重庆市2010-2013年人群疾病负担研究

目的 分析重庆市人群所患疾病的健康损失和经济损失负担,为制定疾病防控策略提供可靠的科学依据。方法 采用伤残调整生命年(DALY)测量重庆市2010-2013年人群疾病的健康损失,以二步模型法计算直接经济负担,将DALY与人力资本法结合测算疾病的间接经济负担。结果 2010-2013年重庆市DALY(/1 000人)损失分别为123.90、127.01、123.30和125.99。其中疾病负担模式以非传染性疾病为主(83%~87%),其次为损伤,最低的为传染性疾病。2010-2013年前五位疾病分类均为呼吸系统疾病、循环系统疾病、恶性肿瘤、意外伤害、精神神经疾病。2013年重庆市疾病总经济负担为1 621.34亿元,其中直接经济负担和间接经济负担分别为794.42亿元和826.92亿元,主要负担在循环系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病、损伤、恶性肿瘤和肌肉骨骼和结缔组织疾病等疾病。结论 呼吸系统疾病、循环系统疾病、恶性肿瘤、损伤给重庆市居民带来了严重的健康和经济损失负担,应重点加强这些疾病的预防和控制。     

2010年中国城乡居民超重和肥胖的直接经济负担分析

目的分析2010年中国城乡居民由超重和肥胖造成的主要慢性病(冠心病、脑卒中、高血压、癌症、糖尿病)的经济负担.方法利用2010年中国慢性病及其危险因素监测和2008年国家第四次卫生服务调查数据,采用疾病成本的方法计算超重和肥胖的直接经济负担.结果2010年中国城乡居民超重和肥胖所造成的主要慢性病合计经济负担高达907.68亿元人民币,占主要慢性病经济负担的42.9%.结论中国城乡居民超重和肥胖所造成的经济负担呈上升趋势,占2010年卫生总费用的4.5%.     

山东省恶性肿瘤经济负担分析

目的评价山东省恶性肿瘤经济负担,为卫生决策提供科学依据。方法以2006年山东省第3次死因回顾抽样调查资料和2007年山东省恶性肿瘤现患状况抽样调查资料为基础,测算全省直接医疗成本;采用人力资本法测算死亡间接负担和伤残间接负担;参考全球疾病负担研究的方法对测算结果的不确定性进行分析。结果 2006年山东省因恶性肿瘤导致的总经济负担为180.57亿元(95%CI=16817～19393),占全省GDP总量的0.83%,其中直接医疗成本占总负担的17.28%,死亡造成的间接经济负担占78.53%,伤残所致间接经济负担占4.20%;肝癌、肺癌和胃癌为山东省经济负担最重的3种恶性肿瘤,总经济负担合计占全部恶性肿瘤的57.83%;总经济负担估计结果的不确定性范围在±7%左右,主要取决于间接经济负担的不确定性。结论恶性肿瘤对社会经济的影响主要通过生产力的损失产生作用,并以死亡所致生产力损失为主;肝癌、肺癌和胃癌应是山东省恶性肿瘤预防控制的重点。     

2006－2012年全国伤害监测工作状况评估

目的 描述2006－2012年全国伤害监测工作现状,为监测数据的利用和解释及监测工作的发展和完善提供依据。方法 根据中国疾病预防控制中心慢性非传染性疾病预防控制中心(慢病中心)制定的全国伤害监测统一方案,通过回顾性自查收集2006－2012年全国各省级疾病预防控制中心和监测点伤害监测漏报率、错填率、漏录率、错录率、伤害监测产出数量以及2012年伤害监测专职工作人员数、伤害监测配套工作经费数及伤害监测数据共享情况指标,由慢病中心复核、录入及分析数据。结果 2006－2012年全国伤害监测病例增长1倍。各监测点漏报率和错填率持续降低:72.1%(31个)的监测点漏报率降低、53.5%(23个)的监测点错填率降低;2012年≤10%漏报率和错填率的监测点分别占76.7%(33个)和90.7%(39个)。全国伤害监测系统中省级和县(区)级疾病预防控制中心设置伤害监测专职人员分别占44.2%(19个)和76.2%(32个)。有27.9%的监测点(12个)未利用伤害监测数据发布过报告,有7.0%的监测点(3个)从未利用伤害监测数据;与其他部门实现数据共享的监测点仅占30.2%(13个)。结论 2006－2012年全国伤害监测工作质量显著提高且影响日益增加。     

职业伤害经济负担研究现状及展望

<正>职业伤害所致经济负担(economic burden of occupation injury)是指职业伤害造成的缺勤、残疾(失能)、早亡给工伤患者及社会带来的经济损失[1]。据国际劳工组织估计,全球每年发生工伤事件3.17亿件,约3.39亿工人受到伤害,其中死亡达230万人,由此造成的经济损失相当于世界各国国民经济总产值(GNP)的4%[2,3]。我国2007年的安全生产报告显示,全年共发生各类安全生产事故506 376起,死亡101 480人,给社会造成极大的经济 更多还原     

