肠液回输治疗新生儿肠造瘘术后短肠综合征

目的总结利用肠液回输治疗新生儿肠造瘘术后功能性短肠综合征的临床疗效与经验。方法回顾性分析本院自2013年1月至2017年12月行肠液回输治疗的新生儿肠造瘘术后患儿临床资料,分析其一般资料、手术情况、肠液回输情况以及治疗恢复情况。结果共14例新生儿肠造瘘术后患儿接受肠液回输治疗,平均出生胎龄为(33.4±2.8)周,出生体重为(2 129±501)g。近端造口与Treitz韧带之间平均距离为(39.6±10.3)cm,远端造口与回盲部之间平均距离为(45.0±18.1)cm,平均造瘘液量为(65.4±9.2)m L·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),肠液回输治疗平均时间为(29.1±9.2)d,回输期间平均体重增长(26.6±6.4)g/d,肠造瘘术后(47.0±14.6)d关瘘。通过肠液回输,全组患儿静脉营养减少或完全由肠内营养代替,未出现与回输肠液直接相关的并发症。结论肠液回输操作安全可行,可减少肠造瘘术后功能性短肠综合征患儿肠外营养,改善患儿关瘘前营养状态。     

新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎造瘘的最佳方案及关瘘时间探讨

目的探讨坏死性小肠结肠炎(neonatal neerotizing enterocolitis,NEC)造瘘的最佳方案及关瘘时间。方法回顾解放军总医院第七医学中心八一儿童医院2011至2014年因NEC行肠造瘘术及二期关瘘术新生儿的临床资料。根据关瘘时间分为早期组(术后90 d内关瘘)、中期组(术后90～180 d关瘘)及晚期组(术后180 d以上关瘘)。临床资料包括出生及两次手术时孕周及体重、并发症、术后喂养及体重、静脉营养(PN)及住院天数等。结果本研究共纳入36例患儿,其中早期组8例,中期组14例,晚期组14例。三组患儿的出生及造瘘时体重、孕周差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而关瘘时三组间体重差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。三组造瘘术后总PN时间(P=0.000)、关瘘术后PN时间(P=0.005)、达足量肠内营养所需时间(P=0.035)、造瘘后总住院天数(P=0.019)、关瘘后住院天数(P=0.000)差异均有统计学意义;上述指标两两间对比结果显示:早、中期之间以及早、晚期之间差异均有统计学意义,而中、晚期之间差异无统计学意义。结论尽管早期组、中期组和晚期组在术后营养支持、住院时间等方面存在差异,但治疗结局都较满意。NEC造瘘术后需密切监测患儿的生长发育。生长发育稳定的患儿90 d以上关瘘是安全可行的。需早期关瘘的患儿则要做好个体化营养支持。     

新生儿小肠造瘘肠组织GLP-2R和PepT1的表达变化

目的 探讨GLP-2R及PepT1蛋白在新生儿期小肠造瘘患儿肠组织的表达变化规律,为患儿制定术后肠内营养支持方案提供参考.方法 收集2013年10月1日至2015年10月1日我院手术患儿资料,分为肠造瘘组(A1组,n=21)、肠造瘘同期对照组(A2组,n=20)、肠造瘘关闭组(B1组,n=18)及肠造瘘关闭同期对照组(B2组,n=10),HE染色后测量小肠绒毛的高度及中段直径,计算绒毛表面积;免疫组化及Western blot方法检测小肠组织GLP-2R及PepT1表达.结果 A1、A2组平均年龄分别为(18.19±16.76)d和(17.55±23.29)d,B1、B2组分别为(107.67±53.65)d和(105.30±35.17)d.新生儿期小肠造瘘患儿以NEC、胎粪性腹膜炎、肠穿孔等肠道炎症疾病为主(76.19％).相同年龄比较(A1组比A2组及B1组比B2组),肠绒毛高度及表面积差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);但随年龄增长,肠绒毛高度、表面积均有增加,即A1组比B1组及A2组比B2组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);新生儿期造瘘组至关造瘘时肠绒毛高度增加了29.27％,肠绒毛表面积增加了56.32％.小肠组织中GLP-2R和PepT1蛋白表达在新生儿期小肠造瘘组(A1组)均低于对照组(A2组)(P=0.036及P=0.024);至造瘘关闭时与对照组比较(B1组比B2组),两蛋白表达差异已无统计学意义(P=0.559及P=0.112);随年龄增长,GLP-2R和PepT1蛋白表达均增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);新生儿期造瘘组至关造瘘时GLP-2R与PepT1蛋白相对表达量分别增加了54.44％和56.20％.对照组则分别增加了34.37％及40.93％.结论 新生儿小肠造瘘时肠组织内GLP-2R和PepT1表达量略低,随年龄增长至关造瘘时,能达到未造瘘患儿水平.年龄越大,小肠组织内GLP-2R和PepT1表达量越多.     

