9例肾移植术后尿瘘的治疗

目的探讨肾移植术后尿瘘并发症的合理治疗方法。方法共治疗9例尿瘘患者,3例单纯经尿道留置Foley导尿管治愈,2例原引创口流口管置入普通导尿管 留置膀胱Foley导尿管双向引流,1例经膀胱镜逆行置入输尿管支架 留置膀胱Foley导尿管、1例行尿性囊肿切排术加留置膀胱Foley导尿等方法治愈,1例进行了开放手术输尿管膀胱重新吻合术 置入输尿管支架,1例行输尿管膀胱肌瓣吻合术无效后,行自体输尿管与移植肾输尿管吻合术。结果所有病例尿瘘治愈,随访1个月～3年,无一例发生输尿管并发症。结论对于肾移植术后尿瘘治疗,可以先采用无创或微创治疗手段,在无创或微创的治疗手段无效后及时采取手术干预。     

肾移植术后上尿路梗阻14例临床诊治体会

目的探讨肾移植术后上尿路梗阻的诊断及处理。方法回顾总结2000—2006年我院1090例肾移植患者中的14例移植后上尿路梗阻患者，其中输尿管膀胱吻合口狭窄9例，6例行膀胱输尿管二次吻合手术，1例移植肾周感染输尿管末段坏死采用移植肾近端新鲜存活输尿管与自体输尿管吻合，1例采用膀胱肌瓣代移植输尿管，1例采用输尿管镜下气囊扩张后放置双J管。出血相关性梗阻、输尿管扭曲和输尿管结石所致梗阻5例，均行开放手术。结果14例肾移植术后上尿路梗阻患者中2例切除移植肾，其余各例患者经开放手术及腔镜处理均成功挽救移植肾功能。再次手术后随访0．5—1年，血肌酐68-155μmol／L，B超未见移植肾扩张积水加重。结论新上尿路梗阻是肾移植术后常见亦是较为棘手的外科并发症，多数和外科手术操作有关，可以通过提高手术技巧避免。一旦发生上尿路梗阻，应根据梗阻原因采取相应的治疗方法及时处理。     

电刀内切开联合球囊扩张治疗输尿管狭窄

目的探讨电刀内切开联合球囊扩张治疗输尿管狭窄的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析2007年5月至2016年3月我院应用电刀内切开联合球囊扩张治疗输尿管狭窄469例的临床资料,术中通过逆行、顺行或者逆行+顺行三种途径置入安全导丝后,先使用电刀内切开输尿管狭窄段全层,再使用21 F球囊扩张器扩张,留置双J管,定期复查随访评估手术效果。结果 469例中采用逆行途径370例,顺行途径50例,顺行+逆行途径49例。术中1例因移植肾输尿管膀胱连接部内切开大出血中转开放手术,止血成功,现长期更换支架管治疗。肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄电刀切开术后出血5例,保守治疗成功。术后1年获随访381例,275例(72.2%)一次手术治愈;106例出现狭窄复发,其中57例行2~5次腔镜下狭窄段扩张后治愈,5例改作开放手术治愈,13例改用金属网状支架植入术治愈,17例长期定期更换双J管,8例长期留置肾造瘘管,6例行患肾切除术。结论电刀内切开联合球囊扩张治疗输尿管狭窄是安全、可靠、有效的,特别对于狭窄段较短、程度较轻和患肾功能较好的病例可作为首选治疗方案。     

肾移植术后长段输尿管狭窄的诊断与开放性手术治疗

目的 总结肾移植术后发生长段输尿管狭窄的诊断方法与手术治疗经验.方法 分析11例肾移植术后发生长段输尿管狭窄患者的临床资料.患者发生长段输尿管狭窄的时间为肾移植术后2～6个月,临床表现为血肌酐升高、体重增加、尿量减少和移植肾区肿胀.所有患者均经B型超声、64层螺旋CT尿路造影(CTU)或磁共振尿路水成像(MRU)确诊,输尿管狭窄长度为3～7 cm.11例患者的治疗方法为:5例行膀胱壁瓣输尿管成形术;2例行供肾肾盂-自体输尿管吻合术;4例行供肾输尿管-自体输尿管吻合术.结果 11例长段输尿管狭窄的患者经开放性手术治疗后,均取得成功,恢复了尿路的通畅.手术时间为2.5～4 h,无明显手术并发症.术后尿量显著增加,血肌酐下降至75～156μmol/L,B型超声示移植肾积水明显减轻或消失.术后随访8～62个月,患者肾功能稳定,无再发狭窄.结论 对肾移植术后出现血肌酐升高等临床特点的患者,应考虑到输尿管狭窄的可能,及时采用B型超声进行常规的检查,采用CTU或MRU明确狭窄的长度及部位;明确诊断后应及时进行开放性手术治疗.肾移植术后的长段输尿管狭窄经早期诊断和及时治疗成功率较高.     

