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目的 总结139例采用食管吻合器的断流术经验，并观察治疗门静脉高压症的疗效。方法 对139例肝硬化性门静脉高压症采用食管吻合器的联合断流术治疗。结果 无手术死亡。腹腔内继发性出血2例（1．44％），肺不张和肺部感染各1例（0．72％），脾静脉血栓3例（2．16％），无食管吻合口瘘和吻合口狭窄。肝性脑病发生率0．72％（1／139）；再了血率2．16％（3／139）；手术1－3个月后，97例术前肝功能属Child-Pugh B级者有，76例转为A组；71例于术后半年接受过胃镜或食管吞钡检查，食管胃底曲张静脉消失者43例（60．56％），显著改善者27例（38．03％），无变化者1例（1．41％）。结论 应用食管吻合器的联合断流术治疗肝硬化性门静脉高压症的疗效较好，再出血率低，并发症少，是一种值得推广的治疗门静脉高压症的方法。     

门奇静脉断流术与改良Sugiura术治疗门静脉高压症的比较

目的探讨单纯门奇静脉断流术与改良Sugiura术在门静脉高压症治疗中的疗效。方法回顾性分析近13年行改良Sugiura手术30例患者与同期行单纯门奇静脉断流术治疗门静脉高压症34例的临床资料。结果两组患者术前的一般临床资料具有可比性（均P〉0．05），两组均无术中、术后近期严重并发症和手术死亡病例。两组在手术中出血、术后近期并发症、住院天数、术后远期消化道大出血率差异无显著意义（P〉0．05）；但改良组食管静脉曲张消失者明显多于断流组（P〈0．05）。结论改良Sugiura手术后的食管静脉消失率明显好于传统断流术，但两者的远期疗效相似。     

脾肾分流加断流联合术治疗食管曲张静脉破裂出血的疗效观察

目的 观察脾肾分流加断流联合术治疗食管曲张静脉破裂出血的疗效。方法 回顾性总结以此术式治疗门静脉高压症所致食管静脉曲张破裂出血１２０例经验。结果 临床疗效满意，手术后死亡率为４．２％，术后近期无出血，远期再出血率为９．９％，肝性脑病发生率为５．０％，术后５年，１０年和１５年的生存率分别为８３．６％，６４．５％和５４．５％，结论 联合手术既保留了断流术的优点，又适当降低了门静脉压力，改善了门静脉高动     

门静脉高压症术后再出血的外科治疗

目的 评价外科治疗门静脉高压症术后再出血各种术式的疗效。方法 回顾30年外科治疗门静脉高压373例中术后再出血66斧正临床资料。其中首次手术方式分别有单纯脾切除术、门奇静脉断流术、各类非选择性分流术、联合手术（断流加分流）,术后再出血率分别为26.67%、17.86%、14.58%和4.35%,再手术组55例中食管下段胃底切除42例,肠系膜上静脉-下腔静脉分流（MCS）11例,再断流2例,非手术组11例。结果 食管下段胃底切除组手术死亡率9.52%(4/42),随访平均11年,再出血率9.52%(4.42),脑病发生率14.29%(6/42);再断流组2例术后1个月内死亡;MCS组11例无手术死亡,随访平均7.5年,无再出血,脑病发生率9.09%（1/11）;非手术组11例均为门静脉高压性胃病（PHG）。结论 联合手术能有效减少门静脉高压术后再出血,MCS是目前治疗再出血较理想的手术方式。     

急诊选择性断流术治疗门静脉高压性食管胃底静脉曲张破裂大出血的疗效分析

食管胃底静脉曲张破裂大出血是门静脉高压症（Donal hypertension,PHT）常见而严重的并发症,病死率极高,各种手术方式的疗效均不确切,断流术作为预防和治疗门静脉高压症食管胃底静脉油张破裂出血的主要术式长期受到关注。本文回顾性分析2005年6月至2009年6月我院普外科20例急诊门奇断流术病人和6例急诊选择性断流术病人的资料。现报告如下。     