活瓣式小肠造瘘术在新生儿腹部外科疾病中的应用分析

目的探讨活瓣式小肠造瘘术在降低新生儿及婴儿小肠造瘘术后并发症中的临床应用价值。方法根据治疗方案的不同将入选的患儿分为活瓣式肠造瘘术组(13例)以及常规肠造瘘术组(10例),其中活瓣式肠造瘘术组采用袢式造瘘的方法,先将肠管浆肌层与腹膜及腹壁肌层缝合固定,在与该缝合层面约一个肠管直径距离处将肠管浆肌层与皮肤、皮下、腹壁肌肉一并缝合固定,使处于腹壁内的肠段形成类似回盲部的“瓣样”皱襞结构。对比活瓣式小肠造瘘术组与常规肠造瘘组术后水电失衡情况,皮肤糜烂、肠管脱出的发生率及排便情况。结果与常规造瘘术组相比,活瓣式造瘘术组患儿每日每百毫升进奶量对应的排便质量显著降低[(25.95±3.39)g vs.(22.23±2.49)g,P<0.05],每日每千克体质量对应的排便质量显著降低[(27.05±3.31)g vs.(23.23±2.64)g,P<0.05],每周体质量增长量显著提高[(136.42±20.23)g vs.(154.27±16.74)g,P<0.05];同时可以有效预防肠管脱出,并减轻瘘口周围皮肤糜烂程度。结论活瓣式小肠造瘘术可以减少肠造瘘口排便内容物中的水分含量,降低新生儿及婴儿小肠造瘘术后并发症的发生率,减轻护理负担,显著改善预后。     

出生畸形低体重儿围手术期处理十年回顾

目的 通过对10年来外科畸形低体重儿的围手术期治疗进行回顾性分析,为进一步提高外科畸形低体重新生儿的治愈率提供资料.方法 1996年1月～2006年8月期间上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院和上海儿童医学中心小儿外科收治的外科畸形低体重儿共104例,男69例,女35例,平均出生体重(2244±261)g(1 040～2490g),平均胎龄36+1周.分为2000年前(A组)共34例,2001年后(B组)共70例.结果 外科畸形低体重儿占同期收治新生儿的9.5%,总治愈率为67.3%.41例患儿应用机械通气,平均机械通气时间为6.2 d,45例患儿应用全胃肠外营养(TPN),平均TPN应用时间9.5 d.A组的治愈率为58.8%,12例患儿应用机械通气,平均机械通气时间3.2 d;7例患儿应用TPN,平均应用TPN时间7.5 d.B组的治愈率为71.4%,29例患儿应用机械通气,平均机械通气时间8.4 d;38例患儿应用TPN,平均应用TPN时间19.4 d.比较两组的发病率、治愈率和围手术期的基本处理,两组在治愈率、机械通气和TPN的使用率、平均机械通气时间和TPN平均应用时间上差异存在统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 在围手术期应用合理、规范、有效的呼吸管理和营养支持,可以提高低体重儿畸形的治愈率.     