肾移植术后尿路梗阻的诊治体会

目的 探讨肾移植术后尿路梗阻的原因,总结诊断和治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析我院1996年2月至2010年12月收治的14例肾移植术后尿路梗阻患者的临床资料.12例患者因血清肌酐进行性升高发现尿路梗阻,2例因尿瘘、尿外渗发现.均行开放手术治疗,术中发现输尿管末段狭窄,行输尿管膀胱吻合术.结果 所有患者移植肾功能于术后1～3周明显改善,移植肾积水于术后3～6周渐恢复.随访期间未见有尿路梗阻致移植肾积水.结论 尿路梗阻是肾移植术后严重并发症,加强围手术期管理,术中精细操作可有效预防其发生.超声和磁共振尿路成像对诊断有较大帮助.积极治疗可有效延长移植肾的存活,具有重要临床意义.     

460例次肾移植术后尿路并发症分析

本文报告我院460例次肾移植术后尿路并发症,共45例次,其中42例原发性(占9.13％),3例继发性,包括输尿管梗阻18例,输尿管或膀胱瘘26例,肾输尿管结石1例。除1例因行移植肾造瘘并发感染死亡外,余均经手术或非手术治愈。我们认为多数尿路并发症为外科技术所致,需要开放手术治疗。仔细的取肾、规范植肾手术操作和及早诊断是减少肾移植后尿路并发症发生的重要因素。     

球囊扩张治疗肾移植术后移植肾输尿管狭窄12例体会

目的探讨球囊扩张治疗肾移植术后移植肾输尿管狭窄的临床疗效。方法回顾分析我院于2009~2012年收治的12例肾移植术后移植肾输尿管狭窄患者的临床资料,根据狭窄情况采用球囊扩张法治疗,术后留置2根双J管6月。结果 12例患者肾积水均明显减轻,肾功恢复正常。结论球囊扩张治疗肾移植术后移植肾输尿管狭窄疗效确切,安全可靠。     

经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻

目的探讨经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析2007年至2011年华中科技大学附属协和医院6例接受经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的患者资料。所有患者先行B超引导移植肾穿刺造瘘,顺行造影确定梗阻的具体位置,顺行球囊扩张输尿管狭窄段,术后留置双J管和肾造瘘管,无效则改开放手术。结果6例患者中1例输尿管狭窄段〉1cm,球囊扩张失败,1例合并尿瘘,尿囊肿,扩张治疗无效,此2例均经开放手术治愈;其余4例一次扩张治愈,随访16～38个月,肾功能正常,无梗阻复发。结论经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张安全、损伤小,可作为治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的首选方法,对于合并有其他外科并发症或扩张治疗失败的患者,需开放手术治疗。     

移植肾并发输尿管梗阻的治疗

目的 探讨肾移植术后并发输尿管梗阻的治疗策略.方法 同种异体肾移植术后7 d～10年并发输尿管梗阻患者34例,其中3例移植输尿管部分坏死患者以开放手术治疗,其余31例采用经尿道逆行输尿管镜技术及经皮肾穿刺顺行输尿管镜技术进行碎石、内切开或扩张等方法解除梗阻,放置双J管内引流,观察患者肾功能改善情况.结果 3例开放手术清除坏死段输尿管后移植输尿管再吻合成功;1例输尿管内血凝块堵塞者成功清除血凝块;2例输尿管膀胱吻合口水肿、11例输尿管膀胱吻合口狭窄及6例吻合口上方狭窄患者行狭窄段扩张或内切开;6例输尿管结石及1例体外冲击波碎石术后石街患者行输尿管镜碎石、取石治疗;2例输尿管迂曲及2例尿漏患者行输尿管镜下置管术.术后随访18～50个月,29例引流通畅,肾功能恢复正常,血肌酐45～120μmol/L;5例肾功能恢复较差,血肌酐170～360 μmol/L;1例吻合口上方狭窄患者需定期更换支架管.结论微创技术治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻疗效好、安全.     

