浙江省2013年2型糖尿病伤残调整寿命年分析

目的 定量估计浙江省人群2013年2型糖尿病的疾病负担。方法 使用2010年全球疾病负担研究(GBD 2010)方法,利用浙江省人群2型糖尿病发病率、患病率和死亡率数据,借助DISMODⅡ软件计算伤残调整寿命年(DALY)、伤残损失寿命年(YLD)和损失寿命年(YLL)。结果 2013年浙江省2型糖尿病每千人DALY值为5.36人年,女性(5.49人年)高于男性(5.24人年),城市(5.47人年)高于农村(5.42人年);DALY强度主要集中在老年组,其中以80～84岁人群最高(32.63人年/1 000人)。2型糖尿病主要引起伤残负担,YLL/YLD=0.62。结论 浙江省2型糖尿病平均YLL率高于全国水平。     

1990年与2013年中国人群暴力疾病负担分析

目的 分析1990年与2013年中国人群暴力疾病负担及变化趋势。方法 利用2013年全球疾病负担中国研究结果,采用死亡率、过早死亡损失寿命年（YLL）、伤残损失寿命年（YLD）和伤残调整寿命年（DALY）等指标,对中国人群暴力疾病负担情况进行描述,并与1990年相应指标进行对比,描述中国暴力疾病负担的变化情况。结果 2013年中国人群暴力死亡2.05万人,死亡率为1.44/10万;暴力造成的DALY损失为108.3万人年,其中锐器伤暴力造成的DALY损失为47.50万人年,火器伤暴力造成的DALY损失为9.03万人年,其他原因暴力造成的DALY损失为51.60万人年。男性暴力造成的DALY损失高于女性。与1990年相比,暴力标化死亡率下降67.35%,暴力DALY绝对值下降68.07%,暴力年龄标化DALY率下降70.47%;分年龄组结果显示,青壮年和老年人群的暴力疾病负担最为严重,与1990年相比,2013年≥ 70岁老年人的DALY绝对值上升9.36%,其中锐器伤暴力DALY上升17.65%;暴力标化DALY率在各个年龄段均呈现下降趋势,下降幅度最大的是0~4岁,其中,锐器伤暴力DALY率在0~4岁年龄段下降幅度为75.11%,火器伤暴力DALY率在0~4岁年龄段下降83.20%。结论 现阶段暴力造成的疾病负担下降,男性人群疾病负担高于女性,老年人的暴力疾病负担出现上升,且以锐器伤暴力为主,须采取针对性的防控措施。     

2010 年中国人群高血压疾病负担

目的 定量估计中国人群高血压的疾病负担。方法 使用2010 年全球疾病负担研究（GBD 2010）中国部分的方法和结果。利用人群平均收缩压、人群死亡、伤残损失寿命年（YLL）、早逝损失寿命年（YLD）和伤残调整寿命年（DALY）数据,以及校正了回归稀释系数的血压与相关疾病的联系强度数据,计算2010 年中国人群归因于高血压的死亡、YLL、YLD 和DALY。结果 在所有心血管病死亡和DALY中,高血压的贡献为64.0%。2010 年中国因高血压死亡共计204.3 万例,其中男性115.4 万例,女性88.9 万例;心血管病死亡200.7 万例,慢性肾病死亡3.5 万例,由高血压导致的死亡占全部死亡的24.6%。中国人群因高血压造成的DALY高达3 794万人年,其中男性为2 332.6 万人年,女性为1 461.4 万人年;YLD为236.5 万人年,YLL为3 557 万人年,合计占总DALY 12%。结论 与全球水平相比,无论是死亡还是DALY,中国人群归因于高血压的比例均较高,高血压造成的健康影响非常严重。     

1990年与2013年中国人群肝癌疾病负担研究

目的 分析1990年与2013年中国人群肝癌疾病负担结果。方法 利用2013年全球疾病负担研究结果,描述中国人群肝癌的疾病负担现状,主要指标包括死亡率、伤残调整寿命年(DALY)。同时,用2013年全球疾病负担研究的标准人口,计算标化死亡率、标化DALY率,并计算2013年与1990年的变化幅度,描述疾病负担指标的变化。结果 2013年中国人群肝癌死亡总数约35.81万人,死亡率为25.85/10万,其中,继发于乙型肝炎(乙肝)的肝癌死亡约16.36万人(占45.69%),继发于丙型肝炎(丙肝)的肝癌死亡约13.42万人(占37.48%);肝癌造成的DALY为4080.40万人年,按照DALY排序,第一位依然是继发于乙肝的肝癌,其次是继发于丙肝的肝癌、其他肝癌、继发于酒精性肝病的肝癌,导致的DALY依次为465.20、339.43、96.43、59.21万人年,男性人群继发于肝病的肝癌DALY均显著高于女性。与1990年相比,肝癌标化死亡率下降25.00%,肝癌DALY绝对值上升16.95%,肝癌的年龄标化DALY率下降33.47%;其中,继发于丙肝的肝癌疾病负担日趋严重,23年来,其标化死亡率上升106.18%,标化DALY率上升91.68%。分年龄组来看,青壮年和老年人群的肝癌疾病负担最为严重,与1990年相比,肝癌标化DALY率在各个年龄段均呈现下降趋势,下降幅度最大是5~14岁,其中,继发于乙肝的肝癌DALY率在5~14岁年龄段下降幅度为46.37%,而继发于丙肝的肝癌DALY率在各个年龄段均呈上升趋势。结论 现阶段肝癌依然是造成严重疾病负担的恶性肿瘤之一,近年来,继发于乙肝的肝癌疾病负担下降,但继发于丙肝的肝癌疾病负担显著上升,男性人群肝癌疾病负担显著高于女性,开展针对性的防控措施迫在眉睫。     

