江西省2013年成年人吸烟与戒烟行为现状调查

目的 调查2013年江西省≥18岁常住居民吸烟与戒烟行为的流行状况。方法 2013年7-10月采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,在江西省10个全国慢性病及其危险因素监测点抽取≥18岁常住居民6 000人,通过面对面问卷调查收集慢性病相关危险因素信息,用于吸烟与戒烟行为分析的有效样本量为5 997人。对样本进行复杂加权后,分析江西省不同人群特征成年居民吸烟和戒烟流行现状。结果 2013年江西省≥18岁常住居民现在吸烟率为21.53%（1 291/5 997,标化率为20.60%）,复杂加权计算后,现在吸烟率为26.07%（95%CI：23.48%~28.66%）,男性现在吸烟率（50.62%,95%CI：46.31%~54.94%）高于女性（1.46%,95%CI：0.57%~2.35%）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,各年龄组人群现在吸烟率差异有统计学意义（P=0.029）,并随文化程度提高而上升（P<0.05）、随自报健康状况下降而下降（P<0.05）。87.16%（95%CI：83.29%~91.03%）的现在吸烟者每日吸烟;日均吸烟量（机制卷烟）为19.27（95%CI：17.69~20.85）支;平均每天吸烟量≥20支的吸烟者比例为64.74%（95%CI：55.79%~73.70%）;每日吸烟者开始吸烟平均年龄为20.28（95%CI：19.74~20.82）岁,男性开始每日吸烟年龄[20.11（95%CI：19.61~20.61）岁]小于女性[26.88（95%CI：24.73~29.03）岁],差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,27.04%（95%CI：18.91%~35.16%）的成年男性开始每日吸烟年龄不足18岁。吸烟者戒烟率为14.80%（95%CI：10.88%~18.72%）,随年龄增大而上升（P<0.05）、随收入水平增加而上升（P=0.04）,随自报健康状况下降而上升（P<0.05）;吸烟者成功戒烟率为10.89%（95%CI：8.36%~13.42%）;32.10%（95%CI：21.95%~42.25%）的现在吸烟者有戒烟打算。被动吸烟率为54.71%（95%CI：44.20%~65.21%）。结论 江西省≥18岁常住居民吸烟率处于较高水平,重度吸烟者比例大,戒烟者比例低,戒烟意识不强,男性和青少年为控烟工作主要目标人群,应根据江西省流行特点采取针对性的控烟措施。     

中国2012年18~59岁就业流动人口蔬菜和水果摄入状况分析

目的 了解中国18~59岁就业流动人口蔬菜和水果摄入情况。方法 采用2012年中国慢性病及其危险因素监测流动人口专题调查数据,该调查是在全国31个省(自治区、直辖市)和新疆生产建设兵团170个县(区、团),采用面对面问卷调查方法收集≥18岁流动人口包括蔬菜和水果摄入的相关信息。将其中所有18~59岁就业流动人口共计48 704人作为研究对象。对样本人群进行性别和年龄标化后,按性别、年龄、行业、教育程度等分组分别计算蔬菜、水果人均每日摄入量均值及摄入不足率等指标。结果 样本人群日均蔬菜摄入353.7(95%CI:351.3~356.2)g,水果摄入125.1(95%CI:123.4~126.9)g。蔬菜和水果摄入不足率为44.1%(95%CI:43.5%~44.6%),男性和女性分别为46.2%(95%CI:45.5%~47.0%)和41.2%(95%CI:40.3%~42.0%)(χ²=82.19,P<0.05);就职行业间比较,以住宿餐饮从业人员蔬菜和水果摄入不足率最高(46.2%,95%CI:45.0%~47.3%),社会服务业人员最低(42.5%,95%CI:41.4%~43.7%),各行业间差异有统计学意义(χ²=15.81,P<0.05);随着教育水平提高,就业流动人口蔬菜和水果摄入不足率有所下降,各组间差异有统计学意义(χ²=22.29,P<0.05)。结论 2012年中国18~59岁就业流动人口中,>40%的人群蔬菜和水果日均摄入量未达到推荐标准,且男性高于女性,以住宿餐饮从业人员摄入不足率最高,但随教育程度提高摄入不足率有所下降。     

