肝内胆管结石并胆管狭窄的外科治疗

目的 为探讨肝内胆管结石并胆管狭窄的外科治疗。方法 从１９９１年６月至１９９７年１２月,对２４例肝内胆管结石并狭窄的患者行肝胆管切开取石,其中１０例加行硬性经皮胆钳术中取石;左外叶及左半肝切除１２例所有病人均行肝胆管空肠大口吻合术。结果 ２４例病人均行随访,优良效果９６．０％。结论 肝叶、肝段切除联合肝胆管空肠大口吻合是肝内胆管结石并胆管狭窄的最佳治疗方法选择。     

肝叶肝段切除治疗肝内胆管结石并狭窄的随访效果

作者报告１５年间行肝叶，肝段切除治疗肝内胆管结石并狭窄９６例，有２７例肝叶肝段切作后剖开狭窄胆管与空肠大口吻合，随访７９例，优良效果９３．６７％。作者认为：局限于部分肝叶，肝段胆管的多发结石并狭窄或末梢胆管多发结石等最适于肝叶，肝段切除。     

肝叶肝段切除治疗肝内胆管结石并狭窄的随访效果

作者报告１５年间行肝叶、肝段切除治疗肝内胆管结石并狭窄９６例，有２７例肝叶或肝段切除后剖开狭窄胆管与空肠大口吻合。随访７９例，优良效果９３．６７％。作者认为：局限于部分肝叶、肝段胆管的多发结石并狭窄或末梢胆管多发结石等最适于肝叶、肝段切除。对于左右肝内胆管广泛多发结石并狭窄者，肝部分切除后剖开其它部位的狭窄胆管取出结石行胆管空肠大口吻合联合手术是合理的。     

高位胆管良性狭窄的原因和治疗

目的探讨高位胆管良性狭窄的原因和防治。方法回顾性总结分析高位胆管良性狭窄460例的病因和治疗方法。结果病因依次为肝胆管结石(383例)、高位胆管损伤(54例)、胆囊结石Mirizzi综合征(21例)、单纯良性狭窄(2例)。分别行肝叶或肝段切除；经肝剖开狭窄胆管，肝胆管或肝门胆管空肠吻合；肝门胆管狭窄切开整形后与空肠大口吻合；吻合口狭窄切开扩大吻合；肝门胆管狭窄切开整形后T管支撑等手术。效果满意，优良率为90．1％。结论高位胆管良性狭窄的主要原因是肝胆管结石(83．3％)和高位胆管损伤(11．7％)。肝叶或肝段切除，或联合肝内胆管或肝门胆管空肠大口吻合是治疗肝胆管结石并肝胆管狭窄的有效方法。高位胆管损伤初期修复后较易发生胆管或吻合口狭窄，再次修复以胆管空肠Roux-en-Y大口吻合术效果最好。强调重在预防，在行胆道手术时避免胆管损伤。     

肝段(叶)切除治疗肝内胆管结石疗效分析

目的探讨肝段(叶)切除治疗肝内胆管结石的临床价值。方法回顾性分析1997年1月～2004年1月采用肝段(叶)切除治疗肝内胆管结石的115例病例资料。结果肝段(叶)切除 胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合28例(24．3％)；肝段(叶)切除 胆道探查72例(62．6％)；肝段(叶)切除 胆肠吻合口切开探查10例(8．7％)；肝段(叶)切除 胆道探查 右肝表面切开取石术5例(4．3％)，术后胆道常规留置T管。其中肝段(叶)切除手术包括左外叶88例，左半肝12例，右前叶7例，右后叶1例。不规则左和(／或)右肝切除术7例。病人均治愈，无死亡。术后发生并发症10例(8．7％)，其中切口感染7例，切口裂开3例，均治愈。术后均经T管行胆道造影及胆道镜检，发现结石15例，残石率13．0％。结论肝段(叶)切除术治疗肝内胆管结石具有疗效较好。残石率较低，并发症较少的优势。     

肝部分切除胆肠吻合治疗肝内胆管多发结石并狭窄3例报告

肝内胆管复杂，多发结石并多处狭窄治疗困难，一般肝叶肝段切除、U形管支撑、胆道镜取石均难解决肝内胆管多处狭窄并多发结石的问题。作者采用第4、5、6肝段部分切除显露并剖开肝门、左右肝管及右肝各段胆管狭窄部位，取出各肝段胆管结石，将剖开的肝内外胆管与空肠大口吻合冶疗3例。术后恢复良好，至今无复发，效果满意：     

