四川省凉山州彝族农村未婚青少年HIV影响因素多重对应分析

目的分析凉山州地区14～25岁彝族农村未婚青少年HIV感染现状及其影响因素。方法收集2011-2016年布拖县、昭觉县、甘洛县、金阳县、越西县5个彝族聚集县艾滋病哨点监测资料,采用Epidata 3.1软件和SPSS 21.0软件进行数据的录入和整理,统计分析采用非条件Logistic回归和多重对应分析方法。结果 2011-2016年共检测14～25岁彝族农村未婚青少年9 262人,阳性检出率2.98%(276/9262)。多因素Logistic回归显示男性(OR=1.60,95%CI=1.21～2.11)、文盲(OR=3.38,95%CI=2.27～5.03)、小学(OR=1.94,95%CI=1.36～2.77)、外出务工(OR=1.61,95%CI=1.20～2.15)、注射吸毒(OR=1.60,95%CI=1.21～2.11)的彝族农村未婚青少年感染HIV的风险相对较高。多重对应分析显示外出务工、性行为、注射吸毒、23～25岁与HIV阳性之间有较强的关联。结论凉山州14～25岁彝族农村未婚青少年HIV感染形势严峻,感染因素多样化。针对彝族农村未婚青少年HIV的防控需着眼于全局,多方面介入,将艾滋病防治与治愚、治毒、治穷结合起来。     

四川省凉山彝族自治州2011－2013年农村未婚青年HIV感染相关行为特征及因素分析

目的 分析凉山彝族自治州（凉山州）农村未婚青年HIV感染相关行为特征,探讨艾滋病在该人群中传播的相关因素。方法 按照凉山州艾滋病哨点监测方案进行资料收集,采用EpiData 3.1软件和SPSS 19.0软件进行数据录入和整理,采用 χ²检验和二分类logistic回归分析。结果 2011－2013年监测5 871人,农村未婚青年HIV阳性检出率为3.45%（201/5 833）。27.56%（1 607/5 833）的未婚青年有过外出打工史,性行为的发生率为31.72%（1 850/5 833）,其中41.46%（767/1 850）发生过偶遇性行为,安全套的坚持使用率仅为3.46%（64/1 850）,5.04%（294/5 833）的未婚青年承认吸毒,其中34.35%（101/294）选择注射吸毒,共用针具比例高达84.16%（85/101）。感染者中外出打工、性行为、偶遇性行为、吸毒及注射毒品的比例均高于非感染者,差异有统计学意义（χ²值分别为88.72、104.43、4.20、154.39、55.94,均P< 0.05）。多因素logistic回归结果显示,男性、彝族、文盲、外出打工、从未使用和有时使用安全套及共用针具是农村未婚青年HIV感染的危险因素。结论 凉山州农村未婚青年HIV感染形势严峻,性行为发生率高而安全套使用率低,吸毒者中普遍存在注射毒品和共用针具现象,文化程度低、流动性强的彝族男性感染风险更高。     

HIV抗体初筛阳性复核结果分析

艾滋病病毒(HIV)抗体检测是目前诊断是否感染艾滋病的主要依据.南宁市疾病预防控制中心艾滋病检测实验搴担负HIV检测初筛中心实验室的职责,承担本市监测哨点和本中心各个门诊HIV抗体初筛实验、辖区(县)各医疗机构HIV抗体筛查实验室阳性标本的复核工作.现将本实验室对初筛阳性送检的114份标本复核结果报告如下.     

长春市男男性行为人群规模估计与哨点监测结果分析

目的 为估计长春市男男性行为(MSM)人群规模,了解该人群艾滋病知识知晓情况及相关高危行为,为制定艾滋病综合防治策略提供依据。方法 用捕获-再捕获法结合MSM交友软件估计长春市MSM人群规模,根据全国艾滋病哨点监测实施方案对MSM人群进行问卷调查和血清HIV、梅毒和丙肝抗体检测。结果 长春市MSM人群规模为39 305人,占当地15～60岁男性人口的1.7%。哨点监测共招募MSM人群400人,平均年龄31.4±9.7岁,未婚占75.0%,≥大专占71.8%,艾滋病知识知晓率为100.0%,最近6个月与同性发生过肛交性行为者占84.8%,每次都使用安全套者占66.7%,HIV、梅毒、丙肝的抗体阳性率分别为2.3%、4.5%和0.3%。结论 长春市MSM人群具有一定规模,文化程度较高,以未婚为主,存在艾滋病知识与行为背离现象。     

临沧口岸入境人员艾滋病监测情况分析

目的通过对3126名临沧口岸入境人员艾滋病抗体结果分析,深入了解临沧口岸入境人员艾滋病病毒(人类免疫缺陷病毒HIV)感染情况,为口岸艾滋病监测、防控工作提供有力科学依据。方法采用人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV1/2)抗体诊断试剂盒进行初筛;或者用雅培层析快速法试剂条进行初筛[1];以蛋白印迹法进行确认。结果中国籍人员检出率为0.64%,外国籍人员检出率为2.16%,感染者以20～39岁青壮年为主;感染途径以不洁性行为为主。结论临沧口岸HIV传入的危险性较大,出入境检验检疫机构应积极进行HIV的监测和防治工作。     