新生儿暂时性短肠综合征治疗体会

目的 探索肠外营养(parenteral nutrition,PN)对新生儿暂时性短肠综合征(temporary short bowel syndrome,TSBS)患儿造瘘期间的治疗作用,并对防治并发症进行探索.方法 回顾性分析2001年1月至2015年12月在我院PN支持治疗的21例新生儿TSBS患儿的诊疗经过,并对其进行随访.结果 符合入组标准的患儿共21例,所有患儿均在新生儿期因各种原因行高位小肠造瘘术,术后需长期依赖PN.其中男12例,女9例.入院年龄1d至8个月(中位年龄2个月),随访3～140个月,中位随访时间21个月.随访至2015年12月时,存活15例,病死6例;存活组中13例关瘘,2例未关瘘;病死组中2例关瘘,4例未关瘘.经Fisher's Exact检验,病死组患儿均发生并发症,存活组仅5例发生并发症(P=0.012);病死组中3例保留回盲部,存活组中9例保留回盲部,两组间差异无统计学意义.经Studentt检验,病死组存留小肠长度(57.5±14.1)cm,显著短于存活组(115.9±46.7)cm(P=0.008).两组患儿的出生体重及入院时年龄别体重z值无统计学意义.结论 新生儿TSBS患儿存留小肠越短,并发症发生率越高,死亡风险越大.合理营养支持对该类患儿后续治疗意义重大,积极随访对预防、早期发现和治疗相关并发症作用明显.     

先天性高位肛门直肠畸形不同结肠造瘘方式的对比研究

目的比较先天性高位肛门直肠畸形新生儿期结肠袢式造瘘术、乙状结肠分离式造瘘术及其改良术式的优缺点。方法回顾性分析复旦大学附属儿科医院2007年6月至2017年6月收治的148例先天性高位肛门直肠畸形肠造瘘患儿的临床资料,其中男童115例,女童33例,平均出生体重为(3 240±572)g,平均胎龄(38.07±1.1)周,根据造瘘方式分为3组:A组采取结肠袢式造瘘(A1组:横结肠袢式造瘘术;A2组:乙状结肠袢式造瘘术);B组采取乙状结肠分离、远端缩窄式造瘘;C组采取单纯乙状结肠分离式造瘘。对各组手术时间、造瘘口脱垂、造瘘口内陷、远端粪石残留、Ⅱ期术前评估及手术难易等资料进行总结。结果 3组患儿出生体重、胎龄、手术时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。A1组术前行远端肠造影成功仅3例(20.0%),A2组术前远端造影成功4例(66.7%),B组术前行远端肠造影成功46例(79.3%),C组术前行远端肠造影成功20例(62.5%),差异有统计学意义(χ~2=18.834,P0.001)。B组出现远端造瘘口闭塞3例,A、C组未出现远端闭塞病例。所有患儿于二期肛门成形术中发现直肠盲端积粪扩张16例,其中A1组13例,A2组3例;B组和C组均未发现直肠盲端积粪扩张,3组远端肠管积粪扩张发生率比较差异有统计学意义(χ~2=45.276,P0.05)。A组中有5例发生腹壁伤口感染,而B、C组各有1例发生腹壁伤口感染,3组腹壁伤口感染率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=6.745,P0.05)。A组有1例出现造瘘口肠管脱垂,该例无肠管内陷;B组有3例出现造瘘口肠管脱垂,脱垂肠管为近端;C组有2例出现造瘘口肠管脱垂,均为造瘘近端肠管。3组肠管脱垂发生率比较差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.426,P=0.808)。结论新生儿期先天性肛门闭锁单纯乙状结肠分离式造瘘效果优于结肠袢式造瘘及乙状结肠分离远端缩窄的造瘘方式。乙状结肠近降结肠处造瘘,可降低二期手术难度。     

新生儿小肠造瘘术后肠衰竭相关性肝病的营养管理、关瘘手术时机和结局

目的 探讨新生儿小肠造瘘术后肠衰竭相关性肝病营养管理和关瘘手术的相关问题,并评估结局.方法 选取2016年1月至2018年12月解放军总医院第七医学中心附属八一儿童医院基础外科18例诊断为肠衰竭的高位肠造瘘合并肠衰竭相关性肝病新生儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析.所有患儿于小肠造瘘术后予以营养支持,并尝试逐步向肠内营养过渡....     

