甘肃省在婚男男性行为者HIV感染状况及其相关行为分析

目的 了解甘肃省在婚MSM人群HIV 感染状况及其分别与同性和异性的性行为特征。方法 在甘肃省兰州、天水市MSM活动场所共招募297 名在婚MSM人群, 进行问卷调查和HIV 抗体检测, 分析在婚MSM人群感染HIV 的影响因素。结果 在婚MSM人群HIV 阳性检出率为4.7%;有94.6%的调查对象最近6 个月与同性发生过肛交性行为, 30.9%的调查对象最近1周有＞2 名男性性伴, 肛交性行为时坚持使用安全套的比例为45.9%;有69.0%的调查对象最近6个月与女性发生过性行为, 异性性行为时坚持使用安全套的比例为24.9%, 59.0%在最近1 次异性性行为时未使用安全套。调查对象中, HIV 感染者的艾滋病知识知晓率为64.3%, 最近1 年做过HIV 抗体检测的比例为7.1%, 最近6 个月与同性发生过肛交性行为的比例为92.9%, 肛交性行为时坚持使用安全套的比例为14.3%。HIV 感染者中, 最近6 个月与异性发生过性行为的比例为35.7%, 性行为时坚持使用安全套的比例为60.0%。结论 甘肃省在婚MSM人群的HIV感染率较高, 且无保护的同性和异性性交行为并存, 需加强对该人群的干预和检测工作。     

成都市知晓自身感染艾滋病病毒的男男性行为人群无保护肛交行为研究

目的 了解成都市知晓自身HIV阳性的MSM人群无保护肛交行为（UAI）的相关影响因素。方法 2015年采用方便抽样在成都招募已接受随访服务且知晓自身HIV阳性≥6个月的MSM,采用问卷调查收集MSM最近6个月性行为情况及相关信息。采用logistic回归进行单因素和多因素分析。结果 共招募知晓自身HIV阳性的MSM 330人,实际调查201人,最近6个月的UAI发生率为18.41%（37/201）。多因素logistic回归分析显示,最近1个月肛交次数≥3次（OR=6.22,95% CI：1.88～20.56）、初中及以下文化程度（OR=7.29,95% CI：1.36～39.16）、已婚/离异/丧偶（OR=4.65,95% CI：1.13～19.17）、与同性同居（OR=3.32,95% CI：1.01～10.95）是可能发生UAI的相关因素。结论 频繁同性肛交、初中及以下文化程度、已婚/离异/丧偶、与同性同居是知晓自身HIV阳性的MSM人群发生UAI的相关因素。     

产业工人中男男性行为HIV感染者确证前后的高危性行为变化及相关因素研究

目的了解产业工人中男男性行为HIV感染者(MSM感染者)在确证前后的高危性行为变化及相关因素, 为制定针对HIV感染者的行为干预措施提供依据。方法 2021年8-9月在深圳市开展横断面调查, 通过方便抽样选取产业工人中MSM感染者为研究对象, 估计样本量为530人。问卷调查结合日常随访收集研究对象社会人口学、高危性行为、性伴告知、病毒载量检测和性病患病史等信息。采用χ2检验比较确证前后的高危性行为的差异, 采用多因素logistic回归分析研究对象确证后12个月内高危性行为的相关因素。结果产业工人中MSM感染者560例, 确证后12个月内发生无保护肛交(UAI)的比例为32.1%(180/560)。确证前12个月内与同性临时、商业和固定性伴发生UAI的比例分别为73.4%(381/519)、75.1%(187/249)和69.5%(207/298), 确证后12个月内分别降低到36.2%(146/403)、40.2%(86/214)和34.2%(67/196), 差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示, 研究对象确证后12个月内发生UAI的保护...     