中国10个地区成年人心力衰竭流行情况及其吸烟影响因素研究

目的 描述我国心力衰竭（心衰）流行情况,探究吸烟行为与心衰发病风险的前瞻性关联。方法 研究对象来自中国慢性病前瞻性研究,基线调查为2004年6月至2008年7月。剔除BMI信息缺失、基线调查后即失访以及基线自报有冠心病、脑卒中或恶性肿瘤的研究对象,共纳入487 197人进行分析。本研究使用的随访数据截至2016年12月31日。采用Cox比例风险模型计算吸烟行为与心衰发病风险的关联。结果 研究对象中位随访10.15年,随访期间共有4 208人新发心衰,粗发病率为0.87/1 000人年,累积发病率为0.86%。基线年龄越大,心衰发病率越高。高年龄组、农村、男性心衰发病率分别高于低年龄组、城市、女性人群。相比于非吸烟者,偶尔吸烟者心衰发病风险无显著差异（HR=1.05;95%CI： 0.91~1.22）,而既往吸烟者（HR=1.48;95%CI：1.31~1.67）和当前吸烟者（HR=1.34;95%CI：1.22~1.49）的风险升高。合并非吸烟或偶尔吸烟者组后,既往吸烟者（HR=1.33;95%CI：1.21~1.46）和当前吸烟者（HR=1.46;95%CI：1.31~1.64）相比于该组的心衰发病风险均升高。当前吸烟者（趋势检验P=0.347）和既往吸烟者（趋势检验P=0.066）的吸烟量与心衰风险间均不存在剂量反应关系。与非吸烟或偶尔吸烟组相比,既往吸烟者戒烟<5、5~、10~、≥20年的心衰发病风险比分别为1.61（95%CI：1.36~1.92）、1.55（95%CI：1.27~1.90）、1.24（95%CI：1.02~1.51）、1.35（95%CI：1.08~1.68）（趋势检验P=0.091）,非因疾病戒烟者与因疾病戒烟者心衰发病风险比分别为1.23（95%CI：1.04~1.45）和1.62（95%CI：1.41~1.86）。健康吸烟行为较非健康吸烟行为对心力衰竭有明显的保护作用（HR=0.75;95%CI：0.69~0.81）。城乡地区和冠心病家族史与吸烟行为是否健康存在对心衰发病风险的交互作用（交互检验P<0.05）。结论 我国心力衰竭发病率男性高于女性,农村高于城市,随年龄增长而升高。无论吸烟频率、吸烟量、戒烟时长和戒烟原因,既往吸烟和当前吸烟者相比于从不吸烟或偶尔吸烟者,心衰风险均较高。吸烟是心力衰竭的重要危险因素,应继续坚持全面禁烟措施。     

中国2012年18~59岁就业流动人口红肉摄入情况分析

目的 掌握中国就业流动人口红肉摄入水平和超标率。方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,利用半定量食物频率表膳食调查法分析中国31个省(自治区、直辖市)和新疆生产建设兵团170个县(区、团)中48 511名18~59岁就业流动人口的红肉摄入情况。对数据进行复杂加权后,计算不同人口学特征的流动人口日均红肉摄入量和超标率。结果 (1)样本人群日均红肉摄入量为125.9(95%CI:116.5~132.5)g,男性高于女性,分别为141.6(95%CI:131.3~148.9)g和104.7(95%CI:95.8~111.2)g,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。未发现红肉摄入量随年龄、文化程度、BMI的变化趋势(趋势检验P值均>0.05)。按照2010年人口普查数据标化后,标化日均红肉摄入量为121.0(95%CI:113.4~128.7)g。(2)样本人群日均红肉摄入超标率为36.2%(95%CI:33.0%~39.3%),男性远高于女性,分别为42.4%(95%CI:38.9%~45.8%)和27.8%(95%CI:27.1%~31.0%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。男女性别人群均为30~39岁组超标率最高,分别为43.5%(95%CI:39.7%~47.4%)和30.1%(95%CI:26.5%~33.9%)。标化日均红肉摄入超标率为34.6%(95%CI:31.9%~38.0%)。结论 中国就业流动人口日均红肉摄入量超过世界癌症基金会推荐的标准,摄入量和摄入超标率均高于当地常住人口。     

