up (p = 0.02). Increased S100 levels were significantly inversely correlated with perinatal pH in the infants and associated with abnormal CTG at admission to the labor ward. Early determination of serum S100 may reflect the extent of brain damage in infants with HIE after asphyxia.     

脑电图背景活动对窒息足月新生儿预后评估的研究

目的：新生儿期最常见的脑损伤疾病为新生儿重度窒息后的缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）,可遗留神经系统后遗症。目前对新生儿HIE预后的判断方法除考虑异常围生期因素、常规神经系统体格检查外,只能依赖于颅内超声、CT、MRI等影像学方法,这些方法主要建立在解剖结构改变基础之上,而脑电图则能发现早期的脑功能异常。该研究的目的是通过对足月窒息新生儿脑电图背景活动的研究,检测并评估与窒息新生儿预后相关的参数,并根据数理原理得出并证明这些参数对预后判断的价值。方法：对80名生后24 h至日龄<8 d的足月新生儿（对照组31人,窒息组49人）脑电图进行平行对照的前瞻性分析,并在出院后对窒息组患儿进行6~12个月的随访。结果：①窒息患儿交替性脑电活动期平均阵发性放电间期延长,振幅降低,阵发性活动、异常尖波频率出现率和睡眠周期循环障碍的发生率增加。②对窒息患儿预后判断有重要意义的参数为胎龄、出生体重、脑电活动振幅均值、睡眠循环障碍、影像学异常改变、HIE分级。③出生24 h后脑电图仍表现为平坦波或平坦波伴大量异常放电患儿预后极差。结论：脑电图背景活动是足月窒息新生儿预后判断的有效工具,如结合患儿脑电图背景活动及其胎龄、出生体重、影像学检查、HIE分级等临床指标,可使预后判断更为准确。［中国当代儿科杂志,2007,9（5）：425-428］     

Intrapartum asphyxia: a rare cause of cerebral palsy

Data on all children with spastic cerebral palsy (N = 183) and on a matched group of control children (N = 549) born in Western Australia between 1975 and 1980 were compared to investigate the relationship between birth asphyxia and spastic cerebral palsy. Information on perinatal events for both the children with cerebral palsy and the control subjects was collected by means of epidemiologic methods to reduce bias. An association between clinically observed perinatal signs of birth asphyxia and spastic cerebral palsy was found (relative risk 2.84; 95% confidence interval 1.85 to 4.37). The population-attributable risk proportion was 14.1%. The likelihood of birth asphyxia's causing perinatal brain damage was assessed by two independent observers using defined criteria. It was estimated that in only about 8% (15/183) of all the children with spastic cerebral palsy was intrapartum asphyxia the possible cause of their brain damage. The contribution of intrapartum events and obstetric mismanagement to overall cerebral palsy rates is probably less than was previously thought.