联合肝切除治疗肝内胆管结石并狭窄

目的探讨联合肝切除组合胆道手术治疗肝内胆管结石并狭窄的疗效。方法回顾性总结四年来联合肝切除组合胆道手术治疗肝内胆管结石并狭窄８２例,其中,肝左外叶切除６５例（７９．２７％）,左半肝切除１２例（１４．６３％）,右肝部分切除３例（３．６６％）,左肝外叶＋右前叶下段切除１例（１．２２％）。结果手术后结石取净７８例（９５．１２％）,术后纤维胆道镜取石３例,２例结石取净,总的结石取净率为９８．７８％（８０／８２）,手术并发症７例（８．５３％）,死亡１例（１．２２％）,８１例术后随访１个月～４年,肝内结石复发３例（３．７０％）。结论联合肝切除组合胆道手术是治疗肝内胆管结石并狭窄的有效方法、联合肝切除必须掌握适应证,急症肝切除的并发症多且较严重,术后纤维胆道镜检查与治疗对诊治残余结石有重要意义。     

肝切除治疗肝内胆管结石

探讨肝切除术治疗肝胆管结石的效果。方法分析１９８９年７月－１９９９年７月采用肝切除术治疗１８４例肝内胆管结石患者的结石部位和分布情况、手术方式、手术后并发症、病理结果等情况。结果肝内胆管结石以左肝为主（１６５例）,肝切除也以左肝叶段切除为多（１５３例）;３２例出现手术后并发症（１７．３９％）无手术死亡。随访３月－１０月年,效果优良者占９６．２０％,包括４例早期胆管癌。结论肝切除术手是治疗内胆管结珠     

肝内胆管结石手术方式的选择——附56例报告

目的探讨外科手术治疗肝内胆管结石的最佳术式。方法全组患者采用高位胆管或I-Ⅲ级胆管切开取石，对肝内孤立性结石加作肝实质切开取石，右肝叶结石并肝实质纤维化者采用亚肝段切除，左肝萎缩或左肝管多发性结石则同时加作左肝或左肝外叶切除，纠正解除胆管狭窄原位整形，选择病例作各种胆肠吻合等方法；对56例肝内胆管多发结石病人进行其临床观察及跟踪随访。结果56例病人均经手术治愈出院，无严重并发症发生；切口感染5例，切口脂肪液化2例，经理疗和换药治愈；结石复发9例，复发率为16．07％，偶有胆管炎发作2例，占3.57％。结论对肝内胆管结石应根据各种不同情况选择不同术式、方法治疗方能取得良好的临床疗效。     

肝叶切除术治疗肝内胆管结石体会

目的：探讨不同类型的肝内胆管结石或／和胆管狭窄行不同手术方法的治疗效果。方法：对38例肝内胆管结石或／和胆管狭窄行肝叶切除联合胆肠吻合术,其中左肝叶切除、T管引流8例,左肝外叶切除、肝门部胆管盆式成形、胆肠Roux-Y吻合术20例,左肝外叶切除加肝切面胆管及肝门部胆管与空肠双吻合3例,右肝前下段切除4例,右肝不规则性切除3例。结果：术后发生胆瘘2例,膈下感染2例,切口裂开1例,肺部感染3例。右肝结石残留1例。无手术死亡。结论：充分利用术前术中资料,准确判断肝内胆管结石部位、胆管狭窄状况,针对具体情况制定个体化手术方案,提高手术治疗效果。     

A Tissue-Engineered Artificial Bile Duct Grown to Resemble The Native Bile Duct

The aim of this study was to fabricate an artificial bile duct for the development of a new treatment for biliary diseases. Eighteen hybrid pigs were implanted with a bile duct organoid unit (BDOU) made of a bioabsorbable polymer. Twelve of the transplanted BDOUs had been seeded with autologous bone marrow cells (BMCs) in advance. Six animals, the controls, were grafted with the scaffold alone with no BMCs seeded. The common bile duct was cut, the hepatic cut end of the native common bile duct was anastomosed to the BDOU and the other end was anastomosed to the duodenum. The controls underwent a similar operation. The neo-bile duct was removed at pre-determined time points and investigated histologically. All 18 recipient pigs survived until their sacrifice at 6 weeks, 10 weeks or 6 months. Histological examination revealed incomplete epithelialization of the neo-bile duct at 6 weeks and 10 weeks after transplantation. At 6 months, the organoid exhibited a morphology almost identical to that of the native common bile duct. No differences were found between the controls and BMC-seeded pigs. These results show that the artificial bile duct thus fabricated can serve as a substitute for the native bile duct.     