山东省2016-2017年人群烟草使用及其影响因素调查

目的 了解山东省人群烟草使用现状以及主要影响因素。方法 运用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,在山东省36个区（县）216个村（居委会）抽取调查对象,使用非条件logistic回归模型进行多因素分析。结果 有效调查6 271人,经过复杂加权计算后,≥ 15岁人群现在吸烟率为23.93%,其中男性为45.58%,女性为1.18%;不同年龄组人群现在吸烟率差别较大,45~64岁年龄组现在吸烟率最高（25.07%）;不同文化程度人群吸烟率不同,初中文化程度者现在吸烟率最高（28.94%）;农村现在吸烟率（24.98%）高于城市（23.08%）;现在每日吸烟率为20.23%,吸烟者开始吸烟平均年龄为21.21岁,日平均吸机制卷烟量为16.31支;在调查所有曾经和现在吸烟者中,戒烟率为20.79%。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,性别、年龄、职业、地区、健康知识得分与吸烟行为存在关联。男性现在吸烟率高于女性（OR=49.625,95%CI：37.832~65.093）,45~64岁组现在吸烟率高于15~24岁组（OR=1.830,95%CI：1.048~3.194）,农林牧渔从业者现在吸烟率分别高于医务人员（OR=0.403,95%CI：0.187~0.866）和离退休人员（OR=0.648,95%CI：0.481~0.873）,中部地区居民现在吸烟率低于东部（OR=0.724,95%CI：0.606~0.865）,吸烟危害健康知识得分1~3分组现在吸烟率高于4~6分组（OR=1.432,95%CI：1.240~1.654）。结论 山东省人群吸烟率处于较高水平,应对吸烟者开展控烟健康教育等综合性干预措施,以降低人群吸烟率。     

中国农村地区现在吸烟者戒烟意愿及其影响因素研究

目的 了解中国农村地区现在吸烟者戒烟意愿,探索其影响因素,为控烟工作提供参考。方法 本研究数据来源于2018年中国慢性病及危险因素监测,采用多阶段分层整群抽样的方法抽取184 509名≥18岁居民,其中10 241名农村现在吸烟者纳入研究。采用χ²/F检验对戒烟意愿与人口学信息、烟草使用情况、烟草相关危害知识的认知、慢性病患病情况等因素进行单因素分析,多因素分析采用非条件多因素logistic回归分析。结果 3 453名（37.46%）考虑在未来12个月内戒烟。logistic回归分析显示,偶尔吸烟者的戒烟意愿高于每天吸烟者（OR=0.693,95%CI：0.494~0.971）,每天吸烟量<1包者的戒烟意愿高于≥1包者（OR=0.628,95%CI：0.511~0.771）,12个月内有戒烟经历者的戒烟意愿高于12个月内未戒过烟的现在吸烟者（OR=0.438,95%CI：0.357~0.537）,烟草危害认知程度高者戒烟意愿更高（OR=1.056,95%CI：1.028~1.086）,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 中国农村地区现在吸烟者戒烟意愿与吸烟状况、吸烟量、戒烟情况、烟草危害认知有关。建议加强对农村地区的健康教育宣传,提供简短的戒烟干预,提高农村现在吸烟者的戒烟意愿。     

1991-2015年中国9省份18~64岁男性吸烟状况与肥胖风险的关系

目的 分析1991-2015年中国9省份18~64岁成年男性居民吸烟状况与肥胖患病风险的关系。方法 利用"中国健康与营养调查"1991-2015年9轮调查资料，选取参加两轮及以上、有完整人口统计学特征、吸烟状况和体格测量数据的18~64岁成年男性居民作为研究对象，共计32 169名。依据研究对象是否吸烟以及吸烟者每日吸烟数量将研究对象分为不吸烟、轻度吸烟（1~14支/d）、中度吸烟（15~24支/d）和重度吸烟（≥ 25支/d）组。观察不同吸烟程度下研究对象的BMI、腰围、全身性肥胖和中心性肥胖的分布情况，利用两水平混合效应线性回归模型和logistic回归模型分析男性吸烟状况与肥胖患病风险的关系。结果 不同吸烟程度下调查对象的BMI、腰围、全身性肥胖和中心性肥胖的患病率呈现逐年上升的趋势。在校正混杂因素后，轻、中和重度吸烟者BMI分别比不吸烟人群减少了0.19 kg/m²（95%CI：-0.27~-0.10）、0.40 kg/m²（95%CI：-0.49~-0.31）和0.36 kg/m²（95%CI：-0.53~-0.19）；腰围分别减少了0.49 cm （95%CI：-0.76~-0.21）、0.80 cm （95%CI：-1.08~-0.51）和0.79 cm （95%CI：-1.38~-0.36）。男性轻、中和重度吸烟者患全身性肥胖的风险分别是不吸烟者的0.70倍（OR=0.70，95%CI：0.62~0.79）、0.61倍（OR=0.61，95%CI：0.55~0.69）和0.78倍（OR=0.78，95%CI：0.65~0.96）；患中心性肥胖的风险分别是不吸烟者的0.78倍（OR=0.78，95%CI：0.73~0.84）、0.74倍（OR=0.74，95%CI：0.70~0.79）和0.84倍（OR=0.84，95%CI：0.76~0.95）。结论 1991-2015年间，男性不吸烟与吸烟（轻、中和重度）居民的BMI、腰围和肥胖患病率均呈现显著上升趋势。成年男性居民吸烟与肥胖患病风险呈显著性负向关联。     