严重下尿路异常患者的肾移植(附三例报告)

目的　探讨下尿路异常患者的肾移植手术治疗方案及方法。　方法　 3例合并下尿路异常的肾移植患者均为男性。结核性膀胱挛缩 1例 ,4 5岁 ,行肾移植加移植肾输尿管皮肤造口术 ,免疫抑制方案为赛尼哌 (Zenapax) 他克莫司 (FK5 0 6 ) 霉酚酸酯 (MMF) 泼尼松 (Pred) ;神经原性膀胱2例 :例 1 ,2 4岁 ,同期行肾移植加回肠膀胱术 ,免疫抑制方案为Zenapax FK5 0 6 MMF Pred。例 2 ,34岁 ,分期行肾移植加回肠膀胱术 ,免疫抑制方案为Zenapax CsA MMF Pred。　结果　行移植肾输尿管皮肤造口术者术后恢复顺利。同期行肾移植加回肠膀胱术患者术后血便和尿瘘 ,积极治疗后好转 ;分期手术者无明显并发症。术后分别随访 2 3、5、4个月 ,移植肾功能正常 ,无严重并发症。　结论　合并下尿路异常的肾移植患者 ,应根据患者情况分期或同期完成肾移植术和尿流改道术 ,最大限度保障移植肾功能与输尿管引流通畅     

开放手术治疗肾移植术后输尿管梗阻的技术探讨

目的探讨肾移植术后移植肾输尿管狭窄的开放手术技巧与效果。方法首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院泌尿外科于2019年1月—2020年1月共行166例单肾移植,共发生5例肾移植术后输尿管狭窄,根据梗阻部位的不同采用了不同的开放手术术式进行治疗,回顾性分析这组患者的临床资料及预后。结果5例患者中,男性3例,女性2例,平均年龄42.6岁。其中2例患者原发病为Ⅱ型糖尿病,3例患者为肾小球肾炎。输尿管梗阻确诊的平均时间为肾移植术后143.8 d,行开放手术平均时间为肾移植术后209.8 d,确诊梗阻时平均血肌酐水平为271.94μmol/L。所有患者均因出现移植肾积水合并血肌酐进行性升高经影像学检查确诊,首先采取内支架或经皮肾造瘘紧急挽救肾功能。待肾功能恢复稳定后,根据梗阻段位置,3例患者行移植输尿管-膀胱再吻合术,1例患者行原输尿管-移植肾输尿管端端吻合术,1例患者行膀胱皮瓣翻转代输尿管术。5例患者开放手术平均时间为2.6 h,术中平均出血量为32 ml。开放手术后,5例患者均预后良好,开放手术后平均血清肌酐恢复至111.5μmol/L,尿量正常,无外科并发症发生。随访半年后,5例患者均未再发生输尿管梗阻。结论移植肾输尿管梗阻是肾移植术后常见外科并发症之一,腔内治疗中远期效果有限,根据不同梗阻部位选择不同术式进行开放手术,是治疗移植肾输尿管狭窄的有效方案。     

Impact of Ureteral Stenting on Urological Complications After Kidney Transplantation Surgery: A Single-Center Experience

BackgroundUrological complications such as ureteral strictures and ureteral leakage can affect the outcome of kidney transplantation by increasing morbidity and mortality, including graft loss. Controversy still exists regarding the role of stents in renal transplantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of ureteral stenting in kidney transplantation.MethodsWe performed a retrospective study on a series of 798 consecutive renal transplants performed in our center between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2011. Ureteral stents were used in 152 cases (19.1%) of the total (stent group) and were removed 2 weeks postoperatively. Donor and recipient age, sex, type of ureteroneocystostomy, stent and non-stent patients, cold and warm ischemia time, and urological complications were analyzed.ResultsThe overall incidence of urological complications was 7.8% (62 cases). Ureteral stenosis (3.1%) and ureteral leakage (2.4%) were the most common complications; 39.7% (25 cases) of complications were recorded in the first month after transplantation. Major urological complication rate was 3.3% in the stent group compared with 8.8% in the non-stent group (P = .04). However, stent use was associated with the increase of urinary tract infections rate in the stent group (51.3%) compared with the non-stent group (17.9%) (P = .03).ConclusionsIn our study, the use of ureteral stents significantly decreased urological complications in kidney transplant recipients but increased the risk for development of urinary tract infections.     

Experiences in kidney transplantation with duplicated ureters

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the complications of duplicated ureters in renal transplant recipients. METHODS: Between 1983 and 2004, 12 patients (median age 34 years) received renal transplants from donors with duplicated ureters. In four patients the ureter to bladder anastomoses were performed separately according to the method described by MacKinnon, including two cases transplanted with ureteral catheters because of narrow widths. In the following cases of eight duplicated ureters an anastomosis was performed between the distal part of each ureter to form a common ureteral ostium, which was connected to the urinary bladder. A ureteral catheter was used to the splint ureterovesical anastomosis. RESULTS: No graft loss to ureteral complications was observed. There was no ureteral necrosis in the postoperative period. No clinical symptoms of ureteral junction obstruction were revealed after removing the ureteral catheter. By ultrasound examination four patients showed a slight temporary pyelocaliectasis was observed and four patients developed temporary urinary fistulas. CONCLUSION: Our ureterocystoneostomy procedures with duplicated ureters were safe and useful in kidney transplantation.     