上海和成都市HIV阳性MSM人群性传播危险行为及其影响因素

目的 了解有无保护性行为HIV阳性的MSM人群性传播行为状况,及与健康状况和性伴告知的关系。方法 在成都和上海市HIV感染者中,采用滚雪球方法共招募308名HIV阳性且有无保护性行为的MSM为调查对象,调查内容包括被确认HIV感染时间、CD₄⁺T淋巴细胞数、病毒载量、抗病毒治疗状况、焦虑和抑郁症状、最近6个月性伴种类和性行为、固定性伴和偶然性伴告知状况等。采用单因素和多因素方法分析性传播行为状况及其影响因素。结果 308名调查对象中,最近6个月至少有一次性传播行为的报告率为70.1%(216/308);确认HIV感染后拥有男性固定性伴、男性偶然或商业性伴的比例分别为89.0%(274/308)和68.2%(210/308),其中未告知固定性伴、未告知偶然或商业性伴的比例分别为59.1%(162/274)和94.3%(198/210)。未告知固定性伴者中,91.9%(149/162)有性传播行为,未告知偶然或商业性伴者中相应的比例为89.9%(178/198)。多因素分析显示,非同性性取向者拥有性传播行为的危险约是同性性取向者的6倍(aOR=5.896,95%CI:1.808～19.232);未将自己的HIV感染状况告知、或仅部分告知男性偶然性伴或商业性伴者,其继续传播行为的危险分别是告知性伴者的29倍和19倍(均未告知者:aOR=28.957,95%CI:7.511～65.004;部分告知者:aOR=18.956,95%CI:6.995～57.417);确认感染HIV时间为<6个月者其继续传播行为的危险性最高,1～2年者发生性传播行为的危险性最低(aOR=0.048,95%CI:0.033～0.788),≥2年者发生性传播行为的危险性有所升高;与未接受抗病毒治疗者相比,接受抗病毒治疗者发生性传播行为的危险性降低。结论 HIV阳性且有无保护性行为的MSM人群拥有性传播行为比例超过2/3,增加抗病毒治疗和促进性伴告知是降低HIV阳性的MSM人群继续传播的重要策略,确认HIV感染时间<6个月者是性传播行为干预的重点对象。     

104名感染艾滋病病毒的男男性接触者性行为特征分析

[目的]了解MSM人群中HIV感染者的行为学特征,为调整针对MSM人群的干预策略和探索针对HIV染者的管理模式提供信息.[方法]用SPSS12.0对MSM人群中HIV感染者的问卷调查资料进行整理分析.[结果]HIV感染者年龄较小,平均年龄(19.5±3.8)岁,首次性行为的性伴女性占53.8%,90.4%(94/104)的HIV感染者最近6个月与男性有肛交史,最近6个月发生肛交性行为的男性性伴数为4(中位数).最近6个月与男性发生肛交时只有17.O%(16/94)每次都使用了安全套.29.8%的被调查对象近6个月与女性有性行为史,但只有16.1%的人每次都使用安全套.[结论]MSM人群中的HIV感染者肛交、多性伴、低安全套使用率将加强艾滋病在MSM人群中的传播,探索MSM人群中HIV感染者的管理和干预的模式是当前针对MSM人群干预的重点工作和迫切任务.     

山东省男男性行为人群单性性行为者与双性性行为者特征及HIV感染相关因素

目的 分析山东省MSM单性性行为者（单性MSM）和双性性行为者（双性MSM）的特征及HIV感染相关因素,为艾滋病防治对策和干预措施提供依据。方法 2018年4-7月在山东省9个MSM哨点监测点,收集当地MSM特征、相关行为信息,采集血样做HIV和梅毒检测。结果 共调查MSM 3 474人,年龄（31.66±9.01）岁,为已婚/同居者1 218人（35.06%）,大专及以上文化程度1 755人（50.52%）,同性恋和双性恋者分别为2 783人（80.11%）和494人（14.22%）;最近6个月与异性发生性行为有586人（16.87%）;吸毒行为有365人（10.51%）;HIV阳性率为2.99%（104/3 474）,梅毒阳性率为2.76%（96/3 474）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄≥ 35岁、山东省户籍、性取向为异性恋/双性恋/不确定者、最近6个月有商业性行为、最近6个月发生无保护肛交、较少通过互联网/交友软件寻找男性性伴、无吸毒行为的MSM中,双性MSM的比例更高。单性和双性MSM,在最近1周性伴数、最近6个月商业性行为使用安全套、HIV感染、梅毒感染、最近1年患性传播疾病史的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。MSM的HIV感染相关因素包括年龄≥ 45岁、外省户籍、通过浴池、公园/公厕或者互联网/交友软件寻找男性性伴、最近6个月无保护性肛交、有吸毒行为、梅毒感染。结论 山东省MSM中,双性性行为比例较高,广泛存在危险性行为,存在较高HIV感染风险,应针对不同特征MSM加强监测和干预。     

杭州市同性恋浴池MSM人群既往HIV检测行为相关因素分析

目的 了解杭州市同性恋浴池MSM人群HIV既往检测行为的相关影响因素。方法 2015年10月至2016年1月,在杭州市同性恋浴池开展时间-场所抽样调查,招募最近6个月与同性发生口交或肛交性行为的同性恋浴池MSM,主要收集最近6个月HIV检测行为及相关信息。运用SPSS 22.0软件分析HIV最近6个月HIV检测行为、性行为和安全套使用情况等相关因素,数据分析采用χ²检验、logistic回归法分别进行单因素和多因素分析。结果 共招募480人,实际调查465名MSM。最近6个月接受HIV检测的比例为47.3%（220/465）。多因素logistic分析结果表明,已婚（OR=0.35,95% CI：0.18~0.69）,接受同伴教育（OR=4.31,95% CI：1.32~14.09）,最近6个月有同性肛交性行为（OR=1.85,95% CI：1.08~3.14）,最近6个月有非婚异性性行为（OR=4.12,95% CI：2.45~6.91）可能是促进检测的相关因素。结论 已婚、最近6个月发生过同性肛交性行为、非婚异性性行为、接受过同伴教育可能是促进浴池MSM人群进行检测的相关因素。因此,需加强对浴池MSM的同伴教育,提高其高危行为后的检测意识,促进其进行检测。     