新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎肠造瘘术后造口高流量腹泻的相关因素分析

目的 探讨新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(necrotizing enterocolitis, NEC)小肠造瘘术后造口高流量腹泻(high-output stoma, HOS)的相关因素。方法 以2017年7月1日至2021年6月30日广州市妇女儿童医疗中心新生儿外科监护室收治的NEC小肠造瘘术后患儿为研究对象,根据造瘘术后是否出现HOS分为腹泻组及非腹泻组。收集并比较两组患儿一般资料、手术及预后情况,采用单因素分析及多因素Logistic回归分析NEC患儿小肠造瘘术后发生HOS的相关因素。结果 76例NEC患儿中,有25例(32.9%)发生HOS。单因素分析结果显示：出生体重、出生胎龄、手术时矫正胎龄及体重、术前需呼吸支持、分期与分型以及造瘘近端小肠剩余长度是NEC患儿肠造瘘术后发生HOS的相关因素(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示：造瘘近端小肠剩余长度(OR=1.220,95%CI:1.108～1.343)是NEC患儿术后发生HOS的独立相关因素(P<0.05)。经造瘘近端小肠剩余长度绘制ROC曲线,曲线下面积为0.926(95%CI:0.849～1.000,...     

改良式肠造口引流装置在新生儿肠造瘘中的临床应用

目的探讨改良式肠造口引流装置应用于新生儿肠造瘘手术治疗中的安全性与使用价值。方法回顾性分析南方医科大学附属东莞市妇幼保健院小儿外科2011年1月至2018年8月收治的45例需行肠造瘘新生儿的临床资料,均采用急诊或亚急诊剖腹探查术进行治疗,术中均实施了暂时性肠造瘘手术,采用随机分配的方法将45例受试者分为传统组(n=27)和改良组(n=18),两组患儿一般临床资料情况对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);改良组术中均在造瘘口的近端采用由包皮环和避孕套组合而成的肠造瘘引流装置,传统组近端造瘘肠管不作处理。对比两组患儿术中出血量、非计划再次手术例数、手术时间、术后住院天数和术后并发症等资料。结果45例均顺利完成手术。改良组18例,无一例死亡;传统组27例,其中1例因感染性休克并发多器官功能衰竭死亡;改良组术后并发症发生率低于传统组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。改良组手术时间为(89.50±16.73)min,传统组手术时间为(86.07±17.27)min,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。改良组术后无一例并发症,传统组术后14例出现并发症,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。改良组术后住院时间为(19.89±4.54)d,传统组术后住院时间为(24.73±11.57)d,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。改良组非计划再次手术1例,传统组非计划再次手术10例,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论改良式肠造口引流装置应用于新生儿肠造瘘手术可有效降低肠造瘘术后的并发症发生率,并且具有操作简单、术后外形美观、护理方便等优点,值得临床推广应用。     

Rectus sheath tunnels for continent stomas

Continent stoma rectus sheath tunnel (CSRST) has been used in antegrade colonic enema (ACE) and urinary continent cutaneous diversion (UCCD) stomas to reduce leakage and to support a straight track for the continent conduit. All patients that underwent CSRST between 1995 and 2005 were identified and their case notes retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups: the ACE group and the UCCD group. Demographic data, age at surgery and complications including stenosis and leakage were recorded. Forty patients underwent CSRST between 1995 and 2005. The mean age and standard deviation (SD) at surgery was 6.8 (2.1) years. Eighteen patients underwent ACE with a mean (SD) follow-up of 7.6 (3.1) years. No patient has faecal leakage. No patient had stomal revision, but one patient (5.5%) required an indwelling gastrostomy button to maintain patency. Twenty-two patients underwent UCCD with a mean (SD) follow-up of 8.1 (2.8) years. No patient developed urinary leakage. Two patients (9%) required revision of the stoma and one (4.5%) required an indwelling catheter because of recurring stomal stenosis. CSRST prevents stoma leakage. Revision surgery rate after CSRST is low, particularly after ACE reconstruction.     