1990年与2017年中国0~19岁人群跌倒疾病负担分析

目的 分析和比较1990年和2017年中国0~19岁人群跌倒疾病负担,为制定该人群的跌倒预防控制策略措施提供依据。方法 利用全球疾病负担2017研究结果,选取因跌倒死亡数、死亡率、过早死亡损失寿命年（YLL）、YLL率、伤残损失寿命年（YLD）、YLD率、伤残调整寿命年（DALY）和DALY率等指标,对中国0~19岁人群跌倒疾病负担进行描述,通过比较1990年和2017年相应指标的变化,描述疾病负担变化情况。结果 2017年中国0~19岁人群因跌倒造成的死亡人数、YLL、YLD和DALY分别是5 321人、42.86万人年、14.24万人年和57.10万人年;死亡率、YLL率、YLD率和DALY率分别为1.76/10万、141.49/10万、46.99/10万和188.48/10万。男童跌倒疾病负担大于女童,年龄越低跌倒造成的疾病负担越重。与1990年相比,2017年0~19岁人群中各年龄组的男童、女童跌倒导致的疾病负担均有不同程度下降,死亡数、死亡率、YLL率和DALY率分别下降65.08%、46.63%、47.38%和36.33%;低年龄组疾病负担下降幅度较大。2017年YLD率较1990年增加了73.31%。YLL占DALY比例由1990年的90.84%下降为2017年的75.07%,下降幅度17.36%。结论 与1990年相比,中国0~19岁人群疾病负担有一定幅度下降;跌倒仍然给中国0~19岁人群造成一定的疾病负担,以0~4岁人群为重点人群,应继续开展预防跌倒相关研究和工作。     

1990年与2013年中国人群结直肠癌疾病负担分析

目的 分析1990与2013年中国人群结直肠癌的疾病负担变化情况。方法 利用2013年中国分省疾病负担研究结果,分析1990-2013年间中国人群结直肠癌的发病和死亡变化趋势,及1990年和2013年结直肠癌导致的过早死亡损失寿命年(YLL)、伤残损失健康寿命年(YLD)及伤残调整寿命年(DALY),比较1990年与2013年中国结直肠癌标化死亡率、DALY和DALY率的变化情况。结果 中国人群结直肠癌标化发病率从1990年12.15/10万升至2013年20.27/10万,上升66.83%(男性上升72.82%,女性上升55.26%)。结直肠癌标化死亡率从1990年10.57/10万升至2013年11.07/10万,上升4.73%(男性上升9.03%,女性减少3.12%),因结直肠癌死亡人数从1990年7.79万例升至2013年14.80万例,上升90.08%(男性上升105.36%,女性上升72.14%)。2013年中国因结直肠癌造成的DALY为333.16万人年、YLL为320.07万人年、YLD为13.09万人年,YLL是DALY的主要构成部分。1990年中国因结直肠癌造成的DALY为201.91万人年,标化DALY率为238.54/10万,2013年标化DALY率为224.23/10万,DALY上升65.01%,标化DALY率降低6.00%。各年龄组中,男性结直肠癌死亡率、DALY和DALY率均明显高于女性。结论 2013年中国结直肠癌造成的疾病负担仍维持在较高水平;2013年结直肠癌疾病负担总值高于1990年,标化DALY率和标化YLL率降低。     

广州市2010－2013年恶性肿瘤疾病负担空间分布特征分析

目的 评价2010－2013年广州市各行政区域恶性肿瘤疾病负担并描述其空间分布特征。方法 以2010－2013年广州市恶性肿瘤登记数据和人口学数据为基础,将伤残调整寿命年（DALY）作为疾病负担的主要评价指标,参照全球疾病负担研究的方法估算广州市恶性肿瘤疾病负担。结果 2010－2011年和2012－2013年广州市居民恶性肿瘤发病率分别为256.22/10万和270.04/10万,死亡率分别为143.17/10万和148.01/10万。恶性肿瘤疾病负担DALYs分别为606 238.95和623 763.80人年,每千人口损失DALYs分别为37.63和37.81人年,中标DALY率分别为34.51‰和34.00‰。恶性肿瘤疾病负担最大的3个行政区是越秀区、海珠区和荔湾区,其DALYs共占全市比重的45%,最小为萝岗区。从化区最大疾病负担肿瘤为肝癌,其余各区为肺癌。结论 广州市恶性肿瘤疾病负担呈现新城区负担凸显、老城区高居不下的双重压力的特点,肿瘤防治任务艰巨。     