Penetrating Bile Duct Injury

European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery - Cases of extrahepatic biliary tree trauma are not as common as other intraabdominal injuries and may pose a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge....     

Unusual Segmental Stricture of the Lower Common Bile Duct Mimicking Bile Duct Cancer

In some cases of bile duct stricture, malignancy cannot be diagnosed preoperatively even with the use of various diagnostic imaging modalities and histologic examination. As long as malignancy cannot be ruled out completely, surgery can be undertaken for the purposes of diagnosis and treatment. We report a case of unusual segmental stricture of the lower common bile duct mimicking bile duct cancer and discuss the differential diagnosis.     

Laparoscopic Bile Duct Reexploration for Retained Duct Stones

Background  Failure of endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) for retained bile duct stones occurs in 4% to 10% of cases and was traditionally managed with open bile duct reexploration. Methods  This study uses retrospective analysis of a consecutive series of cases of laparoscopic bile duct reexploration for retained bile duct stones after unsuccessful ES. Results  Thirty-one cases were operated over a 7-year period. Seventy percent had a previous open cholecystectomy. Ten cases were successfully treated with a transcystic approach and 19 with laparoscopic choledochotomy. Two patients were converted to open surgery. Morbidity was 3.22% with no mortality. Conclusion  Laparoscopic bile duct reexploration can be safely performed and should be considered as an alternative to open surgery.     

Preservation of Bile Ductules Mitigates Bile Duct Loss

The finer branches of the biliary tree (FBBT) contain a regenerative compartment. We hypothesized that preservation of the FBBT together with its microvasculature will lead to recovery of biliary damage and prolonged preservation of bile ductules during the development of chronic liver allograft rejection. The interlobular bile ducts, portal bile ductules and extraportal biliary cells with and without microvessels were studied in sequential biopsies in five patients who fulfilled the Banff criteria of early chronic rejection (CR) (imminence group). Biopsies of CR patients (n = 12) served as controls. Biopsies were double immunostained with CD34 (microvessels) and cytokeratin 7 (biliary structures). Proliferation and proangiogenic activity were assessed with Ki67 and VEGF-A immunostaining. Severe damage of bile ducts in the imminence group did not progress to significant bile duct loss. This was associated with a high proliferative activity in all biliary structures and preservation of the microvascular compartment. VEGF-A expression was increased in all but the reperfusion biopsies. In conclusion, both regenerative activity of the FBBT and an intact microvascular compartment are associated with less damage of the biliary tree and could therefore be prerequisites for biliary regeneration.     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆总管探查术治疗胆管结石

胆石症在我国是常见病和多发病,收治率约占普外科住院患者的11.5%,且发病率呈上升趋势[1]。对于肝外胆管的结石,传统方法是行开腹胆总管切开取石、T管引流治疗为主。目前,随着微创设备的高速发展,腹腔镜、胆道镜的普及,腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗模式因其创伤小、康复快、住院时间短、切口感染率低、并发症少等诸多优点已逐渐取代传统开腹手术,必将成为今后治疗胆管系统结石的主流模式。现就腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆总管探查术在治疗胆管结石中的应用情况做简要叙述。     

Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the procedure of choice for laparoscopically skilled surgeons when dealing with both chronic and acute cholecystitis. When choledocholithiasis is encountered in the treatment of these patients the skilled laparoscopist has several treatment options available to treat the patient in one stage and avoid the morbidity of endoscopic sphincterotomy. Although still controversial, laparoscopic common bile duct exploration has been shown to be safe, applicable, and cost-effective in the treatment of choledocholithiasis. This report details several laparoscopic treatment alternatives for choledocholithiasis.     

Primary Extrahepatic Bile Duct Carcinoids

Biliary tact carcinoids are extremely rare: only ten cases have been reported up to now. The Authors describe a successfully treated carcinoid tumour ofthe proximal bile duct and review the literature about these rare malignancies.Despite extensive preoperative work-up, including ultrasound, CT scan and ERCP, a definite diagnosis is hardly possible prior to histologic examination of the operative or necropsy specimen.Due to the slow-growing nature and the non-aggressive behaviour of these malignancies, surgical resection followed by biliodigestive anastomosis should be the treatment of choice.