阑尾原位造口可控性顺行灌肠的临床评价

目的 评价阑尾原位造口顺行灌肠治疗神经源性大便失禁的临床疗效.方法 1998年6月至1999年12月间对13例伴有大便失禁的脊髓栓系综合征患儿,男9例,女4例,年龄6～13岁,全部施行阑尾原位造口附加阑尾套叠瓣手术,术后间断经阑尾造口插管灌肠.结果 13例均获随访,随访时间2～6年.4例分别于术后2个月、4个月、4个月、6个月停止灌肠后近2周发现造瘘口狭窄,2例经扩张治疗后狭窄消失,2例未行扩张,再2周后造瘘口闭塞.无发生造瘘口漏粪、漏气或插管困难,11例术后肛门功能明显改善.结论 应用阑尾原位造口施行顺行灌肠,可明显改善神经源性大便失禁患儿的肛门功能及生活质量,是一种理想的顺行灌肠方法 .     

A novel,easy, non-operative method of treating prolapsed colostomy

Colostomy prolapse is a major cause of morbidity in paediatric patients with Hirschsprung’s disease and anorectal malformations. Although it is commonly associated with the distal loop of a transverse colostomy, a sigmoid stoma can also be affected. We report six babies with anorectal malformations between day 10 and 6 months presenting with incessant crying and irritability following prolapsed colostomy stomas. In four patients only the distal stomas were involved but in the other two both proximal as well as distal loops had prolapsed. All the babies had poor oral intake and had bleeding from the prolapsed stomas. Manual reposition with sedation did not help. After reducing the prolapsed part a no. 7 or 7.5F Romsons tracheostomy tube was introduced through the stoma. A cotton tap (16-mm wide) was tied to the flanges of the tracheostomy tube and fastened around the flank for proper fixation. None of the babies had further prolapse and were passing stool through the tube. The tubes were kept for an average period of 4½ (3–9½) months. Only one patient had frequent displacement of the tube, which the mother learned to reposition without any other problems. We feel that this non-operative simple procedure can be used for treatment of massive colostomy prolapse without any complications. Parents can learn this procedure easily thus avoiding frequent hospitalisation and other invasive procedures.     