贵州省成人居民糖尿病患病及其疾病负担研究

目的 应用DALY评价贵州省糖尿病疾病负担现状,为科学预防与控制糖尿病提供依据。方法 根据贵州省成人慢性病及其危险因素监测和贵州省死因监测数据,采用全球疾病负担的研究方法,运用DisMod II估算贵州省居民糖尿病的疾病负担。结果 贵州省糖尿病患病率为7.58%,死亡率为9.4/10万;总疾病负担DALY为6.98人年/千人,女性7.73人年/千人高于男性6.31人年/千人,贵州省居民糖尿病疾病负担主要集中在45~59岁年龄段,DALY的分布呈“倒V型”图形的特点。其中YLL为0.96人年/千人,无论男性还是女性,YLL随着年龄的升高呈现逐渐升高的特点;YLD为6.02人年/千人,在45~59岁年龄段最高;YLL与YLD的比例呈现“钳型”图形的特点,YLL的比例随着年龄的增长而逐渐升高,而YLD比例随着年龄的增高而逐渐降低。结论 我省居民糖尿病的疾病负担重,应加强对重点人群的糖尿病筛查与防控工作,提高糖尿病的知晓率与控制率,以减低我省糖尿病患者疾病负担。     

基于筛查干预角度的中国人群结直肠癌所致伤残调整寿命年负担分析

目的 基于筛查干预视角,分析中国人群结直肠癌所致伤残调整寿命年（DALY）负担的现况、既往与未来,并行国际比较,为中国人群结直肠癌疾病负担及其筛查干预提供参考。方法 基于全球疾病负担研究（GBD）平台摘录数据,描述中国2019年结直肠癌所致DALY数、世标率及不同亚组值;通过Joinpoint回归模型,分析1990-2019年变化趋势,结合人群筛查情况行国际比较。进一步预测中国结直肠癌所致DALY负担未来变化趋势。结果 中国2019年结直肠癌所致DALY总数为639.5万人年,占全球结直肠癌负担的26.3%,占中国全部癌种负担的9.5%;其中男性DALY数占65.2%,≥65岁者占44.8%,与本土结直肠癌筛查指南推荐接近的年龄段（40~74岁）人群占73.7%,伤残损失寿命年（YLD）数占4.8%。相比1990年,2019年中国结直肠癌所致DALY总数增长了181.5%,有明确归因占比上升幅度最大的因素是高BMI、红肉摄入过量和加工肉制品摄入过量等（增幅依次为151.1%、86.4%和78.8%）。就结直肠癌所致DALY率,中国1990年为245.6/10万,2019年为320.6/10万,增幅达30.5%;作为参照,已开展全人群结直肠癌筛查的澳大利亚（2006年启动）、英国（2006年）和日本（1992年）,DALY率降幅分别为36.0%、28.6%和17.8%。预测提示,若无继续扩大范围的人群筛查,2030年中国结直肠癌所致DALY总数将达766.6万人年~906.6万人年,较2019年将增加19.9%~41.8%。结论 中国结直肠癌所致DALY负担近30年持续增加,人口老龄化及伴随失能会使负担更重。目前本土推荐筛查年龄可覆盖七成DALY负担来源人群,但人群的实际筛查覆盖有限。其他国家结直肠癌所致DALY负担的下降与筛查开展密不可分,提示尽快扩大本土结直肠癌有效筛查覆盖率的重要性。     

1990－2010年中国5岁以下儿童低体重疾病负担分析

目的 分析1990－2010年我国5岁以下儿童低体重造成的疾病负担变化情况。方法 利用2010年全球疾病负担研究(GBD2010)中国部分的方法和结果,分析1990年和2010年我国5岁以下儿童归因于低体重的死亡情况、伤残损失寿命年(YLD)、早死损失寿命年(YLL)和伤残调整寿命年(DALY)及其变化情况。结果 2010年我国5岁以下儿童低体重造成的死亡人数共计2 271人,造成的DALY共计295.30千人年。与1990年相比,归因于低体重的死亡人数下降了96.75%,DALY下降了95.46%。2010年我国5岁以下儿童低体重造成的YLD为101.51千人年,YLL为193.79千人年。与1990年相比,低体重造成的YLD和YLL分别减少了444.80千人年和5 759.80千人年。结论 与1990年相比,2010年我国5岁以下儿童低体重造成的死亡及DALY均呈现明显下降趋势。考虑到低年龄组死亡对寿命损失影响的严重性,低体重对我国5岁以下儿童造成的健康影响及疾病负担依然不容忽视。     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.