010-2015年凉山州艾滋病哨点MSM人群HIV感染状况及影响因素分析

目的 结合流行病学分析方法对凉山州2010-2015年艾滋病哨点MSM人群艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染率疫情进行分析,为当地制定艾滋病的防治策略提供科学依据。方法 2010-2015年,在凉山州MSM人群艾滋病监测哨点中,每年选取过去一年内有过插入性口交或肛交同性性行为的男性为监测对象。采用问卷调查收集人口学特征和相关行为特征信息。采用酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)和蛋白印迹实验(Western blot,WB)进行HIV抗体阳性检测。采用SPSS 21.0统计学软件进行数据分析。结果 2010-2015年,共监测有效对象1042人。2010-2015年,HIV阳性检出率分别为9.32%(11/118)、9.48 %(11/116)、10.18 %(17/167)、6.21 %(10/161)、5.71%(14/245)、7.23%(17/235)。分析发现离异或丧偶、高中及以上文化程度、过去六个月发生过无保护性行为或商业性行为者HIV感染风险增加。结论 凉山彝族自治州MSM人群HIV抗体阳性率较高,HIV在该人群中流行趋势严峻。     

鲤城区2017-2021年MSM哨点人群HIV感染及影响因素分析

目的 了解鲤城区2017-2021年男男性行为(MSM)人群HIV感染情况及影响因素,为制定干预措施提供依据.方法 用国家哨点监测健康调查问卷对MSM哨点人群进行调查并检测HIV、HCV和梅毒,分析HIV感染的影响因素.结果 鲤城区2017-2021年共调查MSM哨点人群864人,平均(32.2±9.5)岁(16～67...     

泉州市1996名暗娼行为特征与HIV、梅毒感染调查

[目的]了解暗娼人群行为特征与HIV、梅毒流行概况,为制定艾滋病预防控制对策提供信息。[方法]按全国哨点监测统一方案要求调查采样,对1996名暗娼进行行为学监测和HIV抗体、梅毒检测。[结果]暗娼中69．5％来自外省,初中及初中以下文化占95.1％,每次性行为都使用安全套比例仅25．4％,血清检出HIV抗体阳性5例,感染率0．3％．梅毒阳性率17.7％。[结论]暗娼人群存在不安全性行为和吸毒等高危行为,是艾滋病、性病感染和传播的核心人群,应加强其干预策略。     

2016-2020年福建省福州市男男性行为者艾滋病哨点监测结果分析

目的 分析2016-2020年福建省福州市男男性行为者(men who have sex with men, MSM)哨点监测结果。方法 选择2016-2020年福建省福州市开展全国MSM艾滋病哨点监测对象1 525人,对监测对象进行问卷调查与血清学检测。结果 调查对象平均年龄(31.49±11.15)岁,调查对象婚姻状况发生变化,未婚率呈上升趋势,交友方式中互联网/交友软件呈上升趋势;随时间增长最近半年与同性发生性行为时使用安全套的频率无明显变化,随时间增长最近半年与异性发生性行为时使用安全套的频率有上升趋势(χ²_趋势=7.06,P<0.01)。艾滋病防治知识知晓率为83.87%,2016-2020年福州市MSM艾滋病防治知识知晓率呈上升趋势(χ²_趋势=19.11,P<0.01);不同知晓率在发生肛交性行为时安全套使用频率存在差异(χ²=19.48,P<0.01);MSM哨点监测HIV抗体阳性率13.05%(199/1 525),梅毒阳性率14.95%,HC...     

凉山州某县彝族村民偶遇性行为现状及其地理网络分析

目的了解凉山州某县彝族村民偶遇性行为现状及地理网络特征。方法采取问卷与定性调查相结合的方式对年龄在15～35岁,过去1年有性行为的彝族村民以及相关知情人士进行调查。数据分析包括χ2检验、t检验和Logistic回归分析。利用UCINET软件分析性网络并绘制图。结果调查对象以男性为主,累积和最近1年多性伴者分别占66.7%和22.2%。82.4%的调查对象发生过偶遇性行为。Logistic回归分析发现:男性、初次性行为年龄小更容易发生偶遇性行为。47.7%的调查对象听说过安全套,无人每次性行为都使用安全套。75%的调查对象在6个场景发生过偶遇性行为,其中赶场和参加婚礼最容易发生偶遇性行为。结论凉山州某县彝族村民偶遇性行为普遍存在,且无安全措施,偶遇性行为发生的地理网络明确,必须重视偶遇性行为在艾滋病传播中的作用并开展相应的行为干预。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.