肠折叠术在肠闭锁手术中的应用

目的 评价肠折叠术在肠闭锁手术中的应用效果.方法 回顾分析2005年4月至2009年4月南京医科大学附属南京儿童医院收治的68例肠闭锁患儿术前、术中和术后恢复过程的临床资料,比较手术方法、胎龄、出生体重、伴发疾病、手术年龄和时间、住院时间、全静脉营养持续时间、肠功能恢复时间(术后经口喂养时间、术后经口喂养达40ml/3 h的时间)、生长发育以及是否需再手术等方面的差异.结果 根据手术方法将患儿分为二组,38例在切除闭锁盲端肠吻合基础上加肠折叠术(折叠组),30例行扩张段斜行切除肠成形术(对照组);二组在胎龄、出生体重、伴发疾病、手术年龄上差异无统计学意义;折叠组手术时间(1.21±0.24)h、住院时间(12.2±2.5)d比对照组(1.77±0.31)h、(17.3±3.2)d显著减少(P＜0.05);折叠组术后经口喂养时间、术后经口喂养达40ml/3 h的时间和全静脉营养持续时间分别是(8±2.3)d、(13.1±1.9)d、(8.3±1.8)d,均比对照组(12.9±1.7)d、(18.7±1.1)d、(13.6±2.5)d显著缩短(P＜0.05);术后半年内折叠组有1例因粘连性肠梗阻需再次手术,对照组共有6例术后半年内再次手术,其中术后功能性肠梗阻3例、吻合口漏2例、粘连性肠梗阻1例,比折叠组显著增加.术后平均随访时间为2.7年(6个月至5年),二组生长发育达到正常标准,差异无统计学意义.结论 肠闭锁手术时在肠吻合基础上加肠折叠术,方法简单,创伤小,并发症少,有助于保留肠管吸收面积和促进肠功能恢复,可以作为预防肠闭锁扩张肠管功能性梗阻的一种有效选择方法.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of bowel plication as a part the surgical treatment of intestinal atresia (IA) in childrea Methods Between April 2005 and April 2009,68 neonates with IA underwent surgical treatment in this center. According to the surgical procedures the patients underwent, the 68 neonates were divided into bowel plication group and control group. The 38 children underwent bowel plication after atretic segments resection and primary anastomosis. The 30 children of the control group underwent tapering enteroplasty after atretic segments resection. Data including operation procedures,ages,birth weight,concomitant diseases,age at surgery, length of hospital stay, length of total parenteral nutrition (TPN),postoperative intestinal function recovery (the time of the first oral feeding and the oral feeding volume reached 40 ml/kg/3h),growth and development,complications and reoperations were retrospectively analyzed. Results No differences of ages, birth weight, age at operation, and concomitant diseases were found between the two groups. The time of operation and hospital stay of the bowel plication group were significantly shorter than those of the control group [(1.21±0.24)h,(12.2±2.5)d vs. (1. 77 ± 0. 31)h, (17. 3 ± 3. 2)d,P＜0. 010]. The time of the first oral feeding, the time when oral feeding volume reached 40 ml/kg/3h,and TPN length of the bowel plication group were also shorter than those of control group [(8 ± 2. 3)d, (13. 1 ± 1. 9)d, (8. 3 ± 1.8)d vs (12. 9 ±1. 7)d,(18. 7 ± 1. l)d,(13. 6 ± 2. 5)d,P＜0. 05]. In the bowel plication group, 1 (2. 6%) underwent reoperation for adhesive intestinal obstruction half a year after the initial surgery. However,in the control group,6 (20%) included 3 underwent reoperation for intestinal obstruction,2 for anastomotic leakage and 1 for adhesive intestinal obstruction. The patients were followed up for an average period of 2. 7 years (6 months-5 years). All infants thrived. Conclusions The additional bowel plication after atretic segment resection and primary anastomosis improves the clinical outcomes for children with intestinal atresia.     

Trends in the management and outcome of jejuno-ileal atresia.

The aim of this study was to evaluate contemporary patterns of presentation and trends in the management and outcome of newborn infants with jejuno-ileal atresia at a regional paediatric surgical centre in the United Kingdom. The hospital neonatal surgical registry was used to identify patients with jejuno-ileal atresia (n = 83) admitted between 1976 - 1998, excluding those associated with gastroschisis. The clinical records were reviewed and antenatal information, patient demographics, associated anomalies, operative treatment, post-operative management and outcomes were analysed in three time periods to identify trends in management and survival: Group 1 1976 - 1982 (n = 32), Group 2 1983 - 1990 (n = 21), and Group 3 1991 - 1998 (n = 30). Overall survival was 90 %. The number of patients with associated anomalies were Group 1, 10 (31 %); Group 2, 7 (33 %); and Group 3, 11 (37 %). Cystic fibrosis was encountered in 4 (13 %), 1 (5 %) and 4 (13 %) patients, respectively. Resection with primary anastomosis was the definitive management in most of patients: Group 1, 25 (78 %); Group 2, 17 (81 %); and Group 3, 27 (90 %). Initial stoma followed by delayed primary anastomosis was performed in 14 infants; eight patients had divided stomas while 6 had Bishop-Koop stoma. Tapering was used in 10 patients (12 %) with proximal jejuno-ileal atresia. Parenteral nutrition was increasingly utilised over the three time periods studied. There were no deaths in Group 3 compared to 6 deaths in Group 1 and 2 in Group 2 (P = 0.02). Most of the deaths were due to overwhelming sepsis. Mortality did not correlate significantly with the TYPE of atresia, presence of associated anomalies or the need for long-term total parenteral nutrition. The overall complication rate in survivors was 18 %. In the infants undergoing Bishop-Koop operation the complication rate was 50 %. This study has shown a significant reduction in mortality from jejuno-ileal atresia, which may be attributed primarily to advances in perioperative management, including parenteral nutrition. Generous resection of the atretic segment with primary anastomosis is more frequently employed in preference to initial stoma formation. Cystic fibrosis remains an important co-morbid condition that must be excluded promptly in all newborns.     