北京市男男性行为者“互联网+”干血斑HIV核酸检测可行性及HIV感染危险因素研究

目的 应用“互联网+”干血斑HIV核酸检测策略了解MSM的HIV核酸阳性率及MSM感染HIV的影响因素。方法 采用方便抽样的方法招募1 375位MSM，采集干血斑样本并邮寄到实验室进行HIV核酸检测。调查对象凭检测条码到指定网站查询检测结果。采用非条件logistic回归分析MSM感染HIV的影响因素。结果 MSM中新发现HIV感染者的HIV核酸阳性率为9.7%（131/1 349），HIV抗体阳性率为8.3%（112/1 349）。HIV早期感染者占新发现的HIV核酸阳性者的14.5%（19/131），检测核酸阳性距最后1次高危行为时间间隔为6～120 d。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示，MSM感染HIV的影响因素包括30～39岁（与<30岁者比较，OR=1.88，95% CI：1.07～3.29）、月收入≥8 000元（与无收入者比较，OR=0.42，95% CI：0.19～0.96）、最近6个月肛交行为中未坚持使用安全套（与最近6个月未发生肛交行为或肛交时坚持使用安全套者相比，OR=2.22，95% CI：1.45～3.40）、使用过Rush Poppers（与未使用过Rush Poppers者相比，OR=2.33，95% CI：1.49～3.64）、使用过毒品（与未使用过毒品者相比，OR=5.43，95% CI：2.32～12.69）、没有固定性伴（与有固定性伴者相比，OR=1.74，95% CI：1.13～2.68）。结论 北京市MSM的早期感染者占有较大比例，开展“互联网+”干血斑HIV核酸检测能够在更短的时间内发现早期HIV感染者，有助于减少二代传播。有必要在MSM中开展禁毒、禁用Rush Poppers、推广使用安全套、倡导稳定性关系等措施。     

投票站调查和面对面调查在HIV阳性嫖客高危行为分析中的比较

目的 采用面对面调查和投票站调查分析HIV阳性嫖客的高危行为, 并比较两种方法的调查结果。方法 从衡阳市第三人民医院抗病毒治疗门诊招募知晓感染状况≥6个月的HIV阳性嫖客。对同样的8个性行为相关问题先后使用面对面调查和投票站调查, 并比较两种方法的调查结果。结果 与面对面调查相比, 采用投票站调查其研究对象报告的“知晓HIV感染状况前患过性病”的比例更高(40.6% vs. 24.2%), “过去6个月与固定性伴性行为频率<4次/月”的比例(64.2% vs. 84.0%)和“过去6个月与固定性伴发生性行为每次都使用安全套”的比例(44.4% vs. 63.0%)更低, 其余5个问题采用两种方法调查的结果差异无统计学意义。结论 HIV阳性嫖客在知晓感染状况后仍存在严重的不安全性行为。与面对面调查相比, 投票站调查报告的不安全性行为发生率更高, 且可取得更为真实可靠的数据。与投票站调查相比, 传统的面对面调查可能低估HIV阳性嫖客的高危性行为。     

南京市在婚男男性行为人群HIV感染状况及其相关行为特征调查

目的了解南京市在婚MSM(男男性行为)人群HIV感染状况及性行为特征。方法 2014年在南京通过"滚雪球"方法共招募220名在婚MSM人群,进行问卷调查和HIV抗体检测。结果在婚MSM人群HIV阳性检测率为12.7%;有77.7%的调查对象最近6个月与同性发生过肛交性行为,肛交性行为时坚持使用安全套的比例是43.9%,最近一次肛交安全套的使用比例为60.8%;有53.2%的调查对象最近6个月与女性发生过性行为,异性性行为时坚持使用安全套的比例为29.1%,55.6%在最近1次异性性行为时未使用安全套。调查对象中,HIV感染者最近1年做过HIV抗体检测的比例是42.9%,17.9%最近1年曾诊断罹患性病。感染者最近6个月中:78.6%与同性发生肛交性行为;22.7%坚持使用安全套;42.9%与异性发生性行为,性行为时坚持使用安全套的比例是33.3%。结论南京在婚MSM人群的HIV感染率较高,且无保护性的同性和异性性行为同时存在,将加剧HIV在MSM人群和在婚女性之间的传播。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.