Management of calculi in a donor kidney

INTRODUCTION: We evaluated the safety and efficacy of ex vivo ureteroscopy (ExURS) and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) as means of rendering a donated kidney stone-free in living related and deceased donor renal transplantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three cases with calculi in donor kidneys were managed; 1 was from a living related donor and 2 were from deceased donors. Immediately after cold perfusion, ExURS was performed with iced saline solution in 2 cases. Access to the collecting system was via the ureteral stump. Calculi were fragmented with pneumatic intracorporeal lithotripsy and fragments were removed with forceps. Posttransplantation ESWL was given to 1 patient for migration of a small lower caliceal calculus in the upper ureter in 1 allograft of a dual-kidney transplantation. RESULTS: Access to the renal collecting system and stone fragmentation was technically successful in both cases. Indwelling ureteral stents were kept during transplantation in all cases. There were no intraoperative or postoperative ureteral complications. Following ESWL, stone was fragmented and cleared on its own within a week. At mean follow up of 2.2 years no new stone formed in any recipient or donor. CONCLUSIONS: ExURS was technically feasible to render a stone-bearing kidney stone- free without compromising ureteral integrity or renal allograft function. ESWL could be performed at a later date.     

Surgical complications in kidney transplantation in nonhuman primates

Surgical complications are important causes of graft loss in the nonhuman primate kidney transplantation model. We reviewed the incidence and intervention methods in 182 kidney transplantations performed in our lab recently 2 years in Cynomolgus monkeys. There were six renal artery thromboses (3.3%), eight urine leakages (4.4%), and five ureteral stenoses (2.7%). All renal artery thrombosis cases were found within 3 days after surgery. Urine leakage appeared from the 5th to 12th day after surgery and all cases were caused by ureter rupture. Reexploration was performed in five cases to reanastomose ureter with stent. Four cases reached long‐term survival. The rest one died of graft rejection. Ureteral stenoses were found in long‐term survival cases. Ureter reanastomoses with stent were performed in two cases. The postoperative renal functions of these two monkeys recovered to normal and they survived until study termination. From this large number of study, our experience indicated that kidney transplantation in the nonhuman primate is a safe procedure with low complications. Reexploration is recommended for salvage of the graft with urine leakage and ureteral stenosis. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2010.     

Impact of stents on urological complications and health care expenditure in renal transplant recipients: results of a prospective, randomized clinical trial

PURPOSE: We performed a randomized, prospective trial to compare the incidence of early urological complications and health care expenditures in renal transplant recipients with or without ureteral stenting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients receiving a renal transplant at a single center were randomized preoperatively to undergo Double-J stent or no-stent ureterovesical anastomosis from November 1998 to October 2001. Early urological mechanical complications were recorded, including urinary leakage or obstruction, or urinary tract infections within 3 months of transplantation. Direct health care costs associated with stenting, urological complications and urinary tract infection management were also collected. RESULTS: A total of 201 patients were randomized to a stent (112) and a no-stent (89) group. In the no-stent group 11 patients received a stent due to intraoperative findings and were excluded from study. At 3 months there were significantly more cases of urinary leakage (8.9% vs 0.9%, p <0.008) and ureteral obstruction (7.7 % vs 0%, p <0.004) in the no-stent than in the stent group. Mean time of stent removal was 74.3 days. A significant increase in urinary tract infections was observed when stent was left greater than 30 days after transplantation compared to the rate in the no-stent group (p <0.02). An additional cost of 151 UK pounds per patient was incurred in the no-stent group vs the stent group. CONCLUSIONS: Using a ureteral stent at renal transplantation significantly decreases the early urinary complications of urine leakage and obstruction. However, there is a significant increase in urinary tract infections, primarily beyond 30 days after transplantation. Stent removal within 4 weeks of insertion appears advisable.     

Surgical treatment of urologic complications after renal transplantation

AIM: The incidence of urologic complications after renal transplantation has been reported to be between 2.5% and 27%. The aim of this study was to evaluate urologic complications of and their surgical treatment in our series of renal transplantations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated urologic complications among 395 renal transplant recipients in our institute. RESULTS: The urologic complications were ureteral leakage (n = 8), stricture of ureteral anastomosis (n = 3), hydronephrosis secondary to stone (n = 2) and bladder outlet obstruction (n = 2), recurrent urinary infection because of vesicoureteral reflux to native kidney (n = 2), renal tumor in native kidney (n = 1), hydroceles (n = 3), technical complications (n = 2), and clot retention (n = 1). CONCLUSION: Major urologic complications following renal transplantation are ureteral leakage and stricture resulting from disrupture of the distal ureteral blood supply during the donor operation. Extravesical ureteroneocystostomy over a JJ stent seems feasible to minimize urologic complication. Early diagnosis and endourologic techniques are the mainstays of treatment.