早期营养支持策略对早产儿生长和代谢的影响

目的 探讨早期营养支持策略对早产儿生长和代谢的影响.方法 回顾性分析我院2005-2007年(A组82例)和2008-2010年(B组82例)出生体重≤1800 g、无先天畸形、住院2周以上、存活出院早产儿的临床资料,比较两组出生时一般情况、肠内外营养摄入、体格增长及血生化指标.结果 与A组相比,B组早产儿应用氨基酸、脂肪乳剂更早[氨基酸:(1.8±0.4)天比(2.1±0.9)天,脂肪乳:(2.2±0.6)天比(2.6±1.6)天],起始剂量更高[氨基酸:(1.4±0.5)g/(kg·d)比(0.8±0.3)g/(kg·d),脂肪乳:(0.9±0.2)g/(kg·d)比(0.6±0.3)g/(kg·d)],且开奶时间早(1天比2天),肠内热卡达到100 kcal/(kg·d)的日龄更早(20天比25天),第7天摄入奶量明显增多(45 ml/天比22 ml/天),母乳喂养及混合喂养率明显增加(56.1%比40.0%),肠外营养时间缩短(24天比27天),体重和身长增长速度更快[体重:(22.6±3.3)g/(kg·d)比(18.6±4.4)g/(kg·d),身长:(1.1±0.6)cm/周比(0.8±0.4)cm/周],出院时宫外生长迟缓发生率降低(58.5%比72.0%),住院时间缩短(30天比35天),血白蛋白、前白蛋白、尿素氮、血磷水平明显增高[白蛋白:(34.2±2.8) g/L比(31.8±2.9)g/L,前白蛋白:(112.0±25.0)mg/L比(89.0±19.0)mg/L,尿素氮:(4.1±2.1)mmol/L比(3.3±1.8)mmol/L,血磷:(2.0±0.5) mmol/L比(1.8±0.5)mmol/L],总胆汁酸和碱性磷酸酶明显降低[总胆汁酸:(25.1±19.7)μmol/L比(38.6±25.2)μmol/L,碱性磷酸酶:(315.4±120.0)U/L比(471.1±202.3)U/L],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 早期更积极的营养支持策略能促进早产儿的生长,减少宫外生长迟缓的发生,缩短住院时间,改善营养状况.     

Decrease of cholestasis under "continuous extracorporeal stool transport (CEST)" in prematures and neonates with stomas.

According to recent studies, the percentage of neonates suffering a combination of very low birth weight (VLBW) and intestinal malformation or diseases that require surgery has increased. As opposed to mature newborn, split stoma is the therapy of choice in VLBW infants. These neonates and patients with other causes for a congenital or acquired short-bowel syndrome usually require parenteral nutrition and have a high risk of a cholestasis. Until 1993, stoma patients were treated with a special diet in our department, but depending of the stoma site often required parenteral nutrition, while the non-used distal bowel was irrigated with an isotonic electrolyte solution. With this regime, up to 38.5% of the treated patients (10126) were found to have a hyperbilirubinemia (> 3 mg/dl) after the 21st day of life. 1994, we started to use a device that continuously transfers the intestinal chylus from the proximal into the aboral bowel via a pump like a continuous extracorporeal stool transport (CEST). In this study, we evaluated the risk of cholestasis by comparison of the prospectively investigated group (CEST-group 1994-1998) of 33 infants with the results of the retrospectively studied group of 26 patients operated on between 1987 and 1993. We found a significantly lower risk of cholestasis in the CEST-Group (12.9% versus 38.5%; p<0.04). Only 3% of our patients with CEST (one patient) required permanent parenteral nutrition, compared to 50% of the conventionally treated patients.     

Neonatal stomas: does a separate incision avoid complications and a full laparotomy at closure?

Purpose

Enterostomy formation is a common outcome in emergency neonatal laparotomy. No consensus exists regarding optimal stoma site. This study aims to identify incidence of complications and closure details related to position of stomas.