脾肾分流加门奇断流联合术治疗门静脉高压症的合理性和价值

目的：探讨脾肾分流加门奇断流联合术的临床疗效及其对门静脉血流动力学的影响。方法：通过脾肾分流加门奇断流联合术治疗门静脉高压症150例前瞻性随访20年的疗效。对其中部分病人采用彩色多普勒B超（DCFI），数字减影血管造影（DSA）和术中PVP动态测量，综合观察手术前后门静脉系统血流动力学变化，并与25例门奇断流术进行对比研究。结果：近期无1例出血，再出血率为7．7％，术后肝性脑病发生率为4．6％，手术死亡率为3．3％，术后3，5．10和15年生存率为93．6％，83．6％，64．5％和54．5％。门静脉系统血流动力学变化：联合术后门静脉直径（DPV）和门静脉压（PVP）较断流术无显著差异（P＞0．05），联合术后让静脉头向侧支消失，肝脏门静脉灌注良好。结论：本联合术即切断了门奇静脉间反常血流侧支，又降低了PVP和缓解了门静脉高动力血流状态，临床疗效满意，是一种合理，实用的术式。     

脾肾分流加门奇断流联合术治疗门静脉高压症的远期疗效

目的评价门静脉高压症采用脾肾分流加门奇断流联合术治疗门静脉高压症的长期效果。方法回顾性总结了１９年采用脾肾分流加门奇断流联合术治疗门静脉高压症１４０例，并通过手术前后采用彩色多普勒显像、数字减影血管造影和术中测ＦＰＰ观察门静脉系血流动力学变化。结果临床疗效满意。手术病死率为３６％，术后近期无１例出血，远期再出血率为８３％，术后肝性脑病发生率为５０％，术后５、１０和１５年生存率分别为８３３６％、６４５％和５４５％。术后ＦＰＰ和ＰＶＦ降低有显著意义（Ｐ＜００１）。术后ＦＰＰ平均保持在３２±０４ｋＰａ。结论脾肾分流加门奇断流联合术既保留了分流术和断流术二者的优点，又克服了二者的缺点，是一种合理而可行的术式。     

门奇静脉断流加XF折叠缝合胃底术治疗门静脉高压症28例

笔者回顾性分析采用门奇静脉断流加XF折叠缝合胃底术治疗28例门静脉高压症患者的治疗效果。28例中术后发生并发症8例（28.6%)，均经非手术疗法治愈；全组无手术死亡。27例（96.4%)经 4~49个月随访，结果示胃底食管曲张静脉消失率为81.5%，术后再出血率14.3%，肝功能明显改善，远期并发症少。提示门奇断流加XF折叠缝合胃底术治疗门静脉高压症食管胃底静脉曲张疗效满意。     

联合断流术治疗食管胃底静脉出血51例分析

目的探讨联合断流术治疗门静脉高压症并食管胃底静脉曲张的效果。方法对2005年1月至2013年6月间采用择期联合断流术的51例肝硬化门静脉高压症临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果所有患者均无手术死亡。平均手术时间为（3．6±0．8）h,输血量为（547±120）ml,术后平均住院天数为（10．3±3．2）d。胸腔积液6例（11．8％）,腹水7例（13．7N）,门静脉血栓12例（23．5％）,均无吻合口瘘和吻合口狭窄。肝性脑病0例,再出血率3．9％（2／51）。术后6个月随访,食管胃底曲张静脉消失35例（68．6％）,显著改善15例（29．4％）,无明显变化者1例（2．O％）。结论联合断流术可以有效治疗食管胃底静脉曲张,并发症少,再出血率低,是一种值得推广的治疗门静脉高压症的手术方式。     

食管曲张静脉破裂大出血患者出血停止后的近期手术治疗：附52例报告

目的：探讨门静脉高压症食管曲张静脉破裂大出血患者出血停止后近期内行手术治疗的可行性及临床效果。方法：回顾分析52例门静脉高压症食管曲张静脉破裂大出血患者经非手术治疗止血后，1～2周内行手术治疗（断流术或分断联合术）的临床资料。结果：分断联合术组及断流术组术后门静脉压力分别平均降低（9.3±2.25）cmH2O和（3.65±1.52）cmH2O。手术死亡率为5.8%（3/52），术后并发症发生率44.2%（23/52）。断流术组术后近期再出血2例，远期再出血5例（20.0%)；分断联合术组术后近期未再出血，远期再出血1例（5.6%)。术后远期3例（7.0%）发生肝性脑病，其中联合术组2例，断流术组1例。结论：对门静脉高压症食管曲张静脉破裂大出血患者出血停止后1～2周内行手术治疗是安全、可行的；肝功能较好、门静脉压力过高的青壮年患者以分断联合术为宜，而术前肝功能较差（Child C 级）者则应首选断流术。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.