北京市18～65岁居民戒烟意愿、吸烟危害认知及其对吸烟情况的影响

目的 了解北京市18～65岁居民吸烟危害认知水平及戒烟意愿,对控烟工作及相关政策措施的制定完善实施提供科学依据。方法 数据来自2017年北京市成人慢性病及其危险因素监测,以多阶段分层整群的抽样方法在北京市16个区165个村/居抽取调查对象进行调查,采用logistic回归进行多因素分析。结果 11 594例有效样本中,49.93%不想戒烟,男性不想戒烟者比例为50.39%,女性为43.01%,差异有统计学意义（χ²=14.211,P=0.002）,郊区为56.78%,城区为45.30%,差异有统计学意义（χ²=51.977,P<0.001）。吸烟者与戒烟者戒烟动机中,因所患疾病原因,戒烟者中比例（29.88%）高于吸烟者（11.50%）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=85.865,P<0.001）。吸烟危害认知较好女性的比例（34.97%）高于男性（32.63%）,差异有统计学意义（Z=5.612,P<0.001）;郊区的比例（35.44%）高于城区（33.03%）,差异有统计学意义（Z=-3.734,P<0.001）;从不吸烟者的比例（35.15%）高于吸烟者（30.06%）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=62.277,P=0.005）。多因素logistic回归结果显示,认知一般者（OR=0.61,95% CI：0.39～0.94）与认知较差者（OR=0.67,95% CI：0.50～0.90）不易产生戒烟行为,认知一般者（OR=0.64,95% CI：0.53～0.76）与认知较差者（OR=0.87,95% CI：0.78～0.98）更易产生吸烟行为。结论 北京市18～65岁吸烟者戒烟意愿较低,戒烟动机主要出于健康考虑,从不吸烟者吸烟危害认知优于吸烟者,吸烟危害认知是吸烟情况的影响因素。     

农村男性吸烟者戒烟意愿影响因素分析

目的 了解农村男性现在每天吸烟者戒烟意愿影响因素及其相对重要性。方法 采用横断面研究方法,以山东省临沂市莒南县14个行政村的男性现在每天吸烟者为研究对象,逐一入户,进行面对面问卷调查,共得有效问卷1 287份。应用logistic回归分析、优势logistic回归分析探讨戒烟意愿影响因素及其相对重要性。结果 1 287名每天吸烟者中有318人（24.7%）打算在未来6个月内戒烟。logistic回归分析显示,有既往戒烟经历（OR=1.691,95%CI：1.458～1.962）、吸烟量少（OR=0.751,95%CI：0.639～0.884）、烟草危害认知程度高（OR=1.038,95%CI：1.001～1.077）、患慢性病（OR=1.765,95%CI：1.013～3.075）的男性吸烟者更倾向有戒烟意愿。优势logistic回归分析显示,既往戒烟经历是戒烟意愿首位影响因素,其他依次是吸烟量、烟草危害认知以及慢性病患病情况。结论 农村男性吸烟者戒烟意愿比例较低。戒烟意愿主要与吸烟者自身因素有关,其中有既往戒烟经历是增加戒烟动机的首位影响因素。     

天津市男性居民吸烟归因死亡的研究

目的 分析吸烟对天津市男性居民死亡的影响。方法 收集2010－2012年天津市38 312例18~69岁的男性死亡者信息。调整年龄和受教育程度后,分析吸烟导致不同疾病死亡的风险和超额死亡。结果 天津市18~69岁死亡男性中22.57%是由吸烟引起的,吸烟者平均损失5年的寿命。吸烟者肺癌的死亡风险是不吸烟者的3.10倍(95%CI:2.80~3.44),心脏病死亡的风险是不吸烟者的1.47倍(95%CI:1.36~1.59),脑卒中死亡风险是不吸烟者的1.41倍(95%CI:1.30~1.53)。城市男性吸烟导致疾病死亡的风险高于农村男性,开始吸烟年龄早、每天吸烟支数多其死亡风险高。结论 吸烟是导致天津市男性居民死亡的主要危险因素。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.