中国12个地区乙型肝炎相关疾病住院患者经济负担调查

目的 中国缺少全国性乙型肝炎（乙肝）相关疾病经济负担研究,本病的社会经济危害未能阐明,乙肝防治经济学评价缺乏关键参数;本研究旨在获得我国不同地区乙肝相关疾病患者住院期间及年均直接、间接和无形费用。方法 选取中国12个地区的传染病专科医院和综合性医院,采用时间阶段连续病例整群抽样法,对住院治疗的乙肝相关疾病患者进行调查。直接费用包括直接医疗和直接非医疗费用;间接费用采用人力资本法,分地区按城镇和农村人口计算患者和陪护人误工费;无形费用采用支付意愿法。多元线性逐步回归分析直接和间接费用的影响因素。结果 全国12个地区共调查医院27所,有效调查样本4 718例,总应答率为77.7%。按住院期间计算,平均住院29.2（27~34）d,例均费用16 832.80元,药费（10 365.10元）占比（61.2%）最高;直接和间接费用分别为18 336.10元和4 759.60元,二者之比3.85：1,直接和间接费用高低与乙肝严重程度相一致。直接医疗费用为17 434.70元,高于直接非医疗费用（901.40元）;直接医疗费用中,住院费高于门诊费和自购药费;直接非医疗费用中,旅费最高。间接费用中,患者误工费（3 832.50元）高于陪护人误工费（927.20元）。直接和间接费用合计高低依次为肝移植、重型乙肝、原发性肝癌和失代偿期肝硬化,而急性乙肝、代偿期肝硬化和慢性乙肝（CHB）较低。直接和间接费用共同影响因素为医院级别高、乙肝相关疾病严重、城市户籍、使用抗病毒治疗、住院天数多、家庭收入高。按1年计算,年均门诊和住院3.74次和1.51次,年均直接、间接和无形费用分别为30 135.30元、6 253.80元和44 729.90元,合计总费用为81 119.00元;直接、间接和无形费用的构成比分别为37.3%、7.7%和55.0%。年均直接费用中,住院直接费用（26 074.20元）高于年均门诊费（4 061.10元）,年均直接医疗费用（28 402.80元）远高于年均直接非医疗费用（1 732.50元）。年均间接费用中,门诊和住院间接费用分别为763.60元和5 490.10元。年均无形费用以肝癌最高,肝硬化和CHB次之,重型乙肝和肝移植均较低,急性乙肝最低。结论 乙肝相关疾病给中国带来了沉重经济负担,患者更多的依赖医疗服务,非医疗服务费用较少;采取有效治疗策略,遏制乙肝相关疾病的恶化,将会收到显著的经济效益;乙肝相关疾病对人群心理健康的影响,可用无形费用给出经济学表述。     

中国1993－2008年脑血管病直接经济负担研究

目的 评价1993－2008年中国脑血管病直接经济负担状况及其变化趋势。方法 利用1993、1998、2003和2008年4次国家卫生服务调查数据,采用二步模型法推算中国1993－2008年≥30岁人群脑血管病直接经济负担及其变化情况,包括脑血管病直接门诊费用和直接住院费用。结果 1993－2008年中国≥30岁人群脑血管病直接经济负担明显上升,从1993年的84.73亿元上升至2008年的1 031.25亿元,去除物价影响后,实际增长了5.3倍,年均增速为13.1%,高于同期卫生总费用和GDP的增长速度,其中2003－2008年直接经济负担的增长速度最快,年均增速为19.8%。结论 中国≥30岁人群脑血管病疾病负担给个人和社会造成的影响已相当严峻,应加强对脑血管病相关领域的理论和实践研究。     

社区居民伤害经济负担的评价框架研究

目的 探讨适合于社区居民伤害经济负担的评价框架。方法 用现场流行病学方法调查的北京居民伤害经济损失资料对所构建的伤害经济负担评价模型进行验证和评价。结果 构建评价社区居民伤害经济负担的模型(总伤害经济负担=二步法直接经济负担 人力资本法间接经济负担 支付意愿法无形经济负担)，用该方法评价3083名居民的全年伤害经济负担为744877元，其中直接经济负担299770元，间接经济负担为331382元，无形经济负担为113725元。结论 构建的模型在评价社区居民伤害经济负担上有较好的应用价值，居民的伤害直接经济负担和间接经济负担相差不大。     

2012-2014年潍坊市伤害死亡状况及疾病负担分析

摘要:目的　分析潍坊市居民伤害死亡及其疾病负担情况,为制定伤害防控策略、措施提供科学参考。方法　以潍坊市2012-2014年全户籍人口伤害死因监测资料为基础,采用死亡率等指标描述死亡概况;利用潜在寿命损失年（PYLL）描述减寿情况;间接法计算伤残调整寿命年（DALYs）描述疾病负担;估算间接经济负担。结果　2012-2014年潍坊市伤害粗死亡率为69.52/10万,PYLL率为23.69‰,每千人口因伤害损失11.86个DALYs,导致的间接经济负担约为17.85亿元。交通事故和自杀是导致死亡和造成疾病负担的主要伤害。结论　伤害是导致潍坊市居民死亡和疾病负担的重要原因,应积极开展有效干预措施。     

山西省某三甲医院意外伤害住院儿童疾病经济负担分析

目的以山西省长治市某三甲医院为基点了解长治地区意外伤害住院儿童疾病经济负担,为确定本地区卫生工作重点提供科学依据。方法选取2012年8月1日—2013年7月31日首次住长治市某三甲医院的意外伤害儿童共70人作为研究对象,进行面对面调查,采用秩和检验。结果本组资料意外伤害的疾病负担,前5位的为交通事故439 192.72元,跌落217 833.73元,中毒61 508.93元,烫伤36 118.76元,昆虫/动物咬伤15 380.19元。总疾病负担为835 007.24元,直接经济负担占81.63%,间接经济负担占18.39%。其中直接经济负担中住院费用占80.05%。人均疾病经济负担11 928.67元。10~14岁的经济负担占总经济负担的51.87%。结论意外伤害造成的经济负担是严重的。不同意外伤害原因中交通事故的危害最重,其次为跌落。在各年龄段,10~14岁的经济负担最高。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.