Methods

This study is a retrospective case note review of emergency neonatal enterostomy formation over 11 years at a single institution. Patients were separated into two groups: stomas created through the laparotomy wound and stomas created through a separate incision. Demographic details, complications and closure details were ascertained. Differences between groups were analysed (Mann–Whitney test for continuous variables, Chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables).

Results

One hundred and thirteen stoma formations were examined in 106 patients (71 within laparotomy wound, 42 through a separate incision). Age, gestation, weight, wound-related and stoma-related complications were not significantly different between the groups. A trend towards a higher rate of full laparotomy at closure with stomas through the wound (p = 0.09) was seen. If stomas were sited adjacently, there was no difference in avoidance of full laparotomy at closure (p = 0.97).

Conclusion

Stomas sited adjacently within the laparotomy wound are not related to increased complications and offer the same advantage of circumexcision at closure as stomas sited through a separate wound, without an additional abdominal wound.     

Antegrade continence enema--an analysis of 20 children with faecal incontinence.

AIM OF THE STUDY: We present our experience with the Malone antegrade continence enema technique in children suffering from severe anal incontinence. METHODS: The Malone antegrade continence enema technique was performed using the appendix, caecum or ileum in 20 children with faecal incontinence. The stoma was kept catheterised for three weeks after the operation in all patients and irrigation with saline was initiated after that period. Tap water was used for irrigations after discharge from hospital. The functional success was evaluated according to the classification defined by Curry et al. RESULTS: The mean age and the mean follow-up period was 11 years and 5 years, respectively. Strictures developed in five of the 20 cases (25 %) in this series. Four of these patients underwent revisional surgery, but in one case with appendiceal tube the stricture and catheterisation difficulty resolved spontaneously. Full continence was achieved in 13 of the children (65 %). CONCLUSIONS: The Malone procedure is an effective procedure in children with faecal incontinence. It should be performed after confirming that the patient is completely clean using Pe?a's programme and aften ensuring that both the child and the parents will properly follow the recommendations.     

新生儿一期经脐单切口腹腔镜肛门成形术22例分析

目的 评估新生儿一期经脐单切口腹腔镜辅助肛门成形术(single-incision laparoscopic-assisted anorectoplaty,SILAARP)的安全性和疗效.方法 回顾性分析2013年6月至2015年12月间成功施行一期SILAARP新生儿22例的临床资料.其中,直肠尿道前列腺部瘘8例,直肠尿道球部瘘14例;平均年龄42.1 h.术中经脐部2 cm切口,提出乙状结肠近端,于系膜缘对侧沿纵轴切口1 cm,置入16号肛管,经肛管注入生理盐水反复冲洗抽吸远近端肠管至胎便完全清除.细针注射器穿刺扩张小肠抽吸积气,创造腹腔镜操作空间.经脐置入1个5mm腹腔镜和2个3mm传统腹腔镜手术器械,行肛门成形直肠尿道瘘修补术.并与本中心以往行三期SILAARP患儿22例行疗效对比.三期SILAARP患儿中,直肠尿道前列腺部瘘6例,直肠尿道球部瘘16例,与一期SILAARP患儿比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.5).结果 22例患儿均成功施行一期SILAARP.平均手术时间2.4h,腹腔镜辅助远端直肠拖出平均时间1.7h.一期SILAARP患儿手术时间在肛门闭锁直肠尿道前列腺部瘘患儿为(1.7±0.3)h,在肛门闭锁直肠尿道球部瘘患儿为(1.9±0.4)h;与三期患儿肛门闭锁直肠尿道前列腺部瘘组1.8h和肛门闭锁直肠尿道球部瘘组1.9h比较,差异均无统计学意义(P=0.62,P=0.9).一期SILAARP患儿中位随访时间为18个月(3～33个月),无一例发生术后并发症.术后MR证实远端直肠置于盆底肌中心.20例患儿术后第1天即有排便,2例术后便秘患儿接受1～3个月间断洗肠治疗后可自主排便.结论 新生儿一期SILAARP安全有效,使肛门闭锁治疗达到生后立即根治,“视觉无瘢痕”的高级微创目标,能提高患